This document discusses estimating water demand determinants and forecasting water demand for the Nzoia Water Services Cluster area in Kenya. It aims to mathematically model water demand based on factors like population size, price, and income to determine water usage and forecast demand. The study involved collecting primary data through surveys in towns served by Nzoia Water Services and developing a regression model to estimate historical demand and forecast future demand for domestic and low-income consumers. The model was able to generate values that did not significantly vary from actual demand data, allowing accurate estimation and prediction of water needs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract
Water is vital to all forms of life on the Earth, from plants through to animals and humankind. Lack of access to fresh drinking water is one of the major and important constraints to health and development in many countries. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. It is still popular in places with limited water resources. Recent drought in a rainy climate throughout the world remind how quickly other countries can run short of water. Since Malaysia has high rainfall intensity, it does not means that Malaysian should not worry about scarcity of water supply. Even the annual rainfall is high and sufficient enough to be consumed, most of the rainwater tend to flow away. The environmental issue such as flooding, global warming and pollution are getting serious day by day due to a rapid development processes in Malaysia. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, it is possible to implement rainwater harvesting which has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions as an alternative water supply for non-, portable purposes. Designing water harvesting systems into new construction allows the homeowner to be more elaborate and thorough in developing a system. In the case of very simple systems, the payback period may be almost immediate. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential of rainfall to be stored for domestic use and design the rainwater harvesting system using gravitational force suitable for the selected house in Kota Samarahan area. It has been shown that the rainwater harvesting system can support the water demand of the selected house throughout a year even during the dry season. The cost of installation and yearly maintenance for proposed rainwater harvesting is lowered by 59.16 percent as compared with similar rainwater system which is installed on the ground level.
Keywords: Water, Rainwater harvesting, Water harvesting system, Demand and Storage capacity
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract
Water is vital to all forms of life on the Earth, from plants through to animals and humankind. Lack of access to fresh drinking water is one of the major and important constraints to health and development in many countries. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. It is still popular in places with limited water resources. Recent drought in a rainy climate throughout the world remind how quickly other countries can run short of water. Since Malaysia has high rainfall intensity, it does not means that Malaysian should not worry about scarcity of water supply. Even the annual rainfall is high and sufficient enough to be consumed, most of the rainwater tend to flow away. The environmental issue such as flooding, global warming and pollution are getting serious day by day due to a rapid development processes in Malaysia. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, it is possible to implement rainwater harvesting which has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions as an alternative water supply for non-, portable purposes. Designing water harvesting systems into new construction allows the homeowner to be more elaborate and thorough in developing a system. In the case of very simple systems, the payback period may be almost immediate. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential of rainfall to be stored for domestic use and design the rainwater harvesting system using gravitational force suitable for the selected house in Kota Samarahan area. It has been shown that the rainwater harvesting system can support the water demand of the selected house throughout a year even during the dry season. The cost of installation and yearly maintenance for proposed rainwater harvesting is lowered by 59.16 percent as compared with similar rainwater system which is installed on the ground level.
Keywords: Water, Rainwater harvesting, Water harvesting system, Demand and Storage capacity
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
Sustinable water Infrastructure Through Innovative FinancingIwl Pcu
Purpose: To quantitatively understand the future needs for water investment to:
Address U.S. population growth/economic needs, and renew existing aging infrastructure.
Estimates were made for water and wastewater, investment, cost and payments (2000-2019).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Inter basin water transfers in india – a solution to hydrological extremitieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Socio-economic circumstances at the Kabe Watershed Pilot Project in Ethiopia,...ILRI
Presented by Fikru Assefa (Wollo University) at the Workshop on the Lessons and Success Stories from a Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in Kabe watershed, south Wollo, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 11-12 February 2013
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
Sustinable water Infrastructure Through Innovative FinancingIwl Pcu
Purpose: To quantitatively understand the future needs for water investment to:
Address U.S. population growth/economic needs, and renew existing aging infrastructure.
