The document summarizes a study on the characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. Sequential extraction tests found that heavy metal concentrations exceeded sediment quality standards. Acidic washing and chelation extraction treatments were then tested to remove heavy metals. Acid washing with 2N HCl for 120 minutes achieved the highest removal rates of 70-90% for different heavy metals. Chelation extraction with 0.5M citric acid for 120 minutes removed 36.69% of copper, while 0.5M EDTA for 120 minutes removed 45.83% of lead and 0.5M malic acid for 120 minutes removed 62.1% of zinc. The study concludes that acid washing and chelation agent extraction
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
10 a study of heavy metal pollution of ghaggar river ravi pareekBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The present study briefly deals with the presence of trace heavy metals in the waters of River Ghaggar throughout its stretch. The study was carried out in October 2016 (post monsoon) on 16 selected sampling stations of River Ghaggar.Concentrations of heavy metals viz., Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cr were studied throughout the 466 km stretch of river Ghaggar, though total 16 sites were selected but sampling is not possible due to dry bed of river in lower 4 sites. In the selected research area, the Ghaggar River is receiving the domestic, industrial and municipal wastewaters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the dominancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water of Ghaggar followed the sequence: Fe> Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr >Pb > Hg >As. Arsenic was absent in all the samples.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on physiochemical investigation along wit h heavy metal concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are severely impaired in compar ison with the rivers of West Java. And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison with rainy seasons . All rivers were severely polluted with NOx, PO43- and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb were found to be below the international guidelines in most of the sampling points. And, C d an d Fe approached the thres hold
limit in Dhaka.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Analysis the amounts of heavy metals and trace elements in water of different...VikashKKushwaha
The study was aimed to analyze the concentration of metals including heavy metals and trace elements in the water of four different small water bodies or sources including two pond, one lake and one river around Ranchi city. The metals or trace elements such as Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. The results indicated that the concentration of approximately all the metals, heavy metals, and trace elements in these water bodies was found within the maximum permissible limit set by IS:2296, EPA, and WHO for surface water quality standards. Higher concentrations of Al in Lake of Chamber, Bi, and Mn in Jumar river than other sites were reported.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on physiochemical investigation along wit h heavy metal concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are severely impaired in compar ison with the rivers of West Java. And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison with rainy seasons . All rivers were severely polluted with NOx, PO43- and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb were found to be below the international guidelines in most of the sampling points. And, C d an d Fe approached the thres hold
limit in Dhaka.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Analysis the amounts of heavy metals and trace elements in water of different...VikashKKushwaha
The study was aimed to analyze the concentration of metals including heavy metals and trace elements in the water of four different small water bodies or sources including two pond, one lake and one river around Ranchi city. The metals or trace elements such as Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. The results indicated that the concentration of approximately all the metals, heavy metals, and trace elements in these water bodies was found within the maximum permissible limit set by IS:2296, EPA, and WHO for surface water quality standards. Higher concentrations of Al in Lake of Chamber, Bi, and Mn in Jumar river than other sites were reported.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
SEDIMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AVARAGERE LAKE, DAVANAGERE CITY - A CASE STUDYAM Publications
Avaragere Lake in Davangere was studied for chemical and physical parameters at five locations, for a period of six months (April 2014 to Sep 2014). Lake has been subjected to human interferences regularly and water quality was to be getting deteriorated profoundly. Major anthropogenic activities practiced in and around the stretch: agriculture, discharging of sewage waste etc was generating serious threat to the biota of the lake by altering the physical, chemical and biological concentration of the lake system. The other possibility is that since there are no major industries in the project area, the major source of organic pollutants is only the domestic source.
Monthly data’s been collected. Different parameters studied were pH, Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content. The results obtained from the above study indicate that the water of Avaragere Lake organothiophosphate and pyrethroid content shows very low concentrations even at nanogram. Manganese and iron concentrations of sediment sample in avaragere lake shows high level of pollution and ecological balance of Lake is totally disturbed.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Impact of Iron and Steel Industry on Ground Water Quality of Tungabhadra Rive...IJARIIT
Bellary district has 25 % of India's Iron ore reserves and is well known for its rich iron and manganese ore
reserves. Iron ore deposits in Bellary district are widespread and have been a backbone to industrial development in the region.
