A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on physiochemical investigation along wit h heavy metal concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are severely impaired in compar ison with the rivers of West Java. And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison with rainy seasons . All rivers were severely polluted with NOx, PO43- and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb were found to be below the international guidelines in most of the sampling points. And, C d an d Fe approached the thres hold
limit in Dhaka.
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
pH effects on the adsorption of saxitoxin by powdered activated carbonhbuarque
Increasing occurrence of cyanotoxins in surface waters worldwide pose significant problems, including
those for drinking water utilities. In this study, the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from three different
powdered activated carbons (PACs) was studied. STX is one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish toxins
(PSTs), albeit not the most prevalent. The results showed that a wide range of non-electrostatic and
electrostatic interactions appeared to play a role in the sorption of STX on PAC, depending on the solution
pH, NOM concentration, and other factors. A bituminous coal-based PAC, that was studied in greatest
detail, showed a trend of increasing sorption capacity for STX with increasing pH. NOM appeared to
significantly inhibit adsorption when the pH was nearly neutral (e.g. 7.05), yet it had less effect at higher
pH levels of 8.2 and 10.7.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
Chitrakoot is a major holy place of Bundelkhand, situated at 24.48” to 25.12” North Latitude and 80.58” to
81.34” East Longitude. It is about 62 km from East to West and 57.5 km from North to South There are more
than thousand temples in the study area, which are located mainly in Kamadgiri parikrama and along the bank of
river Mandakini. A number of pilgrims visit the place throughout the year. Obviously a considerable amount of
waste generated from the religious activities is being discharged anywhere consequently in creation of sever
solid waste problem.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham Karwi for the parameters- pH,
Temperature, Nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrite, Chloride were analyzed using standard methods prescribed
as in the APHA, AWHA (2005). The result indicates that the water is unsuitable for Human body, Animals and
Agriculture.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Manganese (II) and Iron (III) In An Industrial E...IOSRJAC
In the present study, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple method for the simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in an industrial effluent using differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. Quantification of manganese (II) and iron (III) was done in Triethanolamine and KOH as a supporting electrolyte. The polarogram recorded for the industrial effluent in triethanolamine and KOH showed two peaks at -0.3V and -0.82V vs. saturated calomel electrode which were confirmed to be of manganese (II) and iron (III) respectively by the method of standard addition. The linear working range for manganese (II) and iron (III) both was 1.408 µg/mL to 4.977 µg/mL. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, and accurate and can be successfully applied for the analysis and simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in industrial effluents.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
Assessment of Water Quality in Imo River Estuary Using Multivariate Statistic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The water quality of Imo River Estuary, the Niger Delta region was studied for a duration of 12 months. This study was aimed at the assessment of water quality parameter of the water body. In order to have an indepth knowledge to the physical and chemical processes as well as their associated spatial distribution, the study analyses some parameters recorded at the three sampling sites through multivariate statistical methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) was employed to extract and recognize the major underlying factors contributing to the variations among the water quality measured. Results indicate that three principal components, that is nutrients, organic and meteorological factor account for 99.91% of the total variance among the water quality parameters. The spatial distribution of principal components further confirms that nutrient sources constitute the main pollutant contribution. Keywords: Assessment, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, Estuary, Source
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
Chitrakoot is a major holy place of Bundelkhand, situated at 24.48” to 25.12” North Latitude and 80.58” to
81.34” East Longitude. It is about 62 km from East to West and 57.5 km from North to South There are more
than thousand temples in the study area, which are located mainly in Kamadgiri parikrama and along the bank of
river Mandakini. A number of pilgrims visit the place throughout the year. Obviously a considerable amount of
waste generated from the religious activities is being discharged anywhere consequently in creation of sever
solid waste problem.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham Karwi for the parameters- pH,
Temperature, Nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrite, Chloride were analyzed using standard methods prescribed
as in the APHA, AWHA (2005). The result indicates that the water is unsuitable for Human body, Animals and
Agriculture.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Manganese (II) and Iron (III) In An Industrial E...IOSRJAC
In the present study, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple method for the simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in an industrial effluent using differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. Quantification of manganese (II) and iron (III) was done in Triethanolamine and KOH as a supporting electrolyte. The polarogram recorded for the industrial effluent in triethanolamine and KOH showed two peaks at -0.3V and -0.82V vs. saturated calomel electrode which were confirmed to be of manganese (II) and iron (III) respectively by the method of standard addition. The linear working range for manganese (II) and iron (III) both was 1.408 µg/mL to 4.977 µg/mL. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, and accurate and can be successfully applied for the analysis and simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in industrial effluents.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
