The document summarizes a study on the design of a 3D concrete printing machine and optimal concrete mix. It discusses setting goals for the mix like strength, workability and bonding between layers. Experiments tested extrudability, strength, flowability, buildability and open time of different mixes. An optimal mix was identified with the lowest water-cement ratio that met all requirements. The designed machine includes a pumping system, 2cm nozzle and motion controls to print a test wall in layers. Test results could help advance 3D concrete printing for larger scale construction projects.
The document discusses the history and techniques of 3D printing buildings, including its origins in the 1980s and increasing applications. It outlines various 3D printing methods like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document also summarizes a case study of the world's largest 3D printed building completed in Dubai in 2019 using a mixture of recycled materials.
3D concrete printing is a construction technique that uses computer-controlled layering of materials to build structures. The process involves using a 3D printer to extrude concrete layer-by-layer according to a digital model. Research into 3D concrete printing began in 2008 at Loughborough University in the UK. Some key advantages are reduced construction time, lower costs, and less environmental impact compared to traditional construction methods. However, 3D printing also has limitations such as restricted build sizes and potential health impacts from emitted materials.
3D Printing Technology in Civil EngineeringArun Arun
This document contains information about 3D printing from two individuals - Anjali Deshmukh and R. Arun, both from the Civil Engineering department. It discusses the benefits of 3D printing such as reducing costs by finding design errors earlier. 3D printing allows functional product models to be created, helping identify issues like poor fit or ergonomics. The document also examines why 3D printing has not been applied to building construction yet and outlines some of the advantages it could provide such as reduced costs and timelines as well as increased design freedom and functional integration.
This document discusses 3D printing technology for construction. It provides background on the history and development of 3D printing, describes the process and different types of 3D printing technologies. Examples are given of structures like houses and a castle that have been 3D printed. Advantages include lower costs, less labor and waste, while disadvantages include needing technical expertise and machinery. The conclusion discusses potential uses in remote, disaster-struck, or cold areas.
3D Printing Concrete Building ConstructionsSSudhaVelan
3D printing technology can be used to construct buildings by depositing layers of concrete or other materials in a process similar to inkjet printing. The "ink" used is a special concrete mixture containing Portland cement, aggregate, additives, and fibers. Large 3D printers either have a fixed structure and print modular pieces for assembly or use a flexible robotic arm to print entire structures on site in a single piece. The printing process involves converting a 3D CAD model into thin layers that are deposited one by one to build up the structure. 3D printed buildings offer advantages like speed of production, design flexibility, and reduced construction waste.
This document discusses 3D printing technology used to construct large buildings. It describes a massive 3D printer with a build volume of 12m x 12m x 12m that was used to print houses and other structures in China. The printer extrudes a mix of cement and recycled materials layer by layer. It weighs over 120 tons and took 6 months to develop. 3D printing allows construction to be done faster, cheaper, and more sustainably by recycling waste materials. Large buildings like skyscrapers are expected to be built this way in the future.
3D printing allows architects to test design concepts faster by creating physical models layer by layer directly from digital files, saving weeks of time compared to traditional modeling. It reduces costs by up to 75% and produces models for a few thousand dollars that previously cost $100,000. Architects can now 3D print fully functional metal structures like bridges that would be nearly impossible to construct by hand.
Application of 3 d printing in construction management (1) (1)adarshkaushik6
This ppt is completely about 3d printing and its application in construction. This ppt is done by students of Thiagarajar college of engineering Madurai.
The document discusses the history and techniques of 3D printing buildings, including its origins in the 1980s and increasing applications. It outlines various 3D printing methods like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document also summarizes a case study of the world's largest 3D printed building completed in Dubai in 2019 using a mixture of recycled materials.
3D concrete printing is a construction technique that uses computer-controlled layering of materials to build structures. The process involves using a 3D printer to extrude concrete layer-by-layer according to a digital model. Research into 3D concrete printing began in 2008 at Loughborough University in the UK. Some key advantages are reduced construction time, lower costs, and less environmental impact compared to traditional construction methods. However, 3D printing also has limitations such as restricted build sizes and potential health impacts from emitted materials.