The environmental impact of large scale mining activities includes soil erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity,
and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes.In this paper, efforts have been
made to assess the quality of Tunga - Bhadra river water extensive survey and laboratory analysis which would give the
information about ‘Impacts on reservoir water quality’ due to the Iron and steel industry. Also an attempt has made for
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Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy
metals in contaminated river sediments
Yi-Kuo Chang1* Zh-Hong Hu1 Zhen-Wei Hong1 Tsung-Yen Wu1 Chun-Chang Cheng2
1. Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and
Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
2. Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and
Technology, Taiwan
*Email address of corresponding author: ykchang@ctust.edu.tw
Abstract
In this research, the sequential extraction test was conducted to understand the characteristic of heavy metals in
the sediment. Subsequently, the pH-dependent leaching test, percolation test were subjected to explore the
possible leaching of heavy metals and stabilizing mechanism. Finally, based on the resuts of pH dependent
test,the acid/chemical washing were applied to predict long-term, leaching characteristics. The results from the
sediment characteristic analyses showed that the concentrations of heavy metals (such as Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr)
in river sediments exceeded the upper limit of Sediment Quality Standard of Taiwan, implying further
decontamination works should be addressed. Results from the chemical washing (extraction) showed that the
heavy metal removal efficiency was good when washed with 2N HCl for 120 minutes; the order of removal
efficiency was Ni 90% > Zn 87% > Pb 85% > Cu 83% > Cr 70%. For chelation extraction, the suitable operating
condition was achieved with 0.5M Citric Acid after 120 minutes contact; the order of heavy metal ion capturing
efficiency was Zn 61% > Ni 54% > Pb 40% > Cu 36% > Cr 24%. Comparing the heavy metal bonding types
before and after chemical washing (extraction) showed that some metal ions exist in residual forms in the
sediments (Ni, Zn, Cu); however, after the washing process, the heavy metal ions became more exchangeable
forms with higher bioavailability.
Keywords: sediment, heavy metal, leaching test, chemical washing
1. Introduction
The rapid industrial development and rising populations have resulted in the increase of industrial and
agricultural investments in Taiwan, which unfortunately has led to the increasing potential risk of waste
contaminated soils and pollution of the major and minor rivers in Taiwan. This not only directly or indirectly
influences the natural load-bearing capacity of the environment, but also causes disruption of the ecological
balance, dissemination of diseases, lowering of land values, and gravely affects the population's health. The
irrigation water quality of certain agricultural regions in Taiwan has been polluted by the waste drainage from
up-stream industrial areas or illegal factories. Polluted water is then channeled into farm lands from irrigation
ditches, contaminating the soils, and leading to many incidents of agricultural soil contamination in Taiwan.
To investigate the severity of the heavy metal pollution of the farm lands in western Taiwan (Figure 1), the
Taiwan Environment Protection Agency (Taiwan EPA) conducted heavy metal tests in the agricultural river
irrigation water of Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung and Changhua counties, and found that over 41.3% of sediments
are severely contaminated; 13.2% irrigation water quality has exceeded standards, and 18.8% agricultural soil
has exceeded standards. Subsequently, the Taiwan EPA formulated an estimate of the total areas of "high
pollution potential monitoring points (regions with high risks of heavy metal pollution)"; 78 acres in Luzhu,
Taoyuan County; 97 acres in Dali, Taichung; 472 acres of Hemei and Huatan Townships, Changhua County; the
total area is 647 acres, with 13 acres residing in areas with highest risks. While the Taiwan EPA has spent
hundreds of millions to remediate over 200 acres of cadmium-polluted farm lands in the Changhua County, but
there are still metal hardware and electroplating factories that are illegally discharging their poisonous drainages
into the irrigation systems. It was estimated that over two hundred acres of farmlands in Hemei and Huatan
Townships have been contaminated by heavy metals such as cadmium and nickel, due to prolonged exposure to
irrigation water polluted by electroplating and hardware drainage. According to the Taiwan EPA's data (EPA,
2011), there are currently 664 soil and ground water pollution remediation and control sites all over Taiwan, and
the majority (82%) are heavy metal polluted; 22% are organic polluted sites, and 2% are both. In all heavy metal
polluted sites, the majority are affected by copper and zinc pollution, occupying 50 and 23 percents of the total
polluted sites, respectively. The statistics showed that heavy metal pollutants from copper and zinc are
responsible for the majority of contaminants in polluted soil and ground water sites in Taiwan.