Estimates were made for water and wastewater, investment, cost and payments (2000-2019).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Inter basin water transfers in india – a solution to hydrological extremitieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Socio-economic circumstances at the Kabe Watershed Pilot Project in Ethiopia,...ILRI
Presented by Fikru Assefa (Wollo University) at the Workshop on the Lessons and Success Stories from a Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in Kabe watershed, south Wollo, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 11-12 February 2013
Customer satisfaction may be summed up as the feeling of pleasure that customers have after using or engaging with a company’s product or service. For water as product must be of good quality, sufficient quantity and fair pricing to customers to feel satisfied. This study examines customers’ satisfaction of Municipal water supply in Jos-Metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria. A mixed research method was applied on the unpredictable customers behaviour towards water supply from PWSC in 7 randomly selected districts of Yelwa, Rahol-Kanang, Nassarawa, Kufang, Federal Lowcost and Utan using purposive sampling and a structured questionnaire was administered on 372 respondents while interviews and FGD was also conducted to complement data collected. The data was analyzed using percentages and regression analysis of SPSS 23.0 application. The findings revealed customers’ satisfaction is reliant on the distribution of sufficient quantity and good quality water for sustainable health. Despite a major affirmation to the quantity and quality of water supplied. Customers, yet attested to coloured, tasteful and particle filled the water supplied from PWSC and demonstrated non-satisfaction to the quality, quantity and price of water supply. This was supported by the regression analysis result showing insignificance on the variables tested at 0.05 significant levels. However, recommendations were made to model PWSC water distribution strategies to meet the global standard for efficient water distribution and among others.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Gis Based Analysis of Supply and Forecasting Piped Water Demand in Nairobiinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Predicting long term water demand is necessary to assess the future adequacy ofwater resources, to attain an efficient allocation of water supplies among competingwater users and to ensure long-term water sustainability. It assists in developing long term water supply infrastructure development. In order to predict future waterdemand and assess the effects of future population growth and other factors on water demand, suitable mathematical models are needed. The study uses GIS based regression model,that is Geographically weighted regression(GWR) and ordinary least square(OLS) to forecast monthly water demand in the western region of NCWSC Water Supply System, Nairobi. Vector dataset (spatial) of the study region by Itinerary levels and statistical data (non-spatial) on water consumption, household, Building density, Land value, connections and population data were used in this exploratory analysis. The result shows that GWR is a significant improvement on the Global model. Comparing both models with the AICc value and the R2 value revealed that for the former, the value is reduced from 2801 (for OLS model) to 2694 (for GWR model). For the latter, OLS explained 83.46 percent while GWR explained 91.16 percent.The results of the studyshow that the GWR model is capable of predicting waterdemand more accurately than OLS regression model. This implies that local model’s fitness is higher than global model. In addition, the empirical analysis revealed that water consumption and demand in the study region is significantly associated with population and Building density. This relationship, as detected by GWR, largely varies across the region. The GWR also achieved the water demand prediction for 2017 and 2020.
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water Delivery in Town Drink...Editor IJCATR
Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research.
Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water Delivery in Town Drink...Editor IJCATR
Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research
IoT Based Smart Water Monitoring and Distribution System For An ApartmentsYogeshIJTSRD
As we know water is so precious for human being as well as for the complete nature without which it will not be possible to survive. Even though lot many efforts have been taken by government through various schemes and it is becoming difficult day by day to save water for future and make efficient utilization of it. In this proposed work, an IoT design for water monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection on real time bases. This proposed system shall implement in highly populated residential buildings like hotels, lodge, hostels, dormitory, apartments, shopping malls etc. And also, this system can provide a complete survey and the usage of water by every individual room. This system addresses that the flow rate measuring and scheming the supply of water in order to limit the water wastage and approach the water conservation and also this system can measure the quality and quantity of water distributed to every household by using ph and flow rate sensors. The system has been designed in such a way that it will monitor the available water level continuously. System has been implemented by using embedded system and communication will takes. Dr. R. Mohana Priya | M. Sathyamoorthy | S. Surya | V. Vishnu Gopal "IoT Based Smart Water Monitoring & Distribution System For An Apartments" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41133.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/41133/iot-based-smart-water-monitoring-and-distribution-system-for-an-apartments/dr-r-mohana-priya
A Review of water Charges: Customers’ Perception of The Quality of The Levels...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The trade-off between full cost recovery and providing the urban poor with potable water in the right quantity, quality and at affordable prices is ever increasing especially in African countries. Ghana, not being an exception continues to struggle in its efforts to provide safe drinking water to the urban populace and Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL), the urban water service provider stands at the centre of this ordeal. The company has been criticised for being inefficient in its management of the urban water supply due to various reasons - technical, financial and political. This report reviews the water supply management in Ghana. It further investigates by way of a survey, the perception of consumers in Ghana of the quality of the levels of service offered them regarding water quality, quantity and reliability, as well as the affordability and willingness to pay for improvements in the water services rendered by the GWCL. The survey came up with one hundred and thirty-four (134) valid respondents – 56 directly handed out printed questionnaire respondents and 78 online respondents. The survey results show that most customers perceive the water quality and reliability of the service received as being average and above, although over 78% of them have their water supply interrupted at least once every week. The quantity of water received is shown as not being adequate, since 54% of customers resort to other sources of water to supplement public supply. Even though the water quality is rated as good, customers rarely drink water from this service, as 66.4% of them prefer drinking sachet or bottled water. Most consumers (63.4%) think the current water prices are high and only about 3% are willing to pay more to achieve full cost of water service and for a significant improvement to the supply system. The water supply situation in Ghana should be recognized as a national issue and given higher priority. Major reforms need to be made in both policy and practice if the levels of service are to match up to internationally accepted standards. This would bring significant public health improvements and service improvements to wider Ghanaian society
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
In this study a network model was constructed for the hydraulic analysis and
design of a small community (Kedungkandang District) water distribution network in
East Java Province of Indonesia by using Water cad simulator. The analysis included
a review of pressures, velocities and head loss gradients under steady state average
day need. The clean water availability in the location study is 560 l/s, however the
local society that is 23,213 consumers can only use in amount of 116 l/s. The
assessment of existing condition due to the pipe hydraulic condition and the
development of capacity network increasing are carried out by using the program of
Water cad vs. XM Edition. The development condition consists of 27,284 populations.
