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Vaccine and Vaccination
- 1. WELCOME Md. Rafiqul Islam Level-5,Sem-2 ID- 1501171 Reg: 42814 Bangladesh Agricultural University
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- 3. Discussions Vaccine • Definition •History • Requirements for good immune response • Ideal characteristics of vaccine • Types • Adjuvants • Advantages & disadvantages • Comparison between live & killed vaccine Vaccination • Definition • General principles of vaccination • Benefits of vaccination • Methods of vaccination • Commonly used vaccines in BD • Vaccination schedule • Causes of vaccination failure • Potential adverse reactions from vaccination • Evaluation of vaccination programme
- 4. Vaccine • Antigenic preparation -(Microorganism/their product) • Induce active immune response • Protection against infectious agent
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- 7. Induce both cellmediated & humoral immunity Provide long lasting immunity Single dose is enough No chance of gaining virulence No hypersensitivity reactions long time viability Easy storage Cost effective Readily available Ideal characteristics of vaccine
- 8. Types • Live vaccine a)Avirulent strain vaccine b) Attenuated vaccine • Inactivated or killed vaccine • Subunit vaccine & toxoid • Genetically engineered vaccine • Synthetic vaccine
- 9. Live vaccine • Avirulentstrain vaccine -Able to induce immunity -No disease producing capacity E.g: V4HR for NDV • Live attenuated vaccine - contain a small quantity of virus or bacteria. - No longer capable of causing clinical disease E.g. (a) Homologous PPR (b) Rabies vaccine (c) Anthrax spore vaccine
- 10. Inactivated or killedvaccine • Produced by inactivation of bacteria or viruses • Inactivation is done chemically with agents such as- - Formaldehyde - Phenol - Beta-propiolactone or binary ethylamine - Physically with ultra-violet light. • Consists of concentrated antigen & adjuvant E.g. Fowl Cholera Vaccine, FMD vaccine, NDV vaccine and Rabies vaccine etc.
- 11. Adjuvants • Able toenhance humoral and cell-mediated immune responses • Act as carriers for antigenic material E.g. Aluminium phosphate/hydroxide Aluminium potassium sulphate Saponins Aviridine Alum
- 13. Subunit vaccine andToxoids • Consists of microbial products (toxoids/subunit) components E.g: HA vaccines for influenza A and B HB Ag derived from the plasma of carriers Genetically Engineered vaccine • Gene of desired protein for vaccine candidate be ligated with the plasmid • This protein is purified and used as vaccine E.g. Genetically engineered FMD vaccine.
- 14. Synthetic vaccine • Producecdby chemical alteration of microorganism E.g: HBs vaccine DNA Vaccine • DNA coding for the foreign antigen is directly injected into the animal • Extremely safe and devoid of side effects
- 15. Advantages and disadvantagesof vaccines: Killed vaccines (KV) and Toxoids Advantages Disadvantages Available for a wide variety of diseases Immunizing dose has to contain more virus than a dose of live vaccine No risk of reverting to virulent form Do not reach to all areas of the body No risk of interspread Care needed in making them so that no live virulent virus is present in the vaccine More stable in storage Two initial doses required at least 10 days apart No on-farm mixing, therefore less risk of contamination Slower onset of immunity
- 16. Modified live vaccine(MLV) Advantages Disadvantages One initial dose is usually sufficient Risk of reverting to greater virulence Strong, long-lasting immune response Potential to mutate to a virulent form More rapid protection than KV vaccine May cause disease in immunosuppressed animals Less likely to cause allergic reactions Potential for excessive immune response Less susceptible to passive antibody Risk of causing abortion or transient infertility
- 17. Advantages Disadvantages Share manycharacteristics of MLV vaccine Contaminating agents, from the viral culture may get into the vaccine preparation More rapid protection than KV vaccine Two initial doses required No risk of reverting to virulent form May not produce strong or long lasting immunity Little risk of causing abortion Unless given on a mucus membrane, stimulates little or no mucosal immunity Virus vaccines may quickly stimulate nonspecific, antiviral agents Tend to be more expensive than modified live vaccines Synthetic vaccines
- 18. Comparisons between liveand killed vaccines Advantages of Live vaccines Advantages of killed vaccines Most confer life-long protection No danger to immuno-incompetent and malnourished patients or to foetus Often only a single dose is required Longer shelf life and easier storage Protection may be transmissible Can be given with other vaccines Much smaller dose, therefore a) lower cost and b) less antigen from culture medium and less bacterial toxin, hence fewer allergic or toxic reactions Still effective even if patient has another infection when vaccinated
- 19. Vaccination • Injection ofvaccine in order to stimulate immune response against microbes & thereby preventing disease
- 20. General principles ofvaccination • The primary goal is to provide protective immunity by inducing a memory response. • Antibody produced as a result of immunization. • Induce the cell mediated immunity. • Achieving high level of herd immunity.
