This document presents a study on the effects of potential leachate leakage from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill in Chikkathaguru, Bangalore, India. The study aims to examine the impact on physical and chemical properties of groundwater, determine the extent of contamination, and compare water quality to standards. Samples were taken from 8 groundwater locations and tested for various parameters. Results showed that most parameters exceeded permissible limits, including total hardness, TDS, chloride, phosphate and iron. The water was also acidic with a pH below standard limits. The study concludes the landfill is contaminating the surrounding groundwater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on physiochemical investigation along wit h heavy metal concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are severely impaired in compar ison with the rivers of West Java. And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison with rainy seasons . All rivers were severely polluted with NOx, PO43- and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb were found to be below the international guidelines in most of the sampling points. And, C d an d Fe approached the thres hold
limit in Dhaka.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil of Phaltan Tahsil In Satara District From M...inventionjournals
Soil is natural body of mineral and organic material. It serves as more reliable index for productivity. In the present study, ten samples are collected from different places of Phaltan Tahasil and physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductance, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were analyzed in the month of January 2017. pH indicates that almost all the sample soil are alkaline. The concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen are below the moderate limit. While concentration of phosphorous and potassium is found to be moderate and greater than moderate limit.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on physiochemical investigation along wit h heavy metal concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are severely impaired in compar ison with the rivers of West Java. And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison with rainy seasons . All rivers were severely polluted with NOx, PO43- and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb were found to be below the international guidelines in most of the sampling points. And, C d an d Fe approached the thres hold
limit in Dhaka.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil of Phaltan Tahsil In Satara District From M...inventionjournals
Soil is natural body of mineral and organic material. It serves as more reliable index for productivity. In the present study, ten samples are collected from different places of Phaltan Tahasil and physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductance, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were analyzed in the month of January 2017. pH indicates that almost all the sample soil are alkaline. The concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen are below the moderate limit. While concentration of phosphorous and potassium is found to be moderate and greater than moderate limit.
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact Of Municipal Solid Waste Dump On Ground Water Quality in kattamanchi, ...mahendra v
The present study deals with the physico-chemical characteristics of ground water quality. Such a water samples were collected from different identified bore wells for the purpose of studying the quality of groundwater during May 2014. The bore wells from which the samples were collected are extensively used for drinking purpose. It has been
proved from the present investigation findings that value of few parameters are pH,TDS, Total Hardness, Calcium, Sulphate, Chloride, Salinity, and Iron fall out of the permissible range with reference to WHO guideline levels for drinking water. The most serious pollution threat to groundwater is from TDS, Total Hardness, salinity, Calcium, chloride and Fe, which are associated with sewage and pollution of tannery waste. Hence, suggested to take proper care to avoid contamination of groundwater pollution through periodic monitoring of the water quality.
Abstract: Water is crucial factor in our life. It is one of fundamental needs of human being. As far as our health is concerned the water should be fit for drinking, it should not contain any undesirable substances rendering it unfit for drinking and domestic use. For such water we have to depend on sources of water such as river, lake , well etc. but to make it upto the standards of drinking water it should be treated1. In big cities municipal corporation supplies water to the people after treating it in treatment plant. In pimpri & chinchwad city PCMC treats and supplies water to city. Corporation divided city in 46 sectors to distribute water. Samples were collected from each of these sectors and conducted various tests such as hardness test, chloride content test, etc. To examine the contamination of water at tap sources. In this study it was found that the water is pure up to all standards except residual chlorine in certain sectors. So it is concluded that what care should be taken for distribution to such sectors. Keywords: pH Test, Alkalinity Test, Chloride Test, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness Test, Residual Chlorine Content.