Result indicates that the average discharge need is 41.763 l/s, however in the peak
hour need there is needed 65.150 l/s on 2031. The water pressure in the development
area is 2.3 atm on 06.00 am
Factors influencing rice production in the Lwafi-katongolo irrigation scheme:...Open Access Research Paper
This study was conducted to assess factors influencing rice production in the Lwafi-Katongolo Irrigation Scheme. A sample of 120 farmers from 4 villages of Katongolo, Masolo, Kamwanda and Mpata were purposively selected for the assessment of factors influencing crop yields and water delivery (flow). Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to households to generate information on factors influencing water delivery and how the influence affects rice production. The data were subjected to analysis of trends in crop production and water flows using Microsoft Excel. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing production during the wet and dry seasons while Descriptive analysis was used to determine the level of farmer satisfaction on irrigation services. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The findings show that Cropped land size, condition of secondary canals, relative position of irrigated area and Government facilitation for maintenance significantly and positively influenced productivity in the scheme. Experience of farmers in irrigation practices influenced negatively the productivity in the scheme. The annual rainfall increased 1.58mm in the period 1981-2020 causing destruction of canal walls and soil erosion in the scheme. Water discharge in the irrigation scheme decreased by 40.36m3/s between 2019 and 2021 implying poor water supply hence negatively influencing productivity. The finding also explained farmers satisfaction for water delivery in the scheme as the response was 61.57% Neutral, 33.75% Dissatisfied, 3.64% Satisfied, 1.04 Strong Dissatisfied and 0% Strong Satisfied. The study recommends, the government and other stake holder of agriculture should continue planning for rehabilitating the infrastructure destructed and constructing other structure as per design, construction of water dam, and rescheduling of the maintenance and operation for Water user association in the scheme.
Effects of Customer Satisfaction on Water Utility Business Performance: A Cas...AI Publications
Customer satisfaction is critical in determining why businesses succeed or fail, as well as why they perform at different levels. Yet, the performance of at Mbinga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (MBIUWASA) for such a long time became very poor due to different problems such as dissatisfaction of customers making them delay paying their bills on time in lieu of unreliable services. This study analysed the effects of customer satisfaction on water utility business performance at Mbinga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (MBIUWASA). Specifically, the study aimed at examining the influence of customer satisfaction on return on asset (RoA), the relationship between customer satisfaction and return on equity (RoE) and the impact of customer satisfaction on return of investment (RoI). Case study research design was used along with mixed approach. A sample size of 50 customers and MBIUWASA staff was utilized. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents as to get views from them. Tools used included questionnaire, in-depth interview and documentary review. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed descriptively along with the use of content analysis. Moreover, regression analysis was used to capture the relationship between variables. The study revealed that MBIUWASA customers are not satisfied with the service provided leading to poor performance. The regression analysis indicates that the coefficient of correlation R was 0.840 an indication of positive relationship between variables. Coefficient of adjusted determination R2 was 0.706 which changes to 70.6% an indication of changes of dependent variable (RoA, RoE and RoI) that can be explained by customer satisfaction. The residual of 29.4% can be explained by other variables beyond the scope of the current study. The study concluded that MBIUWASA needs to find out ways of investing much on water sources to be able to supply water to the large number of customers while adhering to quality service provision.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Patrick Wanyonyi Munialo, Carolyne K. Onyancha and Basil Tito Iro Ongo’r
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 16 editor@iaeme.com
consumers. Out of 517 population, the Primary data was collected in the field by
use of structured questionnaire, whereas secondary data was collected from
secondary sources of NZOWASCO. The primary data was used to develop the
regression model. The secondary data was used for sensitivity tests and validation
of the regression model. The results of the model were presented in various forms
and compared with actual data for a period of 2005 and 2014. The model was
able to determine historical water demand and water forecasts for domestic and
low income consumers. The model generated values did not vary significantly
with actual data for historical water demand and forecasting.