3D Printing Technology in Civil EngineeringArun Arun
This document contains information about 3D printing from two individuals - Anjali Deshmukh and R. Arun, both from the Civil Engineering department. It discusses the benefits of 3D printing such as reducing costs by finding design errors earlier. 3D printing allows functional product models to be created, helping identify issues like poor fit or ergonomics. The document also examines why 3D printing has not been applied to building construction yet and outlines some of the advantages it could provide such as reduced costs and timelines as well as increased design freedom and functional integration.
This document discusses 3D printing technology for construction. It provides background on the history and development of 3D printing, describes the process and different types of 3D printing technologies. Examples are given of structures like houses and a castle that have been 3D printed. Advantages include lower costs, less labor and waste, while disadvantages include needing technical expertise and machinery. The conclusion discusses potential uses in remote, disaster-struck, or cold areas.
3D Printing Concrete Building ConstructionsSSudhaVelan
3D printing technology can be used to construct buildings by depositing layers of concrete or other materials in a process similar to inkjet printing. The "ink" used is a special concrete mixture containing Portland cement, aggregate, additives, and fibers. Large 3D printers either have a fixed structure and print modular pieces for assembly or use a flexible robotic arm to print entire structures on site in a single piece. The printing process involves converting a 3D CAD model into thin layers that are deposited one by one to build up the structure. 3D printed buildings offer advantages like speed of production, design flexibility, and reduced construction waste.
This document discusses 3D printing technology used to construct large buildings. It describes a massive 3D printer with a build volume of 12m x 12m x 12m that was used to print houses and other structures in China. The printer extrudes a mix of cement and recycled materials layer by layer. It weighs over 120 tons and took 6 months to develop. 3D printing allows construction to be done faster, cheaper, and more sustainably by recycling waste materials. Large buildings like skyscrapers are expected to be built this way in the future.
3D printing allows architects to test design concepts faster by creating physical models layer by layer directly from digital files, saving weeks of time compared to traditional modeling. It reduces costs by up to 75% and produces models for a few thousand dollars that previously cost $100,000. Architects can now 3D print fully functional metal structures like bridges that would be nearly impossible to construct by hand.
Application of 3 d printing in construction management (1) (1)adarshkaushik6
This ppt is completely about 3d printing and its application in construction. This ppt is done by students of Thiagarajar college of engineering Madurai.
This document discusses 3D printing technology for building construction. It describes two main 3D concrete printing processes - extrusion-based and powder-bed based. Extrusion deposits concrete through a nozzle, while powder-bed uses binders on a powder layer. Current examples include a two-story villa and bridge. The document outlines a framework for testing fresh concrete properties like flowability and shape stability. It concludes that 3D printing offers advantages over conventional construction like reduced costs, increased safety, and architectural freedom.
This document provides an overview of pervious concrete, including its environmental benefits, applications, performance characteristics, construction procedures, and testing methods. Key points include:
- Pervious concrete allows rainwater to seep through it, reducing runoff and recharging groundwater while meeting EPA stormwater regulations.
- It has sufficient strength for many pavement applications despite its high porosity (15-25% voids) and permeability rates of 480 in/hr or more.
- Applications include pavements for parking lots where it can eliminate the need for retention ponds and swales by capturing and filtering rainwater.
- Proper construction techniques like vibration and curing are important for performance. Visual inspections, infiltration tests
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process that creates 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material based on a digital model. In construction, 3D printing technologies can be used to fabricate buildings and components through methods like fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SL), and selective laser sintering (SLS). 3D printing offers advantages like higher productivity, lower costs, ability to produce complex structures, and less material waste compared to traditional construction. However, it also faces challenges such as limited materials and higher risks if any errors exist in the digital models.
This document discusses 3D printing technology in construction. It provides an overview of 3D printing and how the process works to build objects layer by layer. The history and first uses of 3D printing in construction are described, including building the first 3D printed house in France in 24 hours. Comparisons are made between 3D printing and traditional construction methods, noting advantages of 3D printing like lower costs, waste, and time. Potential future benefits are outlined, such as new design possibilities, precision, and remote construction. Examples of a 3D printed bridge and canal are provided. Disadvantages and challenges are also acknowledged.
