This study analyzed water quality parameters of the Tigris River as it passes through Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were taken from 8 sites over 4 seasons. Physical measurements included temperature, pH, conductivity, and turbidity. Chemical analyses determined COD, anions, cations, total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and heavy metals. Results found several parameters exceeded WHO standards, indicating pollution from industrial wastes. Correlation analysis revealed relationships between water quality parameters and likely pollution sources. Overall, the study assessed the effects of industrial waste on Tigris water quality through comprehensive physical and chemical analysis of samples from different seasons.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of industrial wastes on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were collected from 8 sites along the river over 4 seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical, and heavy metal parameters. Results found that most parameters exceeded WHO standards, except for pH and EC. Higher levels of dissolved solids, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals indicated pollution from industrial and urban waste. The water quality varies seasonally and spatially due to changes in waste discharge and river flow. Overall, the study aims to assess water quality and pollution sources to inform future monitoring and protection of this important water resource.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
Evaluation of surface water quality indices for heavy metals of diyala river ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study evaluating water quality in the Diyala River in Iraq using heavy metal pollution indices.
Ten sites along the Diyala River were tested for six heavy metals. The heavy metal pollution index was far above the critical value of 100, indicating the river water is critically polluted with heavy metals. The metal index value of 71.63 suggests the river is seriously affected by heavy metal pollution.
The study found elevated levels of chromium, lead, nickel, and cadmium above Iraqi drinking water standards. The pollution sources were determined to be industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste discharged into the river. The indices demonstrated the river's poor quality and need for pollution control to protect environmental and human
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study evaluating the quality of groundwater in Alagilat, Libya for use in irrigation. 65 groundwater samples were collected from wells and analyzed for various chemical and physical parameters. Several quality indices were calculated including EC, SAR, RSC, PI, MAR, KR. The results found that 83.1% of samples had EC levels making them doubtful for irrigation, while 12.31% were unsuitable. Over 95% of samples met guidelines for other indices like SAR, RSC, PI, suggesting suitability for irrigation. However, high EC levels in many samples indicate potential need for pre-treatment or growing salt tolerant crops before using this groundwater for irrigation.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
This document summarizes a study on the effects of industrial wastes on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were collected from 8 sites along the river over 4 seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical, and heavy metal parameters. Results found that most parameters exceeded WHO standards, except for pH and EC. Higher levels of dissolved solids, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals indicated pollution from industrial and urban waste. The water quality varies seasonally and spatially due to changes in waste discharge and river flow. Overall, the study aims to assess water quality and pollution sources to inform future monitoring and protection of this important water resource.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
Evaluation of surface water quality indices for heavy metals of diyala river ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study evaluating water quality in the Diyala River in Iraq using heavy metal pollution indices.
Ten sites along the Diyala River were tested for six heavy metals. The heavy metal pollution index was far above the critical value of 100, indicating the river water is critically polluted with heavy metals. The metal index value of 71.63 suggests the river is seriously affected by heavy metal pollution.
The study found elevated levels of chromium, lead, nickel, and cadmium above Iraqi drinking water standards. The pollution sources were determined to be industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste discharged into the river. The indices demonstrated the river's poor quality and need for pollution control to protect environmental and human
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study evaluating the quality of groundwater in Alagilat, Libya for use in irrigation. 65 groundwater samples were collected from wells and analyzed for various chemical and physical parameters. Several quality indices were calculated including EC, SAR, RSC, PI, MAR, KR. The results found that 83.1% of samples had EC levels making them doubtful for irrigation, while 12.31% were unsuitable. Over 95% of samples met guidelines for other indices like SAR, RSC, PI, suggesting suitability for irrigation. However, high EC levels in many samples indicate potential need for pre-treatment or growing salt tolerant crops before using this groundwater for irrigation.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the separation, characterization, and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. The study involved analyzing sediment samples from rivers in central Taiwan to understand the concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals present, including copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Sequential extraction tests showed most metals exceeded sediment quality standards. Acid washing experiments found heavy metal removal efficiencies were highest for nickel, zinc, lead, copper, and chromium when washed with HCl for 120 minutes. Results indicate some metals exist in residual forms in sediments but become more exchangeable after washing, increasing bioavailability.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
The chemical investigation on water pollution of kurnool district by water qu...Avishkaarsgrowup
1) The document analyzes water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients and heavy metals in drinking water samples from 10 locations in the Nandyal region of Kurnool district, India.
2) Testing found the pH, conductivity, fluoride and heavy metal levels were within WHO guidelines for most locations, but some had higher turbidity and nutrients like nitrates.
