Vaccine Definition History Requirements for good immune response Ideal characteristics of vaccine Types Adjuvants Advantages & disadvantages Comparison between live & killed vaccine

1. WELCOME
Md. Rafiqul Islam
Level-5, Sem-2
ID- 1501171
Reg: 42814
Bangladesh Agricultural University

2. Vaccine and Vaccination

3. Discussions
 Vaccine
• Definition
• History
• Requirements for good
immune response
• Ideal characteristics of
vaccine
• Types
• Adjuvants
• Advantages &
disadvantages
• Comparison between live &
killed vaccine
 Vaccination
• Definition
• General principles of
vaccination
• Benefits of vaccination
• Methods of vaccination
• Commonly used vaccines in BD
• Vaccination schedule
• Causes of vaccination failure
• Potential adverse reactions
from vaccination
• Evaluation of vaccination
programme

4. Vaccine
• Antigenic preparation
-(Microorganism/ their product)
• Induce active immune response
• Protection against infectious agent

5. History

6. Requirements
for good
immune
response
Scientific
storage
Correct
vaccine
Regular
vaccination
Healthy
individual
Non
immuno
suppressed
Proper
Adm.
Stress free
Proper
nutrition

7. Induce both cell mediated & humoral immunity
Provide long lasting immunity
Single dose is enough
No chance of gaining virulence
No hypersensitivity reactions
long time viability
Easy storage
Cost effective
Readily available
Ideal characteristics of vaccine

8. Types
• Live vaccine
a) Avirulent strain vaccine
b) Attenuated vaccine
• Inactivated or killed vaccine
• Subunit vaccine & toxoid
• Genetically engineered vaccine
• Synthetic vaccine

9. Live vaccine
• Avirulent strain vaccine
-Able to induce immunity
-No disease producing capacity
E.g: V4HR for NDV
• Live attenuated vaccine
- contain a small quantity of virus or bacteria.
- No longer capable of causing clinical disease
E.g. (a) Homologous PPR
(b) Rabies vaccine
(c) Anthrax spore vaccine

10. Inactivated or killed vaccine
• Produced by inactivation of bacteria or viruses
• Inactivation is done chemically with agents
such as-
- Formaldehyde
- Phenol
- Beta-propiolactone or binary ethylamine
- Physically with ultra-violet light.
• Consists of concentrated antigen & adjuvant
E.g. Fowl Cholera Vaccine, FMD vaccine,
NDV vaccine and Rabies vaccine etc.

11. Adjuvants
• Able to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses
• Act as carriers for antigenic material
E.g. Aluminium phosphate/hydroxide
Aluminium potassium sulphate
Saponins
Aviridine
Alum

13. Subunit vaccine and Toxoids
• Consists of microbial products (toxoids/subunit) components
E.g: HA vaccines for influenza A and B
HB Ag derived from the plasma of carriers
Genetically Engineered vaccine
• Gene of desired protein for vaccine candidate be ligated with
the plasmid
• This protein is purified and used as vaccine
E.g. Genetically engineered FMD vaccine.

14. Synthetic vaccine
• Producecd by chemical alteration of microorganism
E.g: HBs vaccine
DNA Vaccine
• DNA coding for the foreign antigen is directly injected into
the animal
• Extremely safe and devoid of side effects

15. Advantages and disadvantages of vaccines:
Killed vaccines (KV) and Toxoids
Advantages Disadvantages
Available for a wide variety of
diseases
Immunizing dose has to contain more virus
than a dose of live vaccine
No risk of reverting to virulent
form
Do not reach to all areas of the body
No risk of interspread Care needed in making them so that no live
virulent virus is present in the vaccine
More stable in storage Two initial doses required at least 10 days
apart
No on-farm mixing, therefore
less risk of contamination
Slower onset of immunity

16. Modified live vaccine (MLV)
Advantages Disadvantages
One initial dose is usually sufficient Risk of reverting to greater virulence
Strong, long-lasting immune
response
Potential to mutate to a virulent form
More rapid protection than KV
vaccine
May cause disease in immunosuppressed
animals
Less likely to cause allergic
reactions
Potential for excessive immune response
Less susceptible to passive
antibody
Risk of causing abortion or transient
infertility

17. Advantages Disadvantages
Share many characteristics of
MLV vaccine
Contaminating agents, from the viral
culture may get into the vaccine
preparation
More rapid protection than KV
vaccine
Two initial doses required
No risk of reverting to virulent
form
May not produce strong or long lasting
immunity
Little risk of causing abortion Unless given on a mucus membrane,
stimulates little or no mucosal immunity
Virus vaccines may quickly
stimulate nonspecific, antiviral
agents
Tend to be more expensive than modified
live vaccines
Synthetic vaccines