Domestic wastewater effecting on physico chemical properties of bathi lake, d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present study, the work reveals about how the domestic wastewater is contaminating the Bathi lake, located in Davangere city also to know how it is effecting the physical and chemical parameters of the lake. They include pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium and potassium. The work was carried out during January 2016 to April 2016 for four months. Four stations have chosen in the lake. Station 1 – Domestic wastewater entering the lake. Station 2 – Domestic wastewater joining the lake. Station 3 – Domestic wastewater diluted with the lake which is far away from station 2. Station 4 – The lake water is taken. The results were compared WHO standards and BIS and some of the parameters were crossing the desired limits. Hence the work concludes that the quality of lake is poor and is unsuitable for human consumption.
Domestic wastewater effecting on physico chemical properties of bathi lake, d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present study, the work reveals about how the domestic wastewater is contaminating the Bathi lake, located in Davangere city also to know how it is effecting the physical and chemical parameters of the lake. They include pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium and potassium. The work was carried out during January 2016 to April 2016 for four months. Four stations have chosen in the lake. Station 1 – Domestic wastewater entering the lake. Station 2 – Domestic wastewater joining the lake. Station 3 – Domestic wastewater diluted with the lake which is far away from station 2. Station 4 – The lake water is taken. The results were compared WHO standards and BIS and some of the parameters were crossing the desired limits. Hence the work concludes that the quality of lake is poor and is unsuitable for human consumption
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
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and write to us if you have any questions:
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Submitted by
Soheb Patel (1EW15CV096)
Sunil K. Kamati (1EW15CV151)
Ranjeet Shah (1EW15CV118)
Niraj Shiwakoti (1EW14CV100)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Radhika KN
Dept of Civil Engineering
East West Institute of Technology,
Bangalore - 91
3. RESEARCH PREAMBLE
This paper discusses the effects of a potential leachate leakage
from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill, situated at
CHIKKATHAGURU, Bangalore, India, on the surrounding water
bodies. The landfill area is spread over an area of about 100 acres
that began accepting waste from 2005. biopharmaceutical was
deposited in non-engineered manner that has resulting in steep
and unstable slopes, leachate accumulation within the
biopharmaceutical mass, and leachate runoff into nearby water
bodies such as ground water ponds and open wells. The current
study investigates the physicochemical characterization of
landfill leachate and nearby water bodies. The batch leach tests
were conducted to know the heavy metal, phospahate, nitrate
concentrations in the contaminated ground water. A series of
column tests were also conducted to estimate the migration rates
of different contaminants through the soil.
Keywords: Concentration, Landfill, Leachate contaminant
4. INTRODUCTION
Water is the most abundant environmental resource on earth but its
accessibility is based on quality and quantity, as well as space and
time.
Once contaminated, groundwater may forever remain polluted
without remedy or treatment. Water is one of the determinants of
human earth system. Diseases may spring up through water
pollution, especially groundwater contamination, and rapidly spread
beyond human expectation because of its flow mechanism.
Major contamination in ground water due to open dump landfill of
biopharmaceutical and other waste
5. STUDY AREA
Dumping location:-Chikkathaguru village urban Bengaluru, is situated
at 874m above mean sea level of the longitude 12°51' and latitude 77°38'.
The ground water resources is contaminated and affected by
unengineered dumping(lack processing control) of waste like
biopharmaceutical.
Collection of ground water sample -8 no’s
Method of GW collection is random.
6.
7. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
Seasonality is the first criteria of the period of this research work
because it plays prominent role in waste degradation and groundwater
migration. Either during the dry season when there is no water
ingression or during the excess rainfall. This study monitors the site to
compare result over time. which can easily dilute and reduce parameter
concentration. Some physical parameters like taste, colour and odour
are the main indicators of water pollution to the people without taking
into consideration the other physical, chemical and biological variables
of water.
8.
9. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the research is to examine the effect of the location of
dumpsites on the underground water quality in BANGALORE.
Examine the impact of dumpsite on the physical and chemical
properties of groundwater.
Determination and map the extent of contamination in the study area.
Compare the difference in the quality of sampled water with WHO and
Indian water quality standards.
To suggest strategies for ground water management.