Assessment of Water Quality in Imo River Estuary Using Multivariate Statistic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The water quality of Imo River Estuary, the Niger Delta region was studied for a duration of 12 months. This study was aimed at the assessment of water quality parameter of the water body. In order to have an indepth knowledge to the physical and chemical processes as well as their associated spatial distribution, the study analyses some parameters recorded at the three sampling sites through multivariate statistical methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) was employed to extract and recognize the major underlying factors contributing to the variations among the water quality measured. Results indicate that three principal components, that is nutrients, organic and meteorological factor account for 99.91% of the total variance among the water quality parameters. The spatial distribution of principal components further confirms that nutrient sources constitute the main pollutant contribution. Keywords: Assessment, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, Estuary, Source
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Al zarqa river pollution causes, actions and revival ………rectangular of pollutionShomou' Aljizawi
Environment Impact Assessment for Al Zarqa River in Jordan, Rectangular Of Pollution , done by Eng Shomou + Eng Noor and supervised by Dr. Nasser Abu Anzeeh
Industrial growth and environment in bangladesh basharAbu Khairul Bashar
A country's economic and social development essentially depends on the industrial sector. A growing Industrial sector is a prerequisite for growth, employment creation and improvement in people's livelihood.
The contribution of this important sector to Bangladesh economy has been increasing. The contribution of the broad industry sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased from 17.31% in 1980-81 to 31.98% in 2013-14. The industrial sector plays a importance role for economic growth as well as rapid employment generation.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/L of each studied metal (Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb) were prepared in Tajan River water. The salinity regimes include 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 ppt. It was noted that metal concentration decreased by increasing salinity. Metals were flocculated at different rates: Cu (88%) > Ni (86%) > Pb (84%) > Mn (74%).Thus, as average about 80% of total elemental content flocculates. Hence, it was concluded that a large amount of micro nutrients is carried by the river and flocculated in the estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water which may play a vital role in supplying nutrients to the aquatic animals. Cluster analyses have shown that Mn and Ni are governed by EC, pH and salinity.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water of Selected Places of Nellore coast of Andhra Pradesh through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.5.3
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
1. International Journal of Environmental Protection IJEP
IJEP Vol. 2 No. 4 2012 PP.8-13 www.ij-ep.org ○C World Academic Publishing
- 8 -
Comparative Assessment of Water Quality in the
Major Rivers of Dhaka and West Java
Md. Tajuddin Sikder1
, Masaomi Yasuda1
, Yustiawati1
, Suhaemi M. Syawal2
, Takeshi Saito3
, Shunitz Tanaka1,4
,
Masaaki Kurasaki*4
1
Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
2
RC for Limnology, Indonesian Institute for Sciences, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
4
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
*1
kura@ees.hokudai.ac.jp
Abstract-A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia
and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on
physiochemical investigation along with heavy metal
concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results
indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are
severely impaired in comparison with the rivers of West Java.
And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison
with rainy seasons. All rivers were severely polluted with NOx,
PO4
3-
and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal
concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb
were found to be below the international guidelines in most of
the sampling points. And, Cd and Fe approached the threshold
limit in Dhaka. With the enrichment study, every metal was
found predominant in both the Ciliwung and the Cikaniki River;
while rivers of Dhaka comprise little enrichment value
adequately report noteworthy difference in metal sources along
with elevated accumulation trends of metals into the bed
sediments. The re-suspension experiment also suggests identical
trends of metal swelling into the sediments. High health risks
were envisaged due to the presence of toxic mercury in sediments
(0.83-1.07 µg/g) of the Cikaniki River and paddy samples (0.08
µg/g ) close to the baseline value of Indonesia. Based on the
results, it is evident that metal, organic and fecal pollution in the
rivers of West Java and Dhaka are in somewhat dreadful
condition that requires immediate remediation step.
Keywords-Pollution; Wate Quality; West Java; Dhaka;
Mercury Contamination
I. INTRODUCTION
Pollution, nowadays, has become a serious concern for
human life due to the industrial burst in the world. And, the
rivers are the main choices to hold and bear the responsibility
of pollutants, especially in the developing worlds. Water
pollution caused by chemical substances such as heavy metals
affects tropical rain forest and River ecology [1]. Heavy
metals can accumulate from water to sediments through
settling process and some particles can also find their ways
into the biota [2]. Once in Japan, the pollution caused by Cd
and Hg took huge live toll in Toyama and Minamata such as
itai itai diseases and Minamata diseases, respectivly [3].