Key words: regression model, water demand-determinants, forecasting,
model, primary data and secondary data.
Cite this Article: Munialo, P. W., Onyancha, C. K. and Ongo’r, B. T. I.
Estimating Water Demand Determinants and Forecasting Water Demand for
Nzioa Cluster Services Area. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 6(8), 2015, pp 15-28.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=8
_____________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Forecasting the amount of water to be supplied is a very important factor for design
and operational demand. To guarantee high reliability for water supplies, an intensive
investment to augment flow and operational programme is required. The larger the
flow to be transmitted, the more expensive the investment becomes. Operational
demand of drinking water is presently based more on experience than empirical
evidence and furthermore, water consumption is rarely monitored. When monitoring
does happen, the data is scarcely used to improve day-to-day operations of the water
utilities. Reitveld observes that water supply operations will ordinarily not include
time varying aspects, but is rather fixed. Yet water demand in Kenya’s urban areas is
rapidly changing; the volumes and consumers are rapidly growing, although in a
differentiated manner, and similarly the per capita consumption induced by improving
income and lifestyle. Consequently the water demand is linked to complex
interactions that influence it.
Water demand indicates both current and/or expected water consumption in any
given area over specific time period. While several studies have been conducted in the
developed countries to better understand the characteristics of municipal water uses,
this may not be the case in the developing countries (Hidefumi et al, 2006). This
knowledge is even less understood in Africa. Generally, water demands vary and
consideration of the probabilistic nature of the variations lead to more instructive
assessments of the performance and reliability of water distribution systems
(Tanyimbo et al, 2005).
Little is known about water use statistics in Kenya. Firstly, because Kenya is
developing economy, secondly because of the limited number of analytical studies on
water demand and supply reliability, and finally because of the unknown scarcity
induced consumption patterns and impacts of water quality on consumption.
Convectional analysis may not be applied directly in Kenya and may even fail to
explain the water use patterns. Moreover, previous design and reliability analysis
methods for water distribution systems were based on a fixed value of demand. There
3. Estimating Water Demand Determinants and Forecasting Water Demand for Nzioa Cluster
Services Area
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 17 editor@iaeme.com
is little information in the literature on this fixed demand value and how it can be
calculated. In order to understand water supply demand in Kenya, it is necessary to
identify and model the determinants of water use demand and investigate the
disaggregated pattern of use. Plainly a water supply quantity at any given instance is a
chance event limited by social and environmental conditions. Therefore studying the
probabilistic nature of demand should lead to more realistic assessments of the
demand and performance of water distribution systems.
1.2. NEED FOR DEMAND FORECASTING
Water demand forecasting has become an essential ingredient in effective water
resources planning and management. Water forecasts, together with an evaluation of
existing supplies, provide valuable triggers in determining when, or if new sources of
water must be developed. In the NZOWASCO cluster region, this emphasis on
accurate water forecasts is particularly important. There is an increased need for water
demand forecasts as water rights conflicts continue, the area's population grows, the
need for in stream flows is more accurately quantified, and additional uses and needs
of water are identified. Demand for water comprises not only that required for
customers but also leakage from the distribution network, since it is the combined
amount which is put into supply. (Therefore is normally estimated by means of
district metering. Forecasting provides a simulated, though rarely perfect, view of the
future. Forecasting water demand is inherently challenging, as the factors that most
directly affect water demand are difficult to predict. However, effective water
resource planning can account for economic, social, environmental, and political
impacts on water demand. Though water demand models assume various forms,
model developed in this research is for forecasting water demand for a period of at
least five years.)
This research considers, modeling a regression model for domestic water demand
forecasting based on population Size, Price (tariff) and Income. Population size for
domestic consumers comprised of number of persons per connection whereas the
price of water was considered per M3
bearing in mind how the water pricing has
changed over time and income per household variable which was considered during
the survey period. The three variables were considered instrumental in providing
utilities with the ability to micromanage water use, identify specific problem areas,
and negotiate urban development based on resource supply. The modeling focused on
domestic and low income consumption characteristics.