10. METHODOLOGY
1. Preliminary Identification of sites
2. Map Description of the site
3. Assessment of the terrain condition(dry season)
4. Sampling procedure
5. Chemical analysis of ground water samples
6. Result and Discussion
7. Plans for rehabilitation works
11. Sampling procedure
Location of sampling points,
Sampling frequency,
Storage of samples for microbiological analysis,
Sampling methods for physicochemical analysis,
Factor affecting analysis
Choice of methods
Minimizing the cost of analysis
Laboratory-based versus on-site testing
12. Chemical Analysis
S.
N.
Parameters Max. acceptable
limit In mg/l
Observed result
In mg/l
Method
1. Acidity 27.2-112.5 Titration
2. Alkalinity as caco3- 200 92-532 Titration
3. Total Hardness 200 770.508-4566 Titration
4. Calcium ca+ 75 124-568.4 Titration
5. Magnesium mg+ 30 106.71-376 Titration
6. COD 200 24.88-2215.03 Titration
7. Chloride Cl- 250 244-1360 Titration
8. Ph 6.5-8.5 4.99-6.51 Electrode
9. DO >5 2.4-5.1 Electrode
1 Salinity <200 low 0.68-112.5 Electrode
11. Temperature Room 16.9-27.8 Electrode
12. Turbidity 1-5NTU 0.11-1.3 Electrode
13. TDS 500 650-2560 Electrode
15. Result and discussion
Calcium (Ca): Calcium is normally abundant in groundwater. The
desirable limit of calcium present in drinking water is 75 ppm (BIS,
1991;). The value of Ca ranges from 124 to 1410 mg/l and all the samples
exceed the permissible limits.
Magnesium (Mg): The behavior of magnesium is very similar to that
of calcium. These two divalent metallic cations, which are abundant in
groundwater and are responsible for hardness of water. The Mg values
range from 112 to 254 mg/l.
Sodium (Na): The normal content of sodium in the natural water is 1
to 60 ppm. The Na values ranges from 120.1 to 742 mg/l exceed the
permissible limit.
Potassium (K): It is similar to sodium in many respects. However, it is
less abundant than sodium. Potable water generally contains potassium
in the range of 1-5 ppm. The mean values of potassium are 0.5 and 3.3
mg/l (Table 1). And higher at 8th point which is 246.
16. Chloride (Cl): Chloride is present in all the natural water. The
presence of chlorine in water is harmful for bacteria and it improves
the quality of water. The desirable range of chlorine in natural water is
250 ppm. Table(1) shows that slightly higher at every point expect 2nd
and 5th point.
Nitrate (NO3): Nitrogen in the forms of nitrate, nitrite, or ammonium,
is a nutrient needed for plant growth. The desirable limit of nitrate in
drinking water is 45 ppm. The nitrate value ranges from 0.23 to 35.42
mg/l. which is lower than permissible limit.
Sulphate (SO4): In most of the natural waters, sulphate is found in
smaller concentrations than chloride. The desirable limit of Sulphate is
200mg/l. The sulphate value ranges from 119 to 500 mg/l. Higher at 7th
and 8th point (table 1).
Fluoride (F): Leaching of fluoride from the earth crust is chief source
of fluoride content in groundwater. The desirable limit of fluoride is
1.5mg/l. The fluoride value ranges from 0.166 to 43.2 mg/l which is
lower than the permissible limit and higher at 8th point (table 1).
17. Total Hardness (TH): Water hardness is mainly caused by the
presence of calcium and magnesium. The desirable limit of TH is
200mg/l. The TH values ranges from 771 to 4566 mg/l and all the
sample exceeds the permissible limit.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The dissolved solids in water samples
include all solid materials in solution.colloids or dissolved gases. The
desirable limit of TDS is (500-1000)mg/l for domestic purpose. The
values of TDS ranges from 650 to 2560, which exceeds the permissible
limit at 1st and 8th point (table 1).