3) The highest levels of parameters like copper, iron and manganese were found in samples from locations like Maddur and Kowlur.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
This document presents a study on the effects of potential leachate leakage from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill in Chikkathaguru, Bangalore, India. The study aims to examine the impact on physical and chemical properties of groundwater, determine the extent of contamination, and compare water quality to standards. Samples were taken from 8 groundwater locations and tested for various parameters. Results showed that most parameters exceeded permissible limits, including total hardness, TDS, chloride, phosphate and iron. The water was also acidic with a pH below standard limits. The study concludes the landfill is contaminating the surrounding groundwater.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
Physico chemical characterization of the groundwater of kotur area hyderabad,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in the Kotur industrial area of Hyderabad, India. Water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. The results showed high levels of these parameters, exceeding WHO guidelines in many cases, indicating contamination from industrial and agricultural activities in the area. Statistical analysis found strong correlations between various parameters, suggesting a common surface source of contamination. The high concentrations of parameters reveal surface contamination originating from anthropogenic sources like nearby industries and agricultural activities.
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
Assessment of Physico Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajme...ijtsrd
Studies of Physico chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physico chemical parameters of Ajmer city in Rajasthan have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for domestics purpose. 21 ground water samples were collected from different places of Ajmer city in Rajasthan. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Alkalinity. A systematic calculation of the correlation coffecient has also been carried out between different analysed parameters. Comparative studies of samples in different seasons were conducted and it was found that Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissoved Solids TDS were decreased. Alkalinity and Total Hardness were increased after the rainfall. Ajmer is one of the major and oldest cities in the Indian state of Rajasthan and the centre of the eponymous Ajmer District. It is located at the centre of Rajasthan, and is home to the Ajmer Sharif shrine. The city was established as Ajayameru translated as Invincible Hills by a Chahamana ruler, either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II, and served as their capital until the 12th century CE. Ajmer is in the northwest of India and is surrounded by the Aravali Mountains. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taragarh Hill of that range. To the northwest is the Nagapathar Range of the Aravali Mountain Ranges which protects it from desertification from the Thar Desert. Kishan Gopal Jhanwar | Rajeev Mehta | Preeti Mehta "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajmer City in Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43639.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comchemistry/other/43639/assessment-of-physicochemical-characteristics-of-groundwater-quality-of-ajmer-city-in-rajasthan/kishan-gopal-jhanwar
IRJET- Analysis of Physico Chemical Parameters of Underground Water Sample fr...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of underground water samples from selected areas of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and tested for various parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, and COD. The results found that most parameters were within permissible limits but the water quality was not suitable for drinking due to higher levels of certain parameters. While the water quality needs improvement, most parameters met groundwater quality standards. The analysis helps communicate the current water quality to citizens and policymakers.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSISIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the estimation of chlorine in water samples using electroanalytical and volumetric techniques. Water samples were collected from different depths and their chlorine content was analyzed using potentiometry and volumetry. Both methods were found to be simple and less time consuming, but electroanalytical techniques provided more accurate and reproducible results. Specifically, potentiometric titration using a chloride ion-selective electrode was able to detect the endpoint more precisely compared to direct titration using an indicator. Therefore, the study concludes that electroanalytical methods are better for analyzing chloride ions in water.
Esta fatura de telecomunicações resume os serviços de internet utilizados por Daiane Aparecida Lima entre 16/10/2010 e 02/11/2010. Ela utilizou 685 MB de um plano de 3GB, e deve pagar R$36,53 até 20/11/2010 pelos serviços prestados pela operadora Claro no período.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the separation, characterization, and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. The study involved analyzing sediment samples from rivers in central Taiwan to understand the concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals present, including copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Sequential extraction tests showed most metals exceeded sediment quality standards. Acid washing experiments found heavy metal removal efficiencies were highest for nickel, zinc, lead, copper, and chromium when washed with HCl for 120 minutes. Results indicate some metals exist in residual forms in sediments but become more exchangeable after washing, increasing bioavailability.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
The chemical investigation on water pollution of kurnool district by water qu...Avishkaarsgrowup
1) The document analyzes water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients and heavy metals in drinking water samples from 10 locations in the Nandyal region of Kurnool district, India.
2) Testing found the pH, conductivity, fluoride and heavy metal levels were within WHO guidelines for most locations, but some had higher turbidity and nutrients like nitrates.
3) The highest levels of parameters like copper, iron and manganese were found in samples from locations like Maddur and Kowlur.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
This document presents a study on the effects of potential leachate leakage from a biopharmaceutical waste landfill in Chikkathaguru, Bangalore, India. The study aims to examine the impact on physical and chemical properties of groundwater, determine the extent of contamination, and compare water quality to standards. Samples were taken from 8 groundwater locations and tested for various parameters. Results showed that most parameters exceeded permissible limits, including total hardness, TDS, chloride, phosphate and iron. The water was also acidic with a pH below standard limits. The study concludes the landfill is contaminating the surrounding groundwater.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
Physico chemical characterization of the groundwater of kotur area hyderabad,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in the Kotur industrial area of Hyderabad, India. Water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. The results showed high levels of these parameters, exceeding WHO guidelines in many cases, indicating contamination from industrial and agricultural activities in the area. Statistical analysis found strong correlations between various parameters, suggesting a common surface source of contamination. The high concentrations of parameters reveal surface contamination originating from anthropogenic sources like nearby industries and agricultural activities.