2. THEREOTICAL BASIS FOR MODELING OF WATER
DEMAND FORECASTING
Modeling of water demand in Nzoia water services cluster company was based on the
existing theoretical regulatory frame work. Water demand forecasting is a function of
an underlying decision making process that takes water usage preferences and
constraints on acquiring water into account (Larson et al. 2006). Essentially, this
implies that the analysis of water demand is critical for designing an effective water
demand policy for efficient use of water resources. Water is a social good that has
attracted a strict administrative framework for both operations and marketing. These
has affected the e fundamental decisions, like the determination of investments and
prices. In such a framework where the regulator has to consult the market or
customers before adjusting the tariff structure or price for water acquires a special
significance, since the decision-makers require sufficient knowledge and information
4. Patrick Wanyonyi Munialo, Carolyne K. Onyancha and Basil Tito Iro Ongo’r
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 18 editor@iaeme.com
costs (Bithas kostasa and stoforos chrysostomosb,2006) . Furthermore, if the objective
of water policy is t o ensure socially efficient use, demand analysis is a precondition
of designing such a policy, since it defines the optimum socioeconomic water use and
the respective water price (Martiner-Espineira et al. 2004, Espey et al. 1997, Arbues
et al. 2003, Bithas and chrysostomosb,2006) [1–3].
YD = βi ΣCij ln Pj + Σγik ln Zk (1)
Figure 1 Conceptual Model framework for water demand model: Source (Munialo P. W.
2008)
Level of
model
complexity
FORMULATION
Define time and space
domain of water
demand system
Establish and
quantify data
Select criteria to guide the decision
Water demand problem analysis
reformulation and solutions
Data collection
INTERPRETATION
Model testing
Not satisfied
VERIFICATION
SOLUTION
Satisfie
dOutput
Sensitivity
Validation
Problem definition:-outline the
factors influencing Water demand
5. Estimating Water Demand Determinants and Forecasting Water Demand for Nzioa Cluster
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Efficient use is defined as a pattern of use that maximizes the benefits arising from
the exploitation of water resources (Tietenberg 1996, Pearce 1999) [7, 8]. Secondly,
whereas in a competitive conditions, the price of water would be determined by the
interaction of market demand and supply forces to reflect the actual costs of water
usage (Bithas and stoforos 2006). The supply of water is a monopoly whose
characteristics closely resemble those of a “natural” monopoly. Specifically, the
extremely high infrastructure costs for transporting, treating and delivering water
make difficult the operation of multiple water suppliers [5, 6].
Modeling of water demand forecasting for Nzoia Water Services Cluster
Company was anchored on economic characteristics of water demand such as,
customer behaviors, income levels, level of industrialization, etc. The mathematical
equation applied in this model is
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The ultimate objective of this research was to come up with a mathematical model for
water-demand forecasting. Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual frame work for water
demand adapted in this research.
3.1. Study Design
Domestic water consumption is based on multifold factors including human behavior,
culture, economic status, etc. These obvious seasonal variations too. Availability is
yet another important factor in water consumption. (NGO Forum for Urban Water and
Sanitation report, 2003) [9]. This study design incorporated the major factors
influencing water consumption in Nzoia Water Company cluster region. A survey to
determine spatially explicit characteristics of water demand, its determinants and
forecast was carried out. The survey design incorporated complexities of the
NZOWASCO clustered region morphology, covering three urban centers (Kitale,
Webuye and Bungoma), selected survey instruments and identified procedures to
follow.
The study made use of both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary
data was collected from the users by using both structured (close ended) and
unstructured (open ended) questionnaires. Questionnaires were designed targeting
objectives of the study. Several questions were included to supplement the study and
enhance the results. Besides the direct questions on water and its consumption, several
indirect questions were asked to identify their economic status and sources of water.
Observations were made by the enumerators to supplement grouping of economic
class of the respondents. The survey was Random Sampling (RS) and Probability
Proportional to Size (PPS) methods for selecting customers for domestic and low
income consumers from the three NZOWASCO regions. Survey methodology was
designed strategically in order to include all categories of users from all the three
regions of NZOWASCO as much as possible. The secondary sources involved
review of a variety of documents in order to gain more insight into the subject at
hand. This included review of Company records on production, volume billed,
revenue, customer care over the year, size of population within serving clients, reports
and other published materials. Such documents were used to gain a deeper
understanding of user characteristics.
In this research cluster sampling procedure with probability proportion to size of
each sample was used. The categories of users identified in this study are Domestic
and low income consumers. At the initiation of the study, NZOWASCO provided the
6. Patrick Wanyonyi Munialo, Carolyne K. Onyancha and Basil Tito Iro Ongo’r
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researcher with a list and location of consumers. The consumers were based on
volume of use and region. A sample of population 223 respondents consisting of low
and domestic consumers was picked across the three regions (Kitale, Webuye and
Bungoma towns). At first a minimum of 10 consumers were picked per category of
consumers in each region for pretesting purpose. After this the questionnaire was
corrected, areas that need clarification was done, ambiguity in questions was
minimized. The sample frame was done based on Yamane (1967) formula. A sample
is a smaller group or sub group obtained from accessible population (Mugenda and
Mugenda, 2009) [4]. According to Yamane (1967), [10] sample size (n); is obtained
as under:-
Where;
n = the sample size
N = the population size.
e = the error margin.