259
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Figure 1 The map of Taiwan (applied from mypaper.pchome.com.tw (before 2010))
2. Experimental
2.1 Sampling of the contaminated river sediment
The heavy metal containing sediment used in this research came from various sections of an irrigation river from
a county (city) in Central Taiwan. After collection, the samples were dried and baked at a high temperature, and
then sealed for storage. The samples were rich in organic matters and composed of mixtures of large and fine
particles.
2.2 Analysis of the base characteristics of contaminated river sediment
1) Grain diameter distribution
To investigate the grain diameter distribution of the river sediment, the dried samples were screened using
different standards of sieving mesh. A 100g of sample was weighted and placed in testing sieves of 5, 50, 100,
230 and 400 mesh, and wet-sieved with a sonicator with a liquid:solid ratio of 1:20. The residual sediments from
the screening were baked dry and weighted. The procedures were repeated to obtain a less than 10% variation
from each data, and the grain diameter distribution of the sediment was obtained.
2) pH value
The pH value of the heavy metal contaminated river sediment was performed with the hydrogen ion
concentration index (pH value) testing method of the EPA (NIEA R208.02C). 20g of contaminated river
sediment sample was weighted and placed in a 50ml beaker. 40 ml of reagent was added to the sample, then the
glass lid was placed on the beaker and the suspensions was continuously stirred for 5 minutes, and let sit for 15
minutes for most of the solids to deposit on the bottom. The pH value of the liquid phase layer was measured
with a pH electrode.
3) Sequential extraction experiment
In this research, a 5-step sequential extraction method is employed to test the five states (exchangeable,
carbonate-bound, Fe and Mn oxide-bound, organically bound and residual) of the heavy metal Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and
Mn in the contaminated river sediment, analyzing the solid phase combination states between the metallic
elements and the river sediment.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Basic Characteristics
To understand the basic characteristics of the river sediments, the grain diameter distribution, heavy metal
concentration and surface state were analyzed and quantified as the reference basis for all subsequent steps of the
study. The result of the component analysis of the heavy metal contaminated river sediment is shown in Table 1.
260
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3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Table 1 Component Analysis of the Heavy Metal Contaminated River Sediment
Sediment Quality Standards
of Taiwan
Sample No. 1
Testing items
Units
Total digested
XRF
Upper limit
Lower
limit
Cadmium (Cd)
mg/kg
ND
ND
2.49
0.65
Chromium (Cr)
mg/kg
720
287.6
233
76.0
Copper (Cu)
mg/kg
2980
1257
157
50.0
Nickle (Ni)
mg/kg
1060
430.6
80.0
24.0
Lead (Pb)
mg/kg
286
107.7
161
48.0
Zinc (Zn)
mg/kg
3280
1276
384
140
Mercury (Hg)
mg/kg
ND
ND
0.87
0.23
pH value
5.92
The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in sample no.1 have all exceeded the upper limit set by
the control standards of the river sediment. Looking at the heavy metal concentration by grain diameters of each
layer of sediment (Table 2), it was clear that the heavy metal concentration distributions across coarse and fine
grains were consistent and all have exceeded the control standards. Future investigation on the coarse and fine
grains is warranted.