Physico – Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water at Crescent Roa...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
Assessment of Physico Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajme...ijtsrd
Studies of Physico chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physico chemical parameters of Ajmer city in Rajasthan have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for domestics purpose. 21 ground water samples were collected from different places of Ajmer city in Rajasthan. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Alkalinity. A systematic calculation of the correlation coffecient has also been carried out between different analysed parameters. Comparative studies of samples in different seasons were conducted and it was found that Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissoved Solids TDS were decreased. Alkalinity and Total Hardness were increased after the rainfall. Ajmer is one of the major and oldest cities in the Indian state of Rajasthan and the centre of the eponymous Ajmer District. It is located at the centre of Rajasthan, and is home to the Ajmer Sharif shrine. The city was established as Ajayameru translated as Invincible Hills by a Chahamana ruler, either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II, and served as their capital until the 12th century CE. Ajmer is in the northwest of India and is surrounded by the Aravali Mountains. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taragarh Hill of that range. To the northwest is the Nagapathar Range of the Aravali Mountain Ranges which protects it from desertification from the Thar Desert. Kishan Gopal Jhanwar | Rajeev Mehta | Preeti Mehta "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality of Ajmer City in Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43639.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comchemistry/other/43639/assessment-of-physicochemical-characteristics-of-groundwater-quality-of-ajmer-city-in-rajasthan/kishan-gopal-jhanwar
IRJET- Analysis of Physico Chemical Parameters of Underground Water Sample fr...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of underground water samples from selected areas of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and tested for various parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, and COD. The results found that most parameters were within permissible limits but the water quality was not suitable for drinking due to higher levels of certain parameters. While the water quality needs improvement, most parameters met groundwater quality standards. The analysis helps communicate the current water quality to citizens and policymakers.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSISIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the estimation of chlorine in water samples using electroanalytical and volumetric techniques. Water samples were collected from different depths and their chlorine content was analyzed using potentiometry and volumetry. Both methods were found to be simple and less time consuming, but electroanalytical techniques provided more accurate and reproducible results. Specifically, potentiometric titration using a chloride ion-selective electrode was able to detect the endpoint more precisely compared to direct titration using an indicator. Therefore, the study concludes that electroanalytical methods are better for analyzing chloride ions in water.
Esta fatura de telecomunicações resume os serviços de internet utilizados por Daiane Aparecida Lima entre 16/10/2010 e 02/11/2010. Ela utilizou 685 MB de um plano de 3GB, e deve pagar R$36,53 até 20/11/2010 pelos serviços prestados pela operadora Claro no período.
This document provides instructions for creating a big book about the story of Chanukah for early childhood students. The book uses brightly colored pictures and text spread across 14 pages to tell the story. The goals are for students to learn and summarize the story of Chanukah and put the pages in the correct sequence. Materials needed include the pictures and text printed out, poster boards, binder rings, scissors, glue, and tape. Instructions describe cutting the poster boards, gluing each page to a board, punching holes, adding rings, and assembling the book. Variations include rearranging the pages for students to put in order and acting out each scene.
The document discusses advertising on 88DB.com to reach Filipino internet users. It notes that over 29 million Filipinos are online, spending on average 3.8 hours daily surfing the internet. This large online population is not just in major cities but also in next wave cities. The document then outlines the simple three-step process for businesses to create a free ad on 88DB.com to tap this pool of potential customers.
Global Environmental MEMS Sensors (GEMS) is a proposed concept for a revolutionary global observing system using mass-produced, disposable airborne probes with MEMS sensors to monitor meteorological and environmental conditions. Phase I defined major feasibility issues. Phase II plans to further study issues through simulation and experiments, develop a cost-benefit analysis, and generate a technology roadmap to identify pathways for development and integration with NASA missions. The system has potential applications for weather prediction, environmental monitoring, planetary science, and security.
El documento presenta los resultados de una prueba de personalidad realizada a María Meléndez Hernández de 23 años. La prueba evalúa 9 dimensiones de la personalidad y proporciona una nota entre 1 y 99 para cada dimensión, con una media de 50 y desviación típica de 20. Además, incluye información sobre la persona que aplicó la prueba, la fecha y el baremo utilizado para la evaluación.
Growing new community with brand new construction at Enclave at Westgate. Stylish homes are located 15 minutes from downtown, 15 minutes from airport, and close to retail and restaurants. This 2 bedroom cottage home offers an open floor plan and private backyard with a covered patio. Interior features include an alcove perfect for office space, hard tile floors and contemporary fixtures. FOUR homes in this community currently available for immediate move-in!