This seminar provides a critical review of 3D printing in construction, discussing its benefits, challenges, and risks. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, builds objects layer by layer and offers potential advantages for the construction industry such as reduced costs and time. The document reviews the history and various 3D printing processes like concrete printing and contour crafting. Key benefits include sustainability, constructability, and architectural freedom. However, challenges relate to materials, equipment, software, design, management, regulations, and stakeholders. Risks involve technical, economic, safety, and legal issues that must be addressed for full implementation of 3D printing in the construction field.
Applications of 3D printers in construction industry - Nithin NNithin N
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process where 3D objects are created by laying down successive layers of material. There are various methods of 3D printing including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document discusses applications of 3D printing in construction industry such as printing entire buildings, houses, and interior elements layer by layer. Specifically, it describes a process called contour crafting that has printed walls using concrete and a company that has printed 10 houses in a single day using recycled materials. The future of 3D printing in construction may allow printing large structures through assembly of prefabricated parts.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, builds a product layer by layer using a computer-controlled process. A CAD software program is used to design a 3D model, which is then sent to the 3D printer. The printer deposits material in successive layers, starting from the bottom, to construct the item. Applications of 3D printing include printed soil, emergency accommodations like housing, and cool bricks. 3D printed structures can achieve strengths of up to 10,000 psi, using hollow walls that save on materials while maintaining structural integrity.
An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that partially replaced cement with egg shell powder in concrete. The study tested concrete mixtures with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% egg shell powder replacement by weight of cement. Compressive strength and tensile strength tests were performed to determine the optimal replacement percentage. Previous studies found that egg shell powder can successfully replace up to 10-15% of cement without compromising strength. The egg shell powder used was collected from local sources, dried, ground, and sieved to a uniform size to use as a cement replacement. The objectives of this study were to determine the best mix proportion for partial egg shell powder replacement, investigate the feasibility of replacement through strength testing, and recommend an optimal replacement level
This document outlines 8 techniques for repairing cracks in concrete structures: 1) Sealing with epoxies, 2) Routing and sealing, 3) Stitching, 4) External stressing, 5) Overlays, 6) Grouting, 7) Blanketing, and 8) Autogenous healing. Sealing with epoxies involves injecting epoxy compounds into cracks at high pressure. Routing and sealing enlarges cracks and fills them with sealants. Stitching reestablishes tensile strength across major cracks using metal units drilled into crack walls. External stressing closes cracks by applying compression to overcome tensile stresses. Overlays provide a sealed surface for multiple cracks. Grouting is an alternative
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
This document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering from Kakatiya University. The project investigates the effect of material proportions on the engineering properties of pervious concrete. It includes an introduction to pervious concrete, a literature review on previous studies of pervious concrete, and experimental testing and results analyzing the properties of pervious concrete mixes with varying material proportions. The report is presented to fulfill the students' degree requirements under the guidance of their project supervisor.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing technology for construction. It discusses the history of 3D printing, how the process works by layering materials, and case studies of 3D printed houses and offices. Winsun, a Shanghai company, used a large 3D printer to construct 10 houses in a day for $4,800 each and later printed a 2,700 square foot office building in just 17 days. 3D printing enables significant time, cost, and materials savings compared to traditional construction. However, limitations include the size of current printers, industry reluctance, and lack of building code standards for 3D printed structures.
( civil Engineering ) Equipment for production of stabilized mud blockSomeshAinapur
The First topic from the module 5 of Alternative Building Materials, 6 th sem, CBCS SCHEME civil Engineering......The modern Equipments which are used for the manufacturing of stabilised mud block and it includes the the workinf of the equipments to small extent.
3D printers have the potential to significantly impact the field of civil engineering both technically and economically. Technically, 3D printers allow for greater architectural freedom and more complex building designs that were previously limited by expensive construction techniques. They can create structures out of materials like plastic, metal, and concrete. Economically, the 3D printing industry is growing rapidly and expected to generate billions in revenue worldwide in the coming years. 3D printing may revolutionize the construction industry by enabling the computer-designed and computer-built production of entire buildings in a more efficient and affordable manner.