Electrical Conductivity (EC): The electrical conductivity is an index
of degree of mineralization and usually expressed in μ-mhos/cm at 25°
C. This property varies with concentration and degree of ionization of
the constituents and with temperature. The values of EC ranges from
1220 to 4000 μ-mhos/cm
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): The pH value in moles/liter. The
desirable range of pH in drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 (BIS, 1991). The
mean pH value in the sub-basin is 4.99 to 6.51 (Table 1) which is acidic.
18. Iron (Fe): Iron is one of the major constituents of rocks, next in abundance
only to oxygen, silicon and aluminum. The desirable range of iron in natural
water is 0.3 to 1 ppm. The values of Fe ranges from 0.4 to 4.78 mg/l which
exceeds in 8th point (Table 1).
Turbidity : Nephelometric Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the
water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates.
According to thw WHO desirable values of Turbidity is 1-5 NTU . Turbidity
values ranges from 0.11 to 1.3 NTU (Table 1).
Akalinity: The amount of Alkalinity that should water be 20-200 mg/L for
typical drinking water. The values of alkalinity ranges from 292 to 532 mg/l
(Table 1) which exceeds the permissible limit.
Phosphate: Inorganic phosphates (e.g., phosphoric acid, zinc phosphate, and
sodiumphosphate) are added to the water to create orthophosphate, which
forms a protective coating of insoluble mineral scale on the inside of service
lines and household plumbing. The desirable limit of phosphate is less than
0.1mg/l.The values of phosphate ranges from 0.4 to 42 mg/l which exceeds the
permissible limit at every point (table 1).
19. Electrical Conductivity (EC): The electrical conductivity is an index of
degree of mineralization and usually expressed in μ-mhos/cm at 25° C. This
property varies with concentration and degree of ionization of the
constituents and with temperature. The values of EC ranges from 1220 to
4000 μ-mhos/cm .
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): The pH value of a solution is the
negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/liter. The
desirable range of pH in drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 (BIS, 1991). The mean
pH value in the sub-basin is 4.99 to 6.51 (Table 1) which is acidic.
20. Silica: Silicon is the most abundant element on earth after oxygen which
explains why most water supplies will contain some traces of silica. All
natural water supplies contain some dissolved “silica” and most will also
contain suspended or colloidal silica. Silica values ranges from 0.038 to
0.1mg/l.
Nitrate: Nitrate in drinking water is measured either in terms of the amount
of nitrogen present or in terms of both nitrogen and oxygen. The federal
standard for nitrate in drinking water is 10 milligrams per liter (10 mg/l)
nitrate-N, or 45 mg/l nitrate-NO3. The nitrate values ranges from 0.23 to
35.42, which is lower than thw permissible limit (table 1).
21. Plans for Rehabilitation works
APPLIED METHOD FOR SUCCESSFUL REMIDATION OF
CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
1. PUMP & TREAT METHOD
2. PERMEBLE REACTIVE BARRRIERS
3. OPTIMIZING NATURAL ATTENUTION(reduction of effect)
4. RESTORTATION LANDFILL SEEPAGE WATER
DRAIN,INSTALLATION OF TANDEM SHAFT & MORE
27. CONCLUSION
Physicochemical analysis reveals that there is high contamination of
organic & inorganic constituents.inorganic macro compound, metals
concentration was in trace only indicating that the waste dumped is
predominantly municipal, Biopharmaceutical waste. Based on
physicochemical analysis the quality of water was found to be
unsuitable for drinking and slightly bad for irrigation purpose.
Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral causes
expansion in concrete leading to crack formation.in dry turns white.
Concrete becomes more susceptible to penetration of external
corrosive agents. Reduction in the strength of concrete .
28. • Te study revealed that the concentration of MSW materials in
the landfill site had systematically polluted the soil and water
bodies (surface water and groundwater) over time.
• The effect of such pollution as assessed from the study declined
away from the polluting source. This implied that the surface and
groundwater bodies were more dependent on proximity to
landfill sites.
This dependence may be due to the influence of topography,
type, state of waste disposal system and to some extent, the
hydrogeology of the site.