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, processador mais rápido e bateria de maior duração. O dispositivo também possui tela maior e armazenamento expansível, com preço sugerido a partir de US$799. Analistas esperam que o aparelho ajude a empresa a aumentar sua participação no competitivo mercado de smartphones.
Teddy Roosevelt established many progressive policies during his presidency including establishing 5 national parks. His successor, William Howard Taft, continued Roosevelt's progressive agenda through reforms like establishing the Children's Bureau and expanding conservation efforts. However, Roosevelt eventually became dissatisfied with Taft's presidency and launched his own unsuccessful third party campaign in 1912, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election.
O livro discute as relações entre a Bíblia e a ciência de forma equilibrada, mostrando que o criacionismo também pode ser defendido cientificamente. O autor, um cientista criacionista, analisa os pontos fortes e fracos do criacionismo nas áreas biológica e geológica, debatendo a microevolução e a origem dos grupos de organismos. Ele também examina a visão catastrofista da história da Terra sob a lente da geologia convencional.
Stunning duplex on beautiful tree-lined street w/ 2-car attached garage! Intelligent & spacious floorplan, great for entertaining. Hardwood floors, granite, stainless, fireplace & powder room on main level. Massive bedrooms w/ walk-in closets & marble bathrooms. A wood-lined private patio completes this home. Walk to Red Line, Whole Foods, your favorite eatery, lounge, or Lake Michigan! Parking addl' 25k. Learn more at www.thechicagorealestatemarket.com
The document analyzes physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface and underground water samples from iron mining areas in Kogi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons from 7 locations. Results found pH to be weakly acidic in dry season and weakly alkaline in rainy season. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness fell within recommended limits. Concentrations of heavy metals like lead, cadmium and chromium were higher than guidelines in some samples, indicating pollution from mining activities. Overall, the study assessed water quality in the mining region and found evidence of toxic metal contamination from mining impacts.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within acceptable limits. Some metals like chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas during the wet season and effluent discharges from industrial and municipal waste during the dry season. The river's ecological status is important to protect.
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Toxic Heavy Metals in Water Fro...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality samples from three sites along the Kali River in Meerut, India. Physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, conductivity, BOD, COD and heavy metals were found to exceed permissible limits for drinking water. pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.3, TDS from 1643-3145 mg/L, and BOD and COD indicated high organic pollution. Dissolved oxygen levels were very low. Heavy metal analysis found levels of Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe and Zn exceeded limits for irrigation and drinking water. The study indicates the river water is polluted from industrial and domestic waste and requires treatment before use.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking waterIJEAB
This document summarizes a study of two water purification stations (Sharq-Dijla and Al-Karamah) on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq from October 2012 to September 2013. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and biological oxygen demand were measured at locations before, inside, at the pipe, and after each station. Results showed seasonal variations in the parameters, with lowest dissolved oxygen and highest biological oxygen demand occurring during summer months. Byproducts from the water purification process appeared to affect water quality in the Tigris River downstream of the stations.
Abstract— 11 wells in Wadi Fatimah were chosen to perform this study. The studied area was classified into three regions namely Abo-Hassani, Al-Khief, and Allaf. In Abo-Hassani, the water quality agrees with the WHO standards. The TDS was between 175 and 339 ppm. The hardness was below 193 ppm. The sodium and the chloride were below 71 and 63 ppm, respectively. The water here suffers from the presence of E.Coli. In Al-Kheif region, the water suffers from the high TDS 1077 ppm and the presence of E. Coli. In Allaf region the TDS was high a little (487 ppm), but still within WHO standards for drinking water. In this region, the sulfate value and the total hardness were above 250 ppm, which exceeds the WHO standards.
Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavara...IJERD Editor
Physico-chemical analysis of open well water samples was carried out from 10 sampling locations
in Bhimavaram town during three seasons namely summer, rainy and winter of 2012-‟13 are presented. The
quality analysis was made through the estimation of physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
Turbidity, EC, TDS, Cl–, SO4
2–, NO3
–, PO4
3–, D.O, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, F–, Na+, K+ and BOD. Each parameter was
compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and BIS
standard to assess the suitability of drinking and domestic purposes. The analytical results of groundwater
samples shows that that certain parameters namely PH, D.O and Fluoride were found within the desirable limits
by BIS. However, Turbidity, EC, TH, TDS, BOD, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, were exceding the desirable limit throughout the investigation period in all locations.The results of
analysis reveal that the ground water of the area was not suitable for human consumption and domestic use due
to the influence saltwater intrusion, sewage, Industrial effluents and high urban concentration are the probable
sources for the variation of water quality in the study area
A comparative study of general water quality has been
extensively studied in some major rivers of West Java, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water quality assessment based on physiochemical investigation along wit h heavy metal concentration in water and sediments is presented. The results indicate that maximum sampling sites in the rivers of Dhaka are severely impaired in compar ison with the rivers of West Java. And, the pollution gap in the rivers of Dhaka is evident in respect
of the season where pollution in winter is eminent in comparison with rainy seasons . All rivers were severely polluted with NOx, PO43- and Escherichia coli (E-coli). The heavy metal concentration of Al and Mn exceeded whereas, Cu, Zn and Pb were found to be below the international guidelines in most of the sampling points. And, C d an d Fe approached the thres hold
limit in Dhaka.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Manganese (II) and Iron (III) In An Industrial E...IOSRJAC
In the present study, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple method for the simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in an industrial effluent using differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. Quantification of manganese (II) and iron (III) was done in Triethanolamine and KOH as a supporting electrolyte. The polarogram recorded for the industrial effluent in triethanolamine and KOH showed two peaks at -0.3V and -0.82V vs. saturated calomel electrode which were confirmed to be of manganese (II) and iron (III) respectively by the method of standard addition. The linear working range for manganese (II) and iron (III) both was 1.408 µg/mL to 4.977 µg/mL. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, and accurate and can be successfully applied for the analysis and simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in industrial effluents.
A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake...ijtsrd
This study was carried out seasonally to determine some nutrient load concentrations in the Atikhisar Dam Lake, which provides drinking water to the city center of Çanakkale and also serves the purpose of protection from floods. For this purpose, water samples were taken from 3 sampling points in Atikhisar Dam Lake. 5 parameters nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and suspended solids were examined in the water samples taken. At the end of the study, it is understood that the dam has a good water quality and there is no significant pollution problem. To ensure the sustainability of water resources, dam waters, which contain a significant part of natural resources, should be monitored regularly. Pinar Yildirim "A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake in Çanakkale" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52539.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/52539/a-study-on-the-investigation-of-some-quality-parameters-of-atikhisar-dam-lake-in-çanakkale/pinar-yildirim
1) The document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater samples collected from 10 locations in the Sangrampur Tehsil region of Buldana District, Maharashtra, India.
2) Testing found that most parameters were within acceptable levels for drinking water according to Indian standards, though a few locations showed higher levels of turbidity, COD, calcium, and magnesium after the monsoon season.
3) Overall groundwater quality was deemed not harmful for human use, but some parameters exceeded limits at individual locations possibly due to nearby industrial, mining or sewage influences, indicating increased human impact on water quality.
This study analyzed 50 drinking water samples from Erbil City, Iraq for radioactive and chemical contamination. A radiation detector was used to measure levels of U-238, Ra-226, Cs-137, and Sr-90 radionuclides. The results showed low levels of all radionuclides that did not exceed safety standards. Chemical tests found normal levels of parameters like pH, conductivity, chlorine, sodium, magnesium and calcium. Some wells near industrial areas had slightly higher nitrate levels. Overall, the study concluded that radioactivity and chemicals in the city's drinking water do not pose health concerns.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
IRJET-Study of Physcio-Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Indrayani Riv...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physio-chemical and bacteriological properties of water from the Indrayani River in India. Over an 11km stretch near Pune, water samples were taken from 4 locations during rainy, winter, and summer seasons. 21 parameters were measured, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and various ions. Results showed temperature ranged from 18-25.6 degrees Celsius. pH and dissolved oxygen levels fluctuated, with some locations occasionally exceeding limits. Nutrient levels like phosphates and nitrates also varied between sites and seasons. Overall, the study assessed water quality along the Indrayani River and found pollution levels changed depending on location and time of year.
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. Sequential extraction tests found that heavy metal concentrations exceeded sediment quality standards. Acidic washing and chelation extraction treatments were then tested to remove heavy metals. Acid washing with 2N HCl for 120 minutes achieved the highest removal rates of 70-90% for different heavy metals. Chelation extraction with 0.5M citric acid for 120 minutes removed 36.69% of copper, while 0.5M EDTA for 120 minutes removed 45.83% of lead and 0.5M malic acid for 120 minutes removed 62.1% of zinc. The study concludes that acid washing and chelation agent extraction
Analysis the amounts of heavy metals and trace elements in water of different...VikashKKushwaha
The study was aimed to analyze the concentration of metals including heavy metals and trace elements in the water of four different small water bodies or sources including two pond, one lake and one river around Ranchi city. The metals or trace elements such as Ag, Al, B, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. The results indicated that the concentration of approximately all the metals, heavy metals, and trace elements in these water bodies was found within the maximum permissible limit set by IS:2296, EPA, and WHO for surface water quality standards. Higher concentrations of Al in Lake of Chamber, Bi, and Mn in Jumar river than other sites were reported.