Contour crafting is an automated construction method that uses computer-controlled equipment to construct buildings by depositing materials in layers. It allows entire structures to be built rapidly through an additive fabrication process. Contour crafting embeds elements like plumbing, electrical wiring, and reinforcement during construction. It provides benefits like design flexibility, faster construction, lower costs, and improved safety compared to traditional methods. Potential applications include emergency housing, low-income housing, and commercial construction.
Pervious concrete allows water to pass directly through, reducing runoff and allowing groundwater recharge. It consists of cement, coarse aggregate, and 15-35% voids. It has strengths of 3.5-28 MPa and permeability of 120 L/m2/min. Applications include low-traffic pavements, parking areas, and sidewalks. Advantages are reduced runoff, groundwater recharge, and no need for retention ponds. Maintenance is required and it has lower strength than conventional concrete.
This document discusses pervious concrete, including its history, composition, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with high porosity that allows water to pass through, helping reduce runoff. It was first used in Europe in the 1800s and came to the US after WWII. It allows stormwater to soak into the ground rather than running off surfaces, reducing flooding and pollution. Pervious concrete is composed of cement, coarse aggregates with little fine aggregates, and water. It has a variety of applications like driveways, sidewalks, and parking areas. Advantages include reducing runoff and flooding, while disadvantages include needing maintenance to avoid clogging.
Sustainable concrete uses less energy and produces fewer carbon emissions than regular concrete. It incorporates waste and recycled materials like fly ash and slag to replace portions of cement. Using these supplementary cementitious materials can increase sustainability by reducing embodied energy and carbon in the concrete. Sustainable strategies also include minimizing water use, using local and recycled aggregates, and designing for durability to lessen environmental impacts over the concrete's lifetime. The presentation outlined various approaches to sustainable concrete and its advantages in promoting greener construction.
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete that allows water to pass through it, reducing stormwater runoff. It consists of cement, coarse aggregate, and spaces or voids in between the aggregates that are interconnected, allowing water to infiltrate. Pervious concrete has benefits like groundwater recharge, reduced flooding, and replenishing of aquifers. It requires proper maintenance to prevent clogging of the voids and remains permeable. Applications include parking lots, driveways, and other hardscaped areas.
3D PRITING TECHNOLOGHY IN BUILDING CONTRUCTION.pptquangnammta
• By using this technology the structures will constructed quickly, cheaply, economically, recycles, reduction of waste materials & eco friendly .The technology used to build colonies for people who are economically poor with low capital. This technology will create a resolution in future in civil engineering projects.
This document reviews 3D printing concrete. It discusses how 3D printing concrete is a developing technology that allows concrete to be printed in different shapes and sizes without reinforcement. The document examines the materials used in 3D printing concrete, including fly ash, silica fume, and geopolymers to increase strength. It also analyzes factors that influence the pumpability and buildability of printed concrete, such as water content and aggregate size. Finally, the document describes some methods and equipment used for 3D printing concrete, including different printer designs and nozzle systems.
This document discusses 3D printing technology for building construction. It describes two main 3D concrete printing processes - extrusion-based and powder-bed based. Extrusion deposits concrete through a nozzle, while powder-bed uses binders on a powder layer. Current examples include a two-story villa and bridge. The document outlines a framework for testing fresh concrete properties like flowability and shape stability. It concludes that 3D printing offers advantages over conventional construction like reduced costs, increased safety, and architectural freedom.
This document provides an overview of pervious concrete, including its environmental benefits, applications, performance characteristics, construction procedures, and testing methods. Key points include:
- Pervious concrete allows rainwater to seep through it, reducing runoff and recharging groundwater while meeting EPA stormwater regulations.
- It has sufficient strength for many pavement applications despite its high porosity (15-25% voids) and permeability rates of 480 in/hr or more.
- Applications include pavements for parking lots where it can eliminate the need for retention ponds and swales by capturing and filtering rainwater.