Development activities mostly depend on the rivers for the
cleaning and disposal purposes. So, it urges a systematically
monitoring study to assess the status of pollution to suggest
some management strategies. This study focuses on Indonesia
and Bangladesh because, in West Java and Dhaka, the rivers
play vital roles as traffic arteries in economic activities. Most
of the industrial growth is occupied in those areas particularly
in Dhaka and spread out on the banks of some major rivers;
Buriganga, Shitalakshyaa, Turagh and the Bongshi River. In
the Jakarta gulf, Hg contamination has been reported [4], [5].
Besides, the seasonal variations along with the geographic and
geomorphologic disparity also direct a fluctuation of pollution
among the rivers of these two countries. Thus, detailed studies
of the quality of water and sediments are needed to evaluate
environmental conditions. Although many studies have been
performed to understand the water quality and heavy metal
distribution, a few approaches have been found to compare
the pollution status among the rivers in different countries.
Our previous study attempted to investigate the metal
concentrations in water and sediments of some important
rivers in West Java, Indonesia [1]. In this study, the authors
tried to focus on the general water quality and heavy metals in
relation with a comparative view to make clear the pollution
sources. Sometimes, metal concentration in water appears
very low though the actual pollution is obvious there because
of metal partitioning with some other components. From this
viewpoint metal concentrations in sediments were also
measured. Besides, we tried to understand the pollution
severity in respect to the difference of industrial setup along
with reference value recommended by World Health
Organization (WHO) [6]. Hg concentration was determined in
both sediments and water of the rivers of West Java, because
gold mining is widely practiced and related with the rivers
especially, the Cikaniki River. Therefore, this study is
targeted to examine the water environment of both Dhaka and
West Java to evaluate equally the pollution status and health
of biota.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Study Area and Sampling
In Dhaka, Bangladesh, samples were collected from the
Buriganga River, the Turag River; the Shitalakshyaa River
and the Bongshi River. The Buriganga River is one of the
most polluted rivers in Bangladesh. Most of the industries and
factories in Dhaka are situated along the bank of this river or
very close to the river system. The Shitalakshyaa River links
with the Buriganga on the northwestern side of the capital and
is considered the second most polluted river in Bangladesh
(Fig. 1). The Ciliwung and Cikaniki Rivers are also important
rivers in West Java, where the capital city, Jakarta, is located
(Fig. 1).
Samples were collected 2 times from June 12–19, 2007
and September 8–15, 2007 at 8 sampling sites in the Ciliwung
River and the Cikaniki River in West Java, Indonesia. In
addition, paddies and soil samples in a rice paddy field were
2. International Journal of Environmental Protection IJEP
IJEP Vol. 2 No. 4 2012 PP.8-13 www.ij-ep.org ○C World Academic Publishing
- 9 -
obtained near a gold amalgamation plant in the upstream area
of the Cikaniki River (Cisarua Village). In this manuscript,
sampling station from 1-6 and 7-8 were referred as Ciliwung
(1-6) and Cikaniki (1-2), respectively. And, each sampling
was conducted 2 times from December 20-27, 2010 and
September 21-23, 2011 at 9 sampling sites; Buriganga (1-2),
Shitalakshyaa (1-2), Turagh (1-2) and Bongshi (1-3), the
major 4 rivers in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Fig. 1). Sampling
bottles were kept at 4º
C and were transported to the laboratory
for further processing.
Fig. 1 Sampling sites in West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh
B. Water Quality Parameters
The physicochemical parameters (pH and conductivity) of
the samples were measured immediately at each sampling
point with a U-51 multi-parameter water quality meter
(Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) according to the instruction manual.
The multi-parameter water quality meter was calibrated
every time at each sampling point with two standard solutions
of pH 4 and pH 7. An ion selective pack test (Kyoritsu
Chemical-check Lab, Corp, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to
measure chemical oxygen demand (COD), NO2
-
, NO3
-
and
PO4
3-
according to their instruction manuals. The detection
limits of the ion selective pack were COD (2 ppm), PO4
-3
(0.02 ppm), NO2
-
(0.02 ppm), and NO3
-
(1 ppm). Escherichia
coli (E-coli) were measured with simple detection paper
(Shibata, Japan). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was
measured with a TOC analyzer (TOC-5000A, Shimadzu,
Kyoto, Japan). For this procedure, 25 mL of the filtrated
sample was mixed with 0.1M HCl and made up to 50 mL with
distilled water. Phthalic hydrogen potassium was used for
TOC standard sample. Sodium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate were used for inorganic carbon standard samples.