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Shanghai ranking's global ranking of academic subjects 2020 chemistry convertedTaghreed Al-Noor
Shanghai Ranking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020 – Chemistry
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prof .Taghreed H Al-Noor أ. د تغريد هاشم النور
جامعة بغداد University of Baghdad
that causes COVID-19 is called SARS-CoV
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prof .Taghreed H Al-Noor أ.د تغريد هاشم النور
University of Baghdad,Chair ACS Iraq chapter
Virtual International Scientific Conference Curriculum The Role Of Higher Education And Scientific Research Formations And National Institutions In Confronting The Corona Pandemic Forensic DNA Center for Research and Training / Al-Nahrain University .American Chemical Society ACS and its role in confronting Corona pandemic )
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This document lists information about 33 journals that have been victims of website hijacking. It provides the original URL for each journal's website as well as the hijacked URL. Many of the hijacked URLs have been used to publish fake articles or divert traffic from the legitimate journal websites. This document serves to identify journals that have had their online presence compromised by fraudulent actors.
Asian Journal of Biochemistry is an International peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publish the results of original research in form of original articles, reviews and short communications. Scope of the journal includes: Structure, function and regulation of biologically active molecules; gene structure and expression; biochemical mechanisms; protein biosynthesis; protein folding; membrane structure-function relationships; bioenergetics and immunochemistry. Asian Journal of Biochemistry now accepting new submissions. Submit your next paper via online submission system.
ACS Iraq chapter
Supported
45Mins5th International Turkic World
Conference on Chemical Sciences and
Technologies (ITWCCST 2019)” which will take place in Sakarya,
Turkey between 25-29 October 2019.
1SecondScientific Committee
Taghreed H AL-NOOR
University of Baghdad, Iraq chair ACS IRAQ member in
http://2019.itwccst.org/?page_id=149
Five steps to creating a citation overview in scopus, Taghreed Al-NoorTaghreed Al-Noor
The document provides instructions for creating a citation overview in Scopus in 5 steps: 1) narrow search results to under 2,000 items, 2) select documents to include, 3) view the citation information table including citations from the current and previous 4 years, 4) modify the table display, and 5) analyze citation patterns and trends. The overview can help identify influential studies, compare journals, and review author performance.
Catalysis, chemical engineering 2019 taghreed al noorTaghreed Al-Noor
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, biological Activity and dye on
cotton fabric of mixed ligand metal complexes derived From curcumin and Lphenyl alanine, schiff Base and anthranilic acid
DFT, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of (E)-2((2- hydroxybenzylide...Taghreed Al-Noor
Kathmandu Symposia on Advanced Materials (KaSAM)-2018; October 26-29, 2018, Kathmandu, Nepal
DFT, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of (E)-2((2-
hydroxybenzylidene) amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid and its Co(II),
Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes
M.M. El-ajaily1*, S.S. Mahmoud2, R.N. El-daghare1, A.K. Sarangi3, R.K. Mohapatra3* and T.H.
Al-Noor4
1Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
2Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
3Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
4Chemistry Department, Ibn-Al-Haithem College of Education for Pure Science, Baghdad University,
Baghdad, Iraq
*E-mail: ranjank_mohapatra@yahoo.com
The cytotoxicity studies of a Schiff base; (E)-2((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid
(HL) derived from the condensation of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and L-cysteine and its Co(II), Ni(II)
and Cu(II) complexes have been reported against four cancer cell lines. The evaluation of the growth
inhibitory on human cancer cells is studied for the chelates against HCT-116, MCF-7, HFB-4,
HepG-2 cell lines. The obtained results (Fig. 1) revealed that the compounds are active against human
hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG-2).
Scimago journal & country rank taghreed al noorTaghreed Al-Noor
Scimago Journal & Country Rank
ترتيب الدول من ناحية نشر الباحثين في المجلات العالمية المصنفة و
H index جودة البحوث من خلال عدد الاقتباسات
حسب موقع
)SJR (Scimago Journal Rank الترتيب خاص بسنة 201
ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society ACS GCCE Chemical Society Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop Capacity Building Workshop 14 -18 October, 2018 October, 2018October, 2018 October, 2018
•
Anthranillic acid and tributylphosphine4652 6725-1-pbTaghreed Al-Noor
Mixed ligand complexes of bivalent metal ions, viz; Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) of the
composition [M(A)2((PBu3)2]in(1:2:2)(M:A:(PBu3). molar ratio, (where A- Anthranilate ion
,(PBu3)= tributylphosphine. M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II) and Zn(II).