- Proper construction techniques like vibration and curing are important for performance. Visual inspections, infiltration tests
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process that creates 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material based on a digital model. In construction, 3D printing technologies can be used to fabricate buildings and components through methods like fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SL), and selective laser sintering (SLS). 3D printing offers advantages like higher productivity, lower costs, ability to produce complex structures, and less material waste compared to traditional construction. However, it also faces challenges such as limited materials and higher risks if any errors exist in the digital models.
This document discusses 3D printing technology in construction. It provides an overview of 3D printing and how the process works to build objects layer by layer. The history and first uses of 3D printing in construction are described, including building the first 3D printed house in France in 24 hours. Comparisons are made between 3D printing and traditional construction methods, noting advantages of 3D printing like lower costs, waste, and time. Potential future benefits are outlined, such as new design possibilities, precision, and remote construction. Examples of a 3D printed bridge and canal are provided. Disadvantages and challenges are also acknowledged.
This seminar provides a critical review of 3D printing in construction, discussing its benefits, challenges, and risks. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, builds objects layer by layer and offers potential advantages for the construction industry such as reduced costs and time. The document reviews the history and various 3D printing processes like concrete printing and contour crafting. Key benefits include sustainability, constructability, and architectural freedom. However, challenges relate to materials, equipment, software, design, management, regulations, and stakeholders. Risks involve technical, economic, safety, and legal issues that must be addressed for full implementation of 3D printing in the construction field.
Applications of 3D printers in construction industry - Nithin NNithin N
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process where 3D objects are created by laying down successive layers of material. There are various methods of 3D printing including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document discusses applications of 3D printing in construction industry such as printing entire buildings, houses, and interior elements layer by layer. Specifically, it describes a process called contour crafting that has printed walls using concrete and a company that has printed 10 houses in a single day using recycled materials. The future of 3D printing in construction may allow printing large structures through assembly of prefabricated parts.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, builds a product layer by layer using a computer-controlled process. A CAD software program is used to design a 3D model, which is then sent to the 3D printer. The printer deposits material in successive layers, starting from the bottom, to construct the item. Applications of 3D printing include printed soil, emergency accommodations like housing, and cool bricks. 3D printed structures can achieve strengths of up to 10,000 psi, using hollow walls that save on materials while maintaining structural integrity.
An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that partially replaced cement with egg shell powder in concrete. The study tested concrete mixtures with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% egg shell powder replacement by weight of cement. Compressive strength and tensile strength tests were performed to determine the optimal replacement percentage. Previous studies found that egg shell powder can successfully replace up to 10-15% of cement without compromising strength. The egg shell powder used was collected from local sources, dried, ground, and sieved to a uniform size to use as a cement replacement. The objectives of this study were to determine the best mix proportion for partial egg shell powder replacement, investigate the feasibility of replacement through strength testing, and recommend an optimal replacement level
This document outlines 8 techniques for repairing cracks in concrete structures: 1) Sealing with epoxies, 2) Routing and sealing, 3) Stitching, 4) External stressing, 5) Overlays, 6) Grouting, 7) Blanketing, and 8) Autogenous healing. Sealing with epoxies involves injecting epoxy compounds into cracks at high pressure. Routing and sealing enlarges cracks and fills them with sealants. Stitching reestablishes tensile strength across major cracks using metal units drilled into crack walls. External stressing closes cracks by applying compression to overcome tensile stresses. Overlays provide a sealed surface for multiple cracks. Grouting is an alternative
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
This document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering from Kakatiya University. The project investigates the effect of material proportions on the engineering properties of pervious concrete. It includes an introduction to pervious concrete, a literature review on previous studies of pervious concrete, and experimental testing and results analyzing the properties of pervious concrete mixes with varying material proportions. The report is presented to fulfill the students' degree requirements under the guidance of their project supervisor.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing technology for construction. It discusses the history of 3D printing, how the process works by layering materials, and case studies of 3D printed houses and offices. Winsun, a Shanghai company, used a large 3D printer to construct 10 houses in a day for $4,800 each and later printed a 2,700 square foot office building in just 17 days. 3D printing enables significant time, cost, and materials savings compared to traditional construction. However, limitations include the size of current printers, industry reluctance, and lack of building code standards for 3D printed structures.