The sample picked per category was proportionately shared based on the number
of customers per region. Random probability sampling was then used to study water
use characteristics spatially explicit to category of users and to establish and estimate
time varying trends linked to income, lifestyle, climate, price and other factors. A
total of 323 consumers based on Yamane (1967) formula for both domestic and low
income consumers was picked. Apart from the 323 respondents, additional 30 booster
samples were collected from NZOWASCO supply area. The purpose of the 30
booster sampling was to compare water consumption in unconstrained situation.
3.2. Framework of Mathematical Modeling for Water Demand
Forecasting
Analyzing and forecasting changes in demand across the users especially residential
users over the long term is of interest to a wide variety of planning studies. This
theses adopted a model is based on the static theory of optimizing consumer behavior
assuming similarity of preferences, homogeneity of goods and perfect information.
According to microeconomic theory, the individual choice is conceived as an
interrelationship among the quantity of goods that the consumer wishes and is able to
buy in terms of price, income, y, his preferences as well as social and demographic
characteristics. In other words, the consumer divides his income between quantities of
goods and services, so that an increase in the utility level, u, derived by the individual
consumption, is ascribed as: max u = u(q), pq = y pq = Σpiqi Using the appropriate
substitutions, the demand functions are obtained by simple differentiation as follows:
YD= βi ΣCij ln Pj + Σγik ln Zk (2)
Where; lnD is the logarithm of the corresponding demand, lnP is the logarithm of the
price of water depending on customer category and lnZ other shift variables income,
trend, etc.).
The current model is based on a model where the pattern of water consumption is
the endogenous variable and price, income, population and water production are the
main determinants of the system. The functional form of the equations and the
parameters needed for forecasting purposes are derived from Equation 2.
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3.3. Scope of the Model under Study
The objective of the study was to develop the mathematical model to predict the water
demand. The scope consist of mathematical equations for water forecasting based on
water determinants in Nzoia Water Company Cluster. The primary data from the field
was used for model formulation wheas the secondary data was used for testing and
validation of the model.
3.4. Background to the model
Nzoia Water Services Company has in operation since 2005. The clustered company
covers a companied coverage area of over 300 Km2
. Nzoia water Services Company
covers the area of 110 km2
in Trans-Nzoia county specifically Kitale town with its
environs , Webuye and Bungoma towns and their environs covering an area of 50
Km2
and 65 Km2
respectively. Both towns are in Bungoma County. Kimilili covers
110 Km2
, whereas Malaba, Kocholia, Malakisi and Amukura covers companied area
of 80 Km2
. The study focused on the three towns, Kitale, Webuye and Bungoma. The
three towns have a companied population served of 360,000. The water coverage in
these towns is over 80%. The companied customer base is about 21,000. Nzowasco
cluster area has a typical tropical climate with a mean temperature at. NZOWASCO
cluster region has a typical mean temperature of 27.3 °C with the highest temperature
on the highlands being at Kitale at 25 °C and highest temperatures in low areas like
Bungoma being at 29.3 °C . The minimum temperature during the day is in the range
of 18 °C. The mean total precipitation of the area is 1400 mm/year, Relative Humidity
is between 65% and 63% in July and the average maximum temperature is 31 °C in
January. Nzoia cluster is located in a hot and wet climate region. Nowadays, water is
almost exclusively provided by the Nzoia water Services Company, which until 2004
was under Local authorities and ministry of water development and national water
and conservation management. The state is still the main decision-maker for water
policy. The state mandated the regulator i.e. Water Services Regulatory Board
(WASREB) through Lake Victoria North Water Services Board to regulate the
provision of water services for water services providers of which Nzoia water
Services Company was licensed to operate in tran-nzoia and Bungoma counties.
This research examines water use across the domestic users in Nzoia cluster with
a purpose of developing a mathematical model to predict water demand forecasting.
Domestic use in Nzoia cluster accounts for over 80% whereas other categories of
users account for less than 20%. Furthermore, the case of demand for water in the
region presents some interesting history in water pricing for the last eleven years
where by the water tariff has changed three times that is phase one pricing was
between 2005 to 2008, phase two was between 2008 to 2011 and phase three was
between 2011 to 2014.
Between 2008 and 2014 major investments were undertaken in the cluster and
water prices were increased and as the public realized, through strict administrative
measures and extensive water coverage, the water coverage increased and customer
base also increased from a mere 6000 connections to 21000 connections level in
2014. In this context, water demand management is of paramount importance for the
sustainability of the Nzowasco cluster water system.