The detection limit of the TOC analyzer was 4 ppb. Internal
quality control was used in the measurement of the
physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the samples
in each region. Analytical quality control was assured by
replicate analysis of samples. Three replicates of each sample
were prepared and their physicochemical parameters were
analyzed simultaneously.
C. Heavy Metal Analysis
Firstly, river water samples were filtered to remove the
insoluble materials by Millipore membrane filters
(OmniporeTM
, Ireland) with 0.45 µm pores followed by acid
digestion with grade conc. HNO3 for 1.5 h to keep the pH
below 2. The digested samples were then prepared to measure
the metal contents with inductively coupled plasma–mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS, Seiko SPQ-6500, Tokyo, Japan). In
case of sediment, 50 mL of 0.1 M HNO3 were added to 10 g
of dried sediment, and subsequently the mixture was agitated
for 24 h followed by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 15 min.
Twenty paddy samples (about 0.4 g each) were completely
digested with 10 mL of conc. HNO3, and supplemented up to
100 mL with distilled water. To remove the insoluble
materials, the digested solution was filtered with a 0.45 µm
Millipore filter (USA). The contents of Mg, Mn, Al, Co, Cd,
Pb, Fe, Cu and Zn were then measured with the ICP-MS. In
addition, inorganic Hg contents in the same samples were
measured by using a Hiranuma HG 300 Mercury Analyzer
(Hiranuma Sangyo Co., Ltd., Japan: detection limit 0.1
ng/mL). Total Hg contents were determined as follows: to
degrade the organic compounds, 1 mL of conc. H2SO4, 1 mL
conc. HNO3 and 2 mL KMnO4 (50 g/L) were added to 30 mL
of the above-mentioned acidified sample. The mixture was
shaken for 15 mins, and heated at 95o
C for 2 hrs. After
cooling, 1 mL of hydroxylamine chloride was added to
neutralize the excess KMnO4. The neutralized solution was
filtered with a 0.45µm Millipore filter. The filtered solution
was diluted up to 100 mL with distilled water and the Hg
contents were measured using a Hiranuma HG 300 Mercury
Analyzer [1]. The concentrations of metals were detected at
the ng/mL (ppb) level. The detection limits of ICP-MS were
Al (0.005 ppb), Mn (0.03 ppb), Fe (0.005 ppb), Zn (0.05 ppb),
Cu (0.005), Cd (0.03 ppb), and Pb (0.005 ppb). Standard
solutions were prepared from 1,000 mg/L stock solutions of
different metals of interest (Wako Pure Chemicals Industries
Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) by dilution with ultrapure water. The
glassware was washed with nitric acid followed by distilled
water. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. The
results were reproducible within an error limit of ±5%.
D. Statistical Analysis
To analyze the differences among the sampling stations
for different metal levels, one-way ANOVA was applied
followed by the student t-test to identify the homogeneous
type of the data sets. Pearson’s correlation matrix was also
calculated for different metals to trace the common sources of
pollutants. Regression coefficients were calculated between
metals and organic C contents in sediments. The significance
level in this study was P < 0.05.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The general water quality in the samples from river water
of West Java, Inodnesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh is listed in
Table 1. In case of West Java and Dhaka, each number is the
average value for the 2 sampling times. The pH maintained by
a well-buffered river can be attributed to the fact that,
normally, running water is influenced by the nature of the
deposits over which the water flows [7]. The pH value was
ranging from 7.1–8.4 for the sampling points in both countries.