The prepared complexes were characterized using flame atomic absorption, by FT-IR,
UV/visible spectra methods as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The
metal complexes were tested in vitro against three types of pathogenic bacteria microorganisms:
(Staphylococcus, Klebsiella SPP .and Bacillas)to assess their antimicrobial properties. Results. The
study shows that all complexes have octahedral geometry; in addition, it has high activity against
tested bacteria. Based on the reported results, it may be concluded that.The results showed that the
deprotonated ligand(nthranilc acid ) to anthranilate ion (A-) by using (KOH) coordinated to metal
ions as bidentate ligand through the oxygen atom of the carboxylate group (−COO−), and the
nitrogen atom of the amine group (-NH2), where the Tributylphosphine coordinated as a
3rd Internatioanl Medical Congress, will be hold in Kerbala, Iraq in 14-15 De...Taghreed Al-Noor
3rd Internatioanl Medical Congress, will be hold in Kerbala, Iraq in 14-15 December 2018 by Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, and in collaboration with (University of Kerbala, University of Kufa, Directory of Research -Ministry of Health Oman, University of Sussex, University of Komar, University of Diyala, University of Qaddisya, University of Al-Anbar, University of Al-Mustansariya and Helal Iran Pharmaceutical Complex.
Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
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48
Studying the effects of Industrial Wastes on
Tigris water in Al- Grea't City-Baghdad-Iraq
Taghreed.H.AL-Noor , Layla. K. Arslan , Laith. J.Abd Ali
Chemistry Department .Ibn -Al-Haithem College of Education,
University of Baghdad-IRAQ
Email:drtaghreed2@Gmail
ABSTRACT
Tigris River is one of the main important surface water resources in Iraq. This necessitates continuous study of
its quality . The present study is concerned with the characteristics and quality of Tigris water passing through
in Baghdad city. (eight) samples were collected from the river in the area Grea't City. The study periods were
carried over four season, which has been sampled once represent the every season. First sampling 12-11-2012
represent the autumn season The second sampling 20-1-2013 to represent the winter season. The third in 25-3-
2013 to represent the Springer season. The fourth during 29-5-2013 to represent the summer spring season.
In order to specify the water quality, a group of physical and chemical analyses have been conducted. The
physical measurements included the temperature, and the Specific electrical Conductance while the chemical
analyses included measuring the pH , hardness , Salinity, alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) , and total
suspended solids (TSS),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD ) and measuring the quantity of greases and oils via
the gravimetric methods. The chemical analyses also included measuring the anions such as the (Sulphate
(SO4
−2
), phosphate (pO4
−3
) and Nitrate (NO3
−
) by using the techniques of the UV – VIS Spectrophotometer.In
order to identify the main cations in the water , the concentration of K+2
,Ca+2
and Mg+2 were measured .
The above mentioned analyses varied from using the classical chemical analyses such as titration as in
measuring the [Cl-
, (HCO3
-
,Ca+2
,Mg+2
]Ions.Owing to the importance of assessing the trace and heavy metals
in water due to their direct effect on human health and reliability, metals were measured; Flame Atomic
Absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure the metals . Also, The correlation coefficients between the
quality parameter pairs of the river water samples were calculated in order to indicate the nature and the sources
of the polluting substances.all results are not matched with the values of national (Central Organization for
Standardization and Quality Control) and international except(pH &E.C.) but (HCO3
-
&Mg+2
,Ca+2
) and heavy metals where matched in some station and not in others.
Keywords: Tigris river ,Industrial Wastes, water pollution, Al- Grea't City-Baghdad-Iraq physicochemical
characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
Tigris River is one of the main important surface water resources in Iraq. This necessitates continuous study of
its quality. Water pollution is merely pollutants present in water which are harmful for human health as well as
for plants and living organism. [1].
Although, water is an absolute necessity for life, there is an inherent health implication in the consumption of
contaminated or polluted water. It can lead to many diseases and even death when contaminated with organic
and/or chemical pollutants[2].
Natural water contains different concentrations of metals. Some of the different states are
soluble in water while others exist in the solid phase. The total concentration of metals in any natural water is the
summation of soluble metals and insoluble metals or metals bound to colloids [3]. Toxic metals, including
"heavy metals" are individual metals and
metal compounds that negatively affect people's health. However, some metals are necessary
in small amount to support life, although in larger amounts, they become toxic.
Environmentally, heavy metals are of great concern. They are toxic to the all-living beings.
They are often discharged through the industrial and urban wastes into the water. Once
present in water or soil, it is difficult to get rid of them [4].
Nitrates and nitrites have also been linked to cancer as possible etiological factors, but the evidence thus far is
inconclusive (4). Nitrates are not just a problem for human health; domestic animals may also be adversely
affected by high NO3 concentrations in drinking water. Many plants and feeds are naturally high in NO3. If well
water contaminated with NO3 is also given to animals, NO3 poisoning is possible, particularly in ruminants such
as cows or sheep[5].
The aim of this study is to examine the water quality analyses were carried out according to Standard of River
and the correlations between different tested parameters were also discussed. The results of the study will also
serve as baseline data for water quality study in the Local Government Area and Baileys State in the future.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area:
Eight sites were chosen, shown in Fig. 1.and Fig. 2 water passing through in Baghdad city. (eight) samples
were collected from the river in the area Grea't City fixed stations as shown in Fig. 1 .The study periods were
carried over four season, which has been sampled once every season .The first sampling 12-11-2012 represent
the autumn season. The second during 20-1-2013 to represent the winter season .The third in 25-3-2013 to
represent the summer season. The fourth during 29-5-2013 to represent the summer spring season.The water
samples were collected from the subsurface layer in stopper polyethylene plastic bottles.