3.5. Sources of Data for demand forecasting model.
In order to estimate water demand determinants, annual time series across the
category of users for the NZOWASCO cluster area. The data was captured by a
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questionnaire tool on water pricing consumption or demand, size of household or
number of persons per connection, the income per household, hours of supply across
category of consumers. The data collected during the survey was used for modeling.
Secondary data from NZOWASCO covering the period of 2005 and 2014 that is time
varying trends like pricing (pricing, consumption trends, population growth trends,
population were used for validation of the model).
3.6. Model Formulation
3.6.1. Normality Test
The normality test among the categories i.e. Domestic, Low income, industrial,
institutional and commercial was done to investigate the skewness of demand. The
consumption of water in all categories of consumption in study area is normal based
on the probabilistic normal graph drawn over the demand pattern for water within a
year hence no positive or negative skewness for the demand. The mean and standard
deviation of the data was considering the sample of 517.
Figure 2 Water demand normality test
3.6.2. Modelling
According to the methodology described in chapter three, the following equation was
used to validate mathematical model for demand forecasting.
YD = α + βi ln Pw + γi ln + δi ln X + εi (3)
Where YD stands for the quantity of residential water demanded, Pw for the water
price, in real disposable income, X for the vector of other variables (in this particular
case a trend variable as a proxy to weather variations) and ε the error term. Moreover
price and income are expressed in real terms using CPI as the deflator.
It is important to stress that income captured under domestic and low income and
the size of household population was used for deriving domestic and low income
consumer’s category. Equation 3 was transformed depending on the variables used to
9. Estimating Water Demand Determinants and Forecasting Water Demand for Nzioa Cluster
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estimate water demand for Nzoia cluster region. The results of multiple regression
analysis model was generated and recorded in the Tables below. (Tables 1 and 2).
Table 1 Regression Analysis for the determinant of water for the Domestic and Low income
Independent
Variables
Coefficients
T Sig.Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 6210.923 3845.739 1.615 .000
Household
Size
29.452 119.482 .099 .247 .000
Income 26.029 678.245 .072 .038 .000
Tariff -12.066 37.707 -.018 -.320 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Quantity Supplied Month
Table 2 Model Summary for domestic and low income consumers
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .024a
.0567 .099 20319.339
a. Predictors: (Constant), Tariff, Household Size, Income
4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1. Domestic and Low income water determinant Regression Model
The result showed a positive correlation of r=0.024 with a high coefficient
determination of r2
=0.0567 and its adjusted value of 0.0829 at 95% significance level.
YD = f (α, HHz, In, Tariff, £) (4)
Where YD - the water consumption demand
Α - Constant
HHz - Household Size
In - income per month
Tariff = price of water per month
£ - Error term
YD=α+βHHz+µIn- Tariff+£
YD=6210.92+0.099HHz+0.072In-0.018Tariff+£
The result above shows that Income, Population size and Tariff were statistically
significant determinant of water demand in the study area. The tariff applied on water
use has a strong negative effect on residential water consumption. As such, water
consumption decreases when tariff growth is recorded. Thus, according to the
literature, tariffs are frequently used as a tool for improving water savings. The
implementation of efficient water-pricing practices that promote equity, efficiency
and sustainability in the water sector is probably the simplest conceptual instrument.
Using tariffs as a manner in which to regulate water consumption could potentially
have a greater effect on lower income households, since water has no substitutes for
basic uses and there is an amount of water that is highly insensitive to price changes.
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While income per capita and household size has a positive effect of 0.099 and 0.072
on water consumption for domestic and low income hence for any change by a unit in
income and population size leads to a corresponding significant increase in water
demand. Figure 3 illustrate the model generated based on determinant of water
demand. Figure 3 below shows the estimation of water demand under domestic and
low income categories using different population size, income and tariffs.
Figure 3 Model generated based on determinant of water demand for domestic and low
income consumers
4.2. Sensitivity of the Model in the Area
Sensitivity of the model in estimating water demand was investigated through
estimating water supplied against water demand over the years. The model was used
to forecast the demand over the years and comparing the water supplied that time. The
line of best fit was drawn over the estimated water estimate line over the years.
In order to assess the sensitivity of the model and its credibility of results, the
model was run over the sample period (2005–2014). In Figures 3 and 4, comparisons
between actual and fitted values are presented. It is clear that the actual demand and
estimated demand are reasonably close. Additionally, two statistics for examining the
forecasting accuracy, namely the correlation between determinants of water demand
(R2
) and the standards deviation error of the estimates are reported as indicated in
Table 1 demand for domestic and low income and Table 2 for other consumer
categories. The statistics suggest that the model tracks historical water demand
patterns fairly well. Overall, the results for both stages can be considered promising, a
fact that permits us to continue with the post sample prediction through policy
scenarios.