It can be seen that the ionic environment in rivers are identical
and lies within the standard range recommended by the WHO
[6]. Conductivity is a measurement of the ability of an
aqueous solution to carry an electrical current. High
conductivity values ranges from 60-375 µS/cm in West Java
and 303-919 µS/cm in the rivers of Dhaka, indicating high
ionic pollution in Dhaka and West Java as compared with the
WHO guideline. Besides, the rivers of Dhaka also possess
high conductivity value in comparison with the conductivity
4. International Journal of Environmental Protection IJEP
IJEP Vol. 2 No. 4 2012 PP.8-13 www.ij-ep.org ○C World Academic Publishing
- 11 -
TABLE 3 METAL ENRICHMENT FACTORS(%) IN ALL SAMPLING RIVERS
Rivers EF (Al) EF (Mn) EF (Fe) EF (Cu) EF (Zn) EF (Cd) EF (Pb)
Buriganga 41 25 38 34 42 43 88
Shitalakshyaa 26 46 26 30 29 46 50
Turag 37 26 35 50 30 44 50
Bongshi 26 23 21 51 17 46 50
Ciliwung (Water) 33 30 ~ 40 33 30 50
Cikaniki (Water) 50 50 ~ 50 50 7 46
Ciliwung (Sediment) 62 45 n.d. 71 37 50 47
Cikaniki (Sediment) 50 50 n.d. 45 54 70 72
n.d. means not detected; ~ means not known
Fig. 2 Variation of general water quality in the rivers of Dhaka,
Bangladesh 1= Conductivity (µS/cm); 2=COD (mg/L); 3=DOC (mg/L)
value in the rivers of West Java. The high conductivity values
also make sure of the presence of high dissolve solids
contents in water that is approximately 70% of the
conductivity in µS/cm. Elevated level of conductivity along
with high dissolved solids can cause certain physiological
effects on desirable food plants and habitat-forming plant
species; gives a "mineral tastes" in drinking water and can be
a problem in water used for irrigation. NO2
-
and NO3
-
in the
samples range from 0-0.7 mg/L both in Dhaka and West Java
for NO2
-
and, 0.6-8 mg/L and 1-30 mg/L in Dhaka and West
Java, respectively for NO3
-
. The NO2
-
concentrations
exceeded the WHO guideline in Dhaka (Turagh 1 and
Bongshi 3) and in West Java (Ciliwung 3) whereas; NO3
-
exceeded all sampling points in both countries. It was
interesting that comparatively low concentration of NOx was
observed downstream in the Ciliwung River in the city of
Jakarta (Ciliwung 5 and 6). Non-point pollution sources such
as agriculture and livestock may have contributed to the
increased NO2
-
and NO3
-
in the rivers of developing countries
especially in Bangladesh and Indonesia. Furthermore, NO2
-
and NO3
-
can be disseminated in the aquatic environment due
to acid rain and exhaust gases [8]. Surprisingly, every
sampling site in both countries possesses low COD value. The
highest COD value of 40 ppm and 82.5 ppm were recorded in
the downstream of the Ciliwung River (Ciliwung 6) and the
Turagh River (Turagh 2), respectively. If effluent with high
biological oxygen demand (BOD) levels is discharged into a
water body then it generally speeds up bacterial growth along
with the COD that can diminish the dissolve oxygen level in
water causing lethal effects for most fish and many aquatic
insects. Re-aeration due to atmospheric mixing may be
assumed in this case of low COD in the sampling rivers to add
oxygen and thus, oxygen levels will slowly increase in
downstream.
High levels of phosphate as compared with the WHO
guidelines were recorded in every sampling point of West
Java (0-2 mg/L) and Dhaka (0.2-3.3 mg/L). Phosphates
generally enter water from phosphorus-rich bedrock and from
human and animal waste, including that from laundry,
cleaning, industrial effluents, and fertilizer runoff. Phosphate
usually stimulates eutrophication that may enhance the growth
of primary producers resulting in reduced stability of the
ecosystem and the overwhelming of natural cycles. The
presence of high NOx combining with high level of phosphate
are resulting a wide variety of problems ranging from anoxic
waters (through decomposition) to toxic algal blooms and
decrease food supply and boost up habitat destruction in the
sampling countries. It was thought that river water in West
Java contained high levels of organic compounds and
agricultural chemicals because of the limited availability of
sewage system in the area. Total organic carbon (TOC) was
measured for the rivers of Dhaka and a high content of
organic carbon (3.1-28.2 mg/L) was found in each river. The
results attained from the microbial study indicated that all
rivers contained high microbial rupture in comparison with
WHO, causing widespread fecal pollution. These results
indicated the fecal pollution caused by human activities and
livestock, as domestic and agricultural waste as well as human
excreta were directly discharged into rivers. There is some
risk of infectivity of the food web when vegetables are eaten
raw [9]. Kido et al. [8] also reported severe fecal pollution in
the rivers of Indonesia.