- 21. Benefits of vaccination •Protection against many infectious diseases. • Stimulate the animal’s own defence system. • Resist the impact of pathogenic microorganisms it may encounter later in life. • Prevent the spread of contagious zoonotic diseases. • Protect against the waste of critical agricultural resources and financial losses. • Play main role in veterinary public health policies.
- 22. Methods of vaccination 1.Intramuscular injection method 2. Subcutaneous injection method 3. Intraocular(Eye drop) or nasal instillation method 4. Drinking water vaccination 5. Wing web prick method 6. Mass vaccination -vaccination by dosing pump -spray vaccination 7. Beak dipping method
- 23. Intramuscular injection method Subcutaneous injection method Drinkingwater vaccination Beak dipping method
- 24. Commonly usedvaccines in Bangladesh Animal Vaccines: •Killed Vaccines: FMD Vaccine, BQ vaccine, HS Vaccine •Attenuated Vaccines: Rabies vaccine, Anthrax vaccine Poultry Vaccines: Inactivated vaccines used for poultry diseases: -NDV vaccine, IB vaccine , Reovirus vaccine , IBD vaccine, FC vaccine, Avian influenza vaccine, Avian pneumovirus vaccine , M. gallisepticum vaccine, EDS vaccine, Infectious coryza vaccine
- 25. Vaccination schedule Name ofvaccine Doses Intervals Route of injection FMD vaccine 6 ml (adult) 3 ml (calf) 2 ml (goat) 6 months Subcutaneous FMD (trivalent) vaccine (according to the direction of manufacturer) 2 ml 6 months Subcutaneous Anthrax vaccine 1 ml Yearly Subcutaneous B. Q. 5 ml 6 months Subcutaneous H. S. 2ml 6 months Subcutaneous Antirabies vaccine (ARV) Rabisin 30 ml/day for 14 days 1st day 4 ml at 4 places 14th day 3 ml at 4 places 21 day 3 ml at 3 places Intramuscular Storage temperature Inactivated vaccine 4-8C Live/attenuated vaccines –20C
- 26. Animal-related factors Vaccine reconstitution andadministration Lyophilized vaccine reconstituted with inappropriate diluent Incorrect route of administration Aerosolized vaccine not distributed properly among animals Contamination of multidose containers by non-sterile equipment Characteristics of vaccine Out-of-date Stored at incorrect temperature, loss of potency Exposed to sunlight with resultant partial inactivation Ineffective vaccine, incapable of inducing protective immunity Worng strain or serotype of pathogen Death of live vaccine Vaccine-related factors Infection (incubating the disease) Immunosuppression caused by drugs or infectious agents Genetic influences on immune responsiveness Passive protection by colostral antibodies (neutralization of live viral vaccines) Immunodeficient state due to developmental defects Exposed to a heavy challenge dose of infectious agents shortly after vaccination Causes of Vaccination Failure
- 27. Potential adverse reactionsfrom vaccination • Local/systemic infection caused by contamination of live vaccine • Disease produced by the survival of infectious agents in a supposedly killed vaccine • Disease production by live vaccine in immunosuppressed animals • Vaccine-induced immunosuppression • Development of hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine components
- 28. Evaluation of vaccinationprogram • Routine immunization -Multi-indicator cluster survey analysis -Administrative coverage analysis • Mass vaccination -Population immunity analysis -Vaccination coverage analysis -Social mobilization analysis -Management indicator analysis