( civil Engineering ) Equipment for production of stabilized mud blockSomeshAinapur
The First topic from the module 5 of Alternative Building Materials, 6 th sem, CBCS SCHEME civil Engineering......The modern Equipments which are used for the manufacturing of stabilised mud block and it includes the the workinf of the equipments to small extent.
3D printers have the potential to significantly impact the field of civil engineering both technically and economically. Technically, 3D printers allow for greater architectural freedom and more complex building designs that were previously limited by expensive construction techniques. They can create structures out of materials like plastic, metal, and concrete. Economically, the 3D printing industry is growing rapidly and expected to generate billions in revenue worldwide in the coming years. 3D printing may revolutionize the construction industry by enabling the computer-designed and computer-built production of entire buildings in a more efficient and affordable manner.
Contour crafting is an automated construction method that uses computer-controlled equipment to construct buildings by depositing materials in layers. It allows entire structures to be built rapidly through an additive fabrication process. Contour crafting embeds elements like plumbing, electrical wiring, and reinforcement during construction. It provides benefits like design flexibility, faster construction, lower costs, and improved safety compared to traditional methods. Potential applications include emergency housing, low-income housing, and commercial construction.
Pervious concrete allows water to pass directly through, reducing runoff and allowing groundwater recharge. It consists of cement, coarse aggregate, and 15-35% voids. It has strengths of 3.5-28 MPa and permeability of 120 L/m2/min. Applications include low-traffic pavements, parking areas, and sidewalks. Advantages are reduced runoff, groundwater recharge, and no need for retention ponds. Maintenance is required and it has lower strength than conventional concrete.
This document discusses pervious concrete, including its history, composition, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with high porosity that allows water to pass through, helping reduce runoff. It was first used in Europe in the 1800s and came to the US after WWII. It allows stormwater to soak into the ground rather than running off surfaces, reducing flooding and pollution. Pervious concrete is composed of cement, coarse aggregates with little fine aggregates, and water. It has a variety of applications like driveways, sidewalks, and parking areas. Advantages include reducing runoff and flooding, while disadvantages include needing maintenance to avoid clogging.
Sustainable concrete uses less energy and produces fewer carbon emissions than regular concrete. It incorporates waste and recycled materials like fly ash and slag to replace portions of cement. Using these supplementary cementitious materials can increase sustainability by reducing embodied energy and carbon in the concrete. Sustainable strategies also include minimizing water use, using local and recycled aggregates, and designing for durability to lessen environmental impacts over the concrete's lifetime. The presentation outlined various approaches to sustainable concrete and its advantages in promoting greener construction.
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete that allows water to pass through it, reducing stormwater runoff. It consists of cement, coarse aggregate, and spaces or voids in between the aggregates that are interconnected, allowing water to infiltrate. Pervious concrete has benefits like groundwater recharge, reduced flooding, and replenishing of aquifers. It requires proper maintenance to prevent clogging of the voids and remains permeable. Applications include parking lots, driveways, and other hardscaped areas.
3D PRITING TECHNOLOGHY IN BUILDING CONTRUCTION.pptquangnammta
• By using this technology the structures will constructed quickly, cheaply, economically, recycles, reduction of waste materials & eco friendly .The technology used to build colonies for people who are economically poor with low capital. This technology will create a resolution in future in civil engineering projects.
This document reviews 3D printing concrete. It discusses how 3D printing concrete is a developing technology that allows concrete to be printed in different shapes and sizes without reinforcement. The document examines the materials used in 3D printing concrete, including fly ash, silica fume, and geopolymers to increase strength. It also analyzes factors that influence the pumpability and buildability of printed concrete, such as water content and aggregate size. Finally, the document describes some methods and equipment used for 3D printing concrete, including different printer designs and nozzle systems.
3D concrete printing is an emerging construction technique that involves layering concrete through an extrusion process without the need for formwork. There are two main types of 3D concrete printing: extrusion-based using a single nozzle, and powder-based where a binder is deposited on a powder bed. Materials used can include cement, sand, admixtures to control properties like viscosity and strength. Tests are conducted to evaluate parameters like extrudability and print quality. Shape stability is important and can be measured through layer settlement tests. The printability window considers the longest printing and blockage times. Advantages include cost reduction through less formwork, increased safety, design freedom, and potential for multi-functional elements.