The above observation of general water quality suggests
water pollution in those rivers in comparison with the WHO
standard values. The results have also shown that the
physiochemical pollution scenario in the rivers of Dhaka is in
elevated level in comparison with the rivers of West Java
(Table 1). The catchment areas of the rivers of Dhaka are full
of residential, agricultural and industrial entities, distributing
huge amount of pollutants every day. Besides, Indonesia is a
tropical country with high rainfall and the temperature there
may contribute low pressure on their rivers while Bangladesh
is a low-lying and overpopulated country along the equator
characterized by a monsoon climate which contributes high
pressure on the rivers in respect to pollution. It was also
observed fromthe results of West Java that the Cikaniki River
is more polluted than the Ciliwung River. The pollution status
was compared in the rivers of Dhaka in respect of season and
obvious pollution gaps were recorded. It is evident from
5. International Journal of Environmental Protection IJEP
IJEP Vol. 2 No. 4 2012 PP.8-13 www.ij-ep.org ○C World Academic Publishing
- 12 -
Figure 2 that water quality parameters are in maximum in
winter (December, 2010) in comparison with the values in
rainy seasons (September, 2011). The excess rain water may
dilute the pollution level of the entire river system in the rainy
seasons and climatic variability reduces the original
concentrations of pollutants in these rivers.
Fig. 3 Trends of accumulation/exchange of heavy metals between water
and sediments in Ciliwung and Cikaniki Rivers ofWest Java, Indonesia
Fig. 4 Total and inorganic Hgcontents in water (µg/L), sediments (µg/g)
andpaddy of Cikaniki River
Concentrations of metals in river water of Dhaka and of
West Java are listed in Table 2. By considering the high metal
levels in water samples in the rivers of West Java, sufficient
metal transfer was expected into the sediment. So, a metal
content in sediment was measured in both the Ciliwung and
the Cikaniki River. Al and Mn concentration in each water
sample of all sampling points of the Ciliwung and the
Cikaniki River were found higher in comparison with the
WHO guide lines, except the upstreamfor the Ciliwung River
for Al. In addition, high concentration of Mn was found in the
downstream of the Ciliwung. Although, Mn is an essential
trace element, excess uptake of it may results in some nerve
disorders [10]. And, Cu, Zn and Pb in all rivers were recorded
as low in comparison with WHO values depicting the overall
low level metal pollution in the rivers of West Java and Dhaka.
In the Ciliwung 4, concentrations of all metals were lower
than in other sampling sites. The reason for this is assumed to
be the presence of a filtration plant near the Ciliwung 4. The
Ciliwung and Cikaniki River contained high concentration of
Cd ions whereas; rivers of Dhaka just approached the
threshold limit (3 ppb) for Cd. The elevated levels of toxic Cd
pointed to the severity of industrial pollution in West Java
whereas, in case of Dhaka, it can be considered that this metal
was naturally present in the environment rather than due to
contamination. Moreover, other metal levels were also low in
the rivers of Dhaka in comparison with the levels of West
Java. Alike West Java, Cu, Zn and Pb, concentration in the
rivers of Dhaka were much lower than the standard value
recommended by WHO. Al, Mn and Fe concentrations were
also documented as lower than the reference values of WHO
and also lower than the metal contents in water and sediments
(data not shown) in the rivers of West Java, except some
points in downstream. These results indicated the discrete
heavy metal status (source and distribution) in both countries.
The pH value plays a key role in metal pollution and higher
pH keeps low concentration of metals especially in the rivers
of Dhaka. Besides, it was obvious from the results of West
Java that the metal concentrations in the sediments were more
than 10-fold those in river water [1].
Urban runoff could be a source of metals for river water,
especially in the rainy seasons and all sampling regions had
high annual rainfall. Contamination due to different metals
was analyzed for the rivers of all sampling points according to
the enrichment factor (EF). The EF (%) is usually used to
determine water and sediment chemistry in relation to natural
and anthropogenic pollution sources [11]-[13]. The EF was
calculated as follows.
min max min
(%) {( )/( )} 100EF C C C C= − − ×
Where, C refers to the mean concentration of heavy metals
in the water sample (ppb) and Cmax and Cmin refer to the
maximum and minimum concentrations (range) in (ppb),
respectively, determined during the study. The inclination of
metals to accumulate in river sediments was assessed by
determining the EF (%). Surprisingly, the analysis showed
that the Buriganga and Shitalakshyaa River in Dhaka have
high EF (%) for Pb and the Turagh and Bongshi River
comprise high EF (%) for Cu and Pb (Table 3). In contrast,
every sampling point for the Cikaniki River possesses high EF
(%) for every metal. This may be due to the fact that the metal
EF (%) for the rivers of West Java were calculated with the
sediment samples indicating high transformation and
accumulation of metal into the suspended river bed sediments.