Physico-Chemical Analyses: [6].
Field parameters (temperature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids ,and were measured in-situ
using multi-probe system HACH and rechecked in laboratory, Turbidity was measured by Nephelometric
turbidity meter, Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) and measuring the quantity of greases and oils via the
gravimetric methods. The chemical analyses also included measuring the anions such as the (Sulphate (SO4
−2
),
phosphate (pO4
−3
) and Nitrate (NO3
−
) by using the techniques of the UV – VIS Spectrophotometer type
(Shimadzu UV- 160A). In order to identify the main cations in the water , the concentration of K+2
,Ca+2
and
Mg+2
were measured .The above mentioned analyses varied from using the classical chemical analyses such as
titration as in measuring the (Cl-
, (HCO3- ,Ca+2
,Mg+2
)Ions
Owing to the importance of assessing the trace and heavy metals in water due to their direct effect on human
health and reliability, metals were measured; Flame Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer type (Shimadzu A.A-
160A)Atomic Absorption/Flame Emission Spectrophotometer.
was used to measure the metals .
Figure 1. Map of the study area. of Tigris water in Al- Grea't City-Baghdad-Iraq
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ESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the water samples are presented in Tables 1,2,3 and 4.Four
months average was taken. the temperature Air(16-40) degree Celsius o
C, Water temperature showed a
noticeable seasonal trends with a lowest value (15.1 o
C) recorded in winter and a highest (34o
C) in summer.
Water temperature showed a positive one with air temperature during most seasons (Tables 1-4). This indicates
that air temperature plays an important role for the heat budget of the Tigris water., (pH) range were (7.3-7.5) in
the alkaline side Small local differences were observed with no clear seasonal variations. pH showed a negative
[7-8].correlation with most studied parameter, Freshly distilled water has a conductivity of 0.5–2 μS/cm, and this
value increases up to about 4μS/cm due to absorption of carbon dioxide and, to a lesser extent, ammonia from
the atmosphere. For surface water, the conductivity is typically within the range 50–1000 μS/cm [9]..Electrical
Conductivity (EC) range were (710.00- 1972.00) μs., 0.05<P with significant difference in relation to sites. This
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is higher than that value of WHO guidelines(ie) 1000 μs. EC is an indicator of water quality and soil salinity,
hence the relatively high values observed in some water samples show high salinity; thus the water may not be
very suitable for domestic and agricultural use. [10] The mean value of total dissolved solids(TDS) was 760.87-
892.50 mg/l. The values obtained for TDS is where more than WHO standard of 1000mg/l for the discharge of
wastewater into surface water.
Chemical Oxygen Demand is the measure of amount of oxygen required to breakdown both organic and
inorganic matters. The COD value of the sample was recorded as 8.00-490.00/l. Std. Deviation(54.82-166.6).
This samples values was lese than that of WHO guidelines value of 1000 mg/l. [11] It showed positive
correlation with many parameters like, for instance, Cl-, SO4 2-, NO3
1 -
, Na, K, Ca and Mg ,during most seasons
(Tables 1-4 & 5),
which constitute the major anions and cations present in the Tigris water and mean SAR & Class water as (Us
salinity) in the water samples (Table 6).Trace amounts of minerals such as Na, Ca, and Mg were presented above
than WHO recommended level in(Table 5).The presence of Na, Ca and Mg in excess makes water unfit for
irrigation since its application increase problems of soils salinity and its permeability determination to crop
plants[12-`13 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO)International Standard for Drinking Water (1998) [14 ].
<50 mg/L as soft water, 50 to 150 mg/L as moderately hard water and water hardness above 150 mg/L as hard
CaCO3. As sifted water with a total hardness of CaCO3 Based on this classifications, all the water samples
analysis are moderately hard water, thus the waters are suitable for domestic use in terms of hardness. Chloride
concentrations varied between 16.07 to 29.54 mgl-1
. The chloride concentrations possessed a good positive
relationship with most anions and cations. Sulphate showed a behavior similar to that of Cl–
. [7-8]Lead is a metal
that has been used for a long period of time, for example in batteries, ammunition and alloying elements. The
metal can cause toxic effects in humans and animals and is also an inhibitory substance for microbiological
degradation processes. Chromium is a transition element located in group VI the periodic table and the most toxic
form, the hexavalent Cr(VI),is usually associated with oxygen to form the chromate
(CrO4
2-
)or dichromate (Cr2O7
2-
; [15-17].Removal of Cr (VI) can be done by adsorption on a non-toxic natural
substance [18].
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