4.3. Further Sensitivity and Forecasting Demand
In order to be able to recognize the possible policy and theoretical implications of the
results, it was considered important to conduct a further sensitivity analysis. Five
scenarios were examined. The first scenario considered the Forecasting demand for a
constant tariff, 10 ten percent increase in connections and five percent increase in
income. In the second scenario the model was used for projection of Demand
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND BY THE MODEL
OVER THE YEARS
Estimated_Demand
AverageDemandOverthe
Years
YD=6210.92+0.099HHz+0.072In-0.018Tariff+£
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forecasting for a reducing tariff of (10%), increment in connections (10%) and income
(5%) across the five year period. In both scenarios, real historical figures to carry out
projections prices are assumed to be fixed for the period 2015–2020 and the income,
house hold size growth of customer base is determined from historical figures. In third
scenario demand forecasting for increment in tariff by 4% annually, connections
(10%) and income (5%). The fourth scenario was demand forecasting for increment in
tariff (20%), is applied during the base year and is to run for five years, connections
(10%) and income (5%). The fifth scenario was forecasting demand for %increment
tariff by 20% and connection (10%). Finally the sixth scenario forecasting demand
for %increment in tariff by 4% and connection (10%). The explanations of the
findings are illustrated in the following figures.
Figure 1 Estimating water demand using the regression model
Figure 5 Forecasting demand for a constant tariff, %increment in connection (10%) and
income (5%)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
ESIMATED WATER DEMAND OVER THE YEARS
Av. Demand Estimated_Demand
AverageDemandOverthe
Years
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Demand Forecasting
Estimated_Demand
Av.Demand
YD=6210.92+0.099HHz+0.072In-0.018Tariff+£
Trend Line of best fit
YD=6210.92+0.099HHz+0.072In-0.018Tariff+£
Actual Demand
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When a forecast was conducted to investigate the rate of consumption over the years
until 2020, the results showed that for any increment of connections by 10% and
income 5% p.a at a constant tariff there is increase in water demand by 3.2%. The
graph above illustrate the estimated forecast values of water demand based on
domestic consumption category.
Figure 6 Demand forecasting for a reducing tariff (10%), increment in connections (10%)
and income (5%)
Investigation on the variation of water demand when the tariff reduced by 10%
and increment of connections at 10% and income increase at 5%. The result illustrated
above shows that for any indicated change there is a change in water demand at a rate
of 3.3%. The change shows that water price is significant in determining the
consumption such that for any reduction made there will be an increase in water
demand under domestic category.
Figure 7 Demand forecasting for increment in tariff (20%), connections (10%) and income
(5%)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Demand Forecasting
Estimated_Demand
Av.ConnectionGrowth
v.ConnectionGrowth
YD=6210.92+0.099HHz+0.072In-0.018Tariff+£
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Demand Forecasting
Estimated_Demand
Av.ConnectionGrowth
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Further investigation was tested based on increase of tariff by 20%, connections
by 10% and income by 5%. The results showed that for any increment in water tariff
there will be a significant reduction in water demand by 1.5% as compared to a case
where the tariff was reduced by 10%. These results reveals that for any larger percent
increment of tariff will lead to a significant reduction in water demand.
Figure 8 Demand forecasting for increment in tariff (4%), connections (10%) and income
(5%)
A test was conducted to investigate what will happen to demand when a tariff
changes with smaller percentage of 4% and increment in connections by 10% income
5%pa. The results reveals that for any above changes effected there will be water
demand at a rate of 2.4%. As compared to above case where there was increase of
tariff by 20% the demand rate for smaller percent change is higher than a larger
percent. Therefore the model stands advise that if the company would like to increase
water demand, the percentage increase in tariff should be reasonable.
1. This Research in water resource management has revealed the key parameters to
forecast water demand for domestic and low income consumers are price for water,
population size/ Household size or number of persons per connection and income for
consumers
2. The model thus, ( YD = 6210.92+0.099HHz + 0.072In – 0.018Tariff + £ )
Where YD-the water consumption demand, α- Constant, HHz-Household Size In-
income per month, Tariff = price of water per month, £-Error term
YD = α + βHHz + µIn- Tariff + £, to predict water demand for domestic users has been
developed.
These conclusions also represent hopeful applications of the research completed in
this thesis. Water demand forecasting model has been estimated using the following
equations/models;
YDdl=f (α, HHz, In, Tariff, £) (5)
YDics=α + βHHz + µIn – Tariff + £ (6)
Combined Equation YD = YDdl + YDics
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Demand Forecasting
Estimated_Demand
Av.ConnectionGrowth
YD=6210.92+0.099HHz+0.072In-0.018Tariff+£
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