Besides, high pH values stimulate accumulation of metals in
riverine sediments (geoaccumulation) [14]. However, lower
EF values indicate unpolluted river water whereas similar EF
values specify identical sources of pollution. So, the above
results suggest that a heavy metal pollution source in the
rivers of both Dhaka and West Java is different. To
understand the re-suspension or exchange of metals between
the sediment and water, Al, Mg, Pb and Mn were further
analyzed (Figure 3). It is evident from the results that the
possibility of exchange of metals is very low in case of Mn
and Mg whereas, Pb possesses moderate possibility and Al
has the high chance of re-suspension.
Of note, illegal gold mining in the Bogor area exploit large
amount of Hg to purify the gold in the gold-amalgam method.
No record about gold mining activities was found in Dhaka,
Bangladesh. So, Hg concentration was determined only in the
Ciliwung River and in the paddy, paddy field and upstream
area of the Cikaniki River. However, Hg was hardly detecte in
the Ciliwung River whereas Hg ranged from 0.119 to 0.218
ppb in the Cikaniki River where 80% of the total Hg was
inorganic (Fig. 4). The Hg content of river water is lower than
6. International Journal of Environmental Protection IJEP
IJEP Vol. 2 No. 4 2012 PP.8-13 www.ij-ep.org ○C World Academic Publishing
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the base line value of Hg for Indonesia (below 1 ppb). The
total Hg concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.63 to 1.07
µg/ g, and the inorganic Hg concentration ranged from 0.23 to
0.333 µg/g which remains very close to the base line value (1
ppm). These results suggest high risk of being adjacent to the
mining area.
Organic Hg is generally more toxic than inorganic Hg. It
is estimated that 4.8 tons of Hg per month discarded into the
river find their ways through many villages into the
downstream [1]. Hg-prone diseases commonly known as
Minamata disease resulted severe malfunction to the human
offspring of Minamata Bay in Japan [8]. Fortunately, the
organic Hg was present at low levels in water but
unfortunately in sediments, it accounts 50% to 70% of total
Hg (Fig 4). So, there is high possibility for bioaccumulation
of Hg in food chain [15]. In this study, the total inorganic Hg
concentrations in the paddy samples were 0.08 µg/g and
0.065 µg/g, respectively (Fig.4). This value was about 16
times higher than that in the basin of the Agano River which
became known as the second Minamata disease area in 1974
[16]. The total Hg intake from rice in Indonesia (500 g/day
per person) is calculated to be around 0.040 mg Hg/day that
exceeded the safe guideline and may affect human health [1].
IV. CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the present study that the rivers in
West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh have been
considerably contaminated by heavy metals, physiochemical
and biological pollutants. The biological pollution indicates
anthropogenic sources caused by poor sewerage system
whereas the heavy metals and physiochemical pollution
indicate industrial sources. Some rivers have shown high
tendency to transfer the metals into the suspended sediments
and/or river bed sediments. No noteworthy interaction of
pollution sources was possible to establish between the rivers
of both countries. The rivers of West Java and its associated
ecosystem are highly vulnerable due to the presence of
elevated level of Hg in the rice grain. So, the consumption of
Hg polluted rice must be studied elaborately. The results
implicitly suggest the urgent need for systematic monitoring
along with remediation to reduce pollutant inputs and by
developing functional sewage treatment plant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (No. 18404004
and No. 23406021 for Kurasaki); JSPS-UGC Joint Research
Project for FY between Bangladesh and Japan for Tanaka,
and by the JST-JICA Project: Wild Fire and Carbon
Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia.
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Md. Tajuddin Sikder finished his Bachelor and
Master degree in the department of Environmental
Sciences, Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh.
He works as the faculty in the department of
environmental science of Stamford University
Bangladesh. And, he is at present a PhD candidate in
Graduate School of Environmental Science,
Hokkaido University, Japan. His PhD research is
focused on the application of cyclodextrin polymer
cross-linked with epichlorohydrinto remove heavy metals in solution.