3.2 Acidic-washing processing
10 g of heavy metal contaminated sediment samples was measured and added with different concentration of
inorganic acids H2SO4, HCL and HNO3. The sediment mixture was then extracted with a rotary extractor. Semidynamic leaching tests were conducted with reaction times of 30, 60 and 120 minutes to leach the heavy metals.
After the extraction was completed, the mixture was filtered through 0.45µm membrane. The filtrate was
collected and placed in an ICP-OES instrument to analyze the containing heavy metal elements. The results were
shown as Figure 2.
Table 2 Heavy metal concentration in various grain diameters of sample No.1
Heavy metal concentration (mg/kg)
Cd
Cr
Cu
Ni
Pb
Zn
>300 µm
ND
740
3920
802
412
1744
150-300 µm
ND
1076
4396
1156
516
2676
63-150 µm
ND
272
1908
466
304
828
37-63 µm
ND
368
2346
566
348
1172
<37 µm
ND
770
3222
1048
432
2682
Upper limit
2.49
233
157
80
161
384
Lower limit
0.65
76.0
50.0
24.0
48.0
140
Sediment
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4. Leached (%)
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Figure 2 Leaching percentage of heavy metals in sample no.1 under different conditions of acids, concentrations
and reaction time
The results have indicated that the effects of acidic washing did not increase with the increases in
concentrations and reaction time, and that different heavy metals have different acidic washing results, and vary
with different acid types and concentrations. Figure 2 shows that the effects of nitric and hydrochloric acids were
better than sulfuric acid; at lower concentrations, Cu, Zn and Ni had better leaching results; the optimal acidic
washing conditions of sample no.1 were found to be washing 120 minutes with 2N HCL, which produced
Cr(70.18%), Cu (83.32%), Ni (90.74), Pb (85.98%) and Zn (87.07%).
Leached (%)
3.3 Extraction processing
In this step, 10 g of the heavy metal contaminated sediment samples was added with different concentrations of
citric acid, malic acid and EDTA. The sediment mixture was then extracted with a rotary extractor. Semidynamic leaching tests were conducted with reaction times of 30, 60 and 120 minutes to leach the heavy metals.
After the extraction was completed, the mixture was filtered through 0.45µm membrane. The filtrate was
collected and placed in an ICP-OES instrument to analyze the containing heavy metal elements (as shown in
Figure 3).
Figure 3 Leaching percentage of heavy metals in sample no.1 under different conditions of extraction agents,
concentrations and reaction time.
262
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5. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
The test results showed that EDTA had varied extraction efficiency on different heavy metals, which was
especially pronounced in organic and residual states (residual and organic heavy metals). The larger the total
concentration, the worse the extraction efficiency of EDTA is for that particular soil or heavy metal. The test
results of different concentration and reaction times of chelating agents on sample no.1 have shown that the
better leaching rate of copper (Cu) was achieved at 120 minutes of 0.5M citric acid (36.69%); for lead (Pb),
0.5M EDTA for 120 minutes (45.83%); for zinc (Zn), 0.5M malic acid for 120 minutes (62.1%).
4. Conclusions
1.
The heavy metal concentrations in sample no.1 have all exceeded the upper limit set by the control
standards of the river sediment.
2.
The effects of acidic washing did not increase with the increases in concentrations and reaction time.
Results showed that the effects of nitric and hydrochloric acids were better than sulfuric acid. The optimal
acidic washing conditions of sample no.1 were found to be washing 120 minutes with 2N HCL, which
produced Cr(70.18%), Cu (83.32%), Ni (90.74), Pb (85.98%) and Zn (87.07%).
3.
The results of different concentration and reaction times of chelating agents on sample no.1 have shown
that the better leaching rate of copper (Cu) was achieved at 120 minutes of 0.5M citric acid (36.69%); for
lead (Pb), 0.5M EDTA for 120 minutes (45.83%); for zinc (Zn), 0.5M malic acid for 120 minutes (62.1%).
Thus, acid washing/chelating agent extraction treatments of the river sediment take the potential leached
volumes into consideration.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Science Council, R.O.C. (NSC102-2622-E-166-001-CC3) for the
financial support of this research.
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