18. Comparisons between live and killed vaccines
Advantages of Live vaccines Advantages of killed vaccines
Most confer life-long protection No danger to immuno-incompetent
and malnourished patients or to
foetus
Often only a single dose is required Longer shelf life and easier storage
Protection may be transmissible Can be given with other vaccines
Much smaller dose, therefore
a) lower cost and
b) less antigen from culture medium
and less bacterial toxin, hence fewer
allergic or toxic reactions
Still effective even if patient has
another infection when vaccinated

19. Vaccination
• Injection of vaccine in order to stimulate immune response
against microbes & thereby preventing disease

20. General principles of vaccination
• The primary goal is to provide protective immunity by
inducing a memory response.
• Antibody produced as a result of immunization.
• Induce the cell mediated immunity.
• Achieving high level of herd immunity.

21. Benefits of vaccination
• Protection against many infectious diseases.
• Stimulate the animal’s own defence system.
• Resist the impact of pathogenic microorganisms it may encounter
later in life.
• Prevent the spread of contagious zoonotic diseases.
• Protect against the waste of critical agricultural resources and
financial losses.
• Play main role in veterinary public health policies.

22. Methods of vaccination
1. Intramuscular injection method
2. Subcutaneous injection method
3. Intraocular(Eye drop) or nasal instillation method
4. Drinking water vaccination
5. Wing web prick method
6. Mass vaccination
-vaccination by dosing pump
-spray vaccination
7. Beak dipping method

23. Intramuscular injection
method
Subcutaneous injection
method
Drinking water vaccination Beak dipping method

24.  Commonly used vaccines in Bangladesh
Animal Vaccines:
•Killed Vaccines: FMD Vaccine, BQ vaccine, HS Vaccine
•Attenuated Vaccines: Rabies vaccine, Anthrax vaccine
Poultry Vaccines:
Inactivated vaccines used for poultry diseases:
-NDV vaccine, IB vaccine , Reovirus vaccine , IBD vaccine,
FC vaccine, Avian influenza vaccine, Avian pneumovirus
vaccine , M. gallisepticum vaccine, EDS vaccine, Infectious
coryza vaccine

25. Vaccination schedule
Name of vaccine Doses Intervals Route of injection
FMD vaccine 6 ml (adult)
3 ml (calf)
2 ml (goat)
6 months Subcutaneous
FMD (trivalent) vaccine (according to
the direction of manufacturer)
2 ml 6 months Subcutaneous
Anthrax vaccine 1 ml Yearly Subcutaneous
B. Q. 5 ml 6 months Subcutaneous
H. S. 2ml 6 months Subcutaneous
Antirabies vaccine (ARV)
Rabisin
30 ml/day for 14 days
1st day 4 ml at 4 places
14th day 3 ml at 4 places
21 day 3 ml at 3 places
Intramuscular
Storage temperature Inactivated vaccine 4-8C
Live/attenuated vaccines –20C

26. Animal-related
factors
Vaccine reconstitution and administration
Lyophilized vaccine reconstituted with
inappropriate diluent
Incorrect route of administration
Aerosolized vaccine not distributed properly
among animals
Contamination of multidose containers by
non-sterile equipment
Characteristics of vaccine
Out-of-date
Stored at incorrect temperature, loss of potency
Exposed to sunlight with resultant partial
inactivation
Ineffective vaccine, incapable of inducing
protective immunity
Worng strain or serotype of pathogen
Death of live vaccine
Vaccine-related factors
Infection (incubating the disease)
Immunosuppression caused by drugs or infectious agents
Genetic influences on immune responsiveness
Passive protection by colostral antibodies (neutralization of
live viral vaccines)
Immunodeficient state due to developmental defects
Exposed to a heavy challenge dose of infectious agents
shortly after vaccination
Causes of Vaccination
Failure

27. Potential adverse reactions from vaccination
• Local/systemic infection caused by contamination of live
vaccine
• Disease produced by the survival of infectious agents in a
supposedly killed vaccine
• Disease production by live vaccine in immunosuppressed
animals
• Vaccine-induced immunosuppression
• Development of hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine
components

28. Evaluation of vaccination program
• Routine immunization
-Multi-indicator cluster survey analysis
-Administrative coverage analysis
• Mass vaccination
-Population immunity analysis
-Vaccination coverage analysis
-Social mobilization analysis
-Management indicator analysis