ANALYSIS OF FRICTION AND LUBRICATION CONDITIONS OF CONCRETE/FORMWORK INTERFACESIAEME Publication
Concrete friction plays a fundamental role during various stages of construction and public works operations, including pumping, formwork filling and the production of facings. A tribometer for fluid materials has thus been developed to better study this friction. Tests performed with certain modifications of interface conditions show that friction is governed by interfacial characteristics (e.g. type of demoulding agent, roughness, velocity, pressure). The investigation showed that the tribometer is sensitive to obtain a real understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC). The tests and observations made reveal that friction mechanisms depend on the properties of the interface. The interface appears to undergo two types of phenomena which depend of the pressure. The demoulding oil generates a reduction of the friction between the SCC and the formwork. Parameters specific to facing appearance are also addressed in this paper.
3D Printable Concrete: Mixture Design, Simulation & Test MethodsIRJET Journal
This document discusses 3D printable concrete, including its mixture design, simulation, and testing methods. It begins with an abstract that outlines the benefits of 3D concrete printing for construction projects but notes challenges around standardization and accessibility.
The document then reviews literature on 3D printable concrete mix design, concluding that current codes and standards do not apply and a trial-and-error approach is typically used. It introduces the concept of "manual extrusion" or handheld 3D printing to experimentally test concrete mixtures in a cost-effective way.
The methodology section describes developing a manual extruder, studying existing mixture data, optimizing aggregate packing using software, conducting extrusion and printing trials, and testing samples to improve the
IRJET- Contour Crafting (A Management Tool for Swift Construction)IRJET Journal
Contour crafting is an additive construction technique that uses a computer-controlled gantry to build structures layer-by-layer with concrete, requiring less labor than traditional construction. It was developed by Dr. Behrokh Khoshnevis to enable rapid, low-cost construction of homes. The process involves using robotic extruders and trowels to deposit and smooth concrete in precise layers to construct walls, floors, and other building elements.
Integrating parametric design with robotic additive manufacturing for 3D clay...Antonio Arcadu
ABSTRACT This paper presents an ongoing work in relation to the development of a parametric design algorithm and an automated system for additive manufacturing that aims to be implemented in 3D clay printing tasks. The purpose of this experimental study is to establish a first insight and provide information as well as guidelines for a comprehensive and robust additive manufacturing methodology that can be implemented in the area of 3D clay printing, aiming to be widely available and open for use in the relevant construction industry. Specifically, this paper emphasizes on the installation of an industrial extruder for 3D clay printing mounted on a robot, on toolpath planning process using a parametric design environment and on robotic execution of selected case studies. Based on existing 3D printing technology principles and on available rapid prototyping mechanisms, this process suggests an algorithm for system’s control as well as for robotic toolpath development applied in additive manufacturing of small to medium objects. The algorithm is developed in a parametric associative environment allowing its flexible use and execution in a number of case studies, aiming to tentatively test the effectiveness of the suggested robotic additive manufacturing workflow and their future implementation in large scale examples.
Autors: O. Kontovourkisa and G. Tryfonos
Cutterhead & Cutting Tools Configuration in Course Grain Soilsrab13
1) The document discusses cutterhead and cutting tool configurations for shield tunneling machines in coarse-grained soils, which is important for cost and schedule.
2) It reviews literature on numerical modeling and laboratory/field studies of cutterhead-soil interaction. Different cutterhead types (spoke and plate) and their performance in various soil conditions are examined.
3) Based on case studies, the document discusses design considerations for cutterheads and tools in coarse-grained soils, including opening ratio, tool configuration, wear resistance, and interventions for changing tools. Rule-of-thumb suggestions are provided.
Design of automatic wall plastering machineLaukik Raut
Due to manual process of wall plastering on construction site, there is a huge scale requirement of labor and hence
the labor cost is responsible for increasing the price of construction or project work. The quality of work is mostly
depending on the skill of the labor work in manual plastering process.
The solution of these problems is just to automate the process, so that there will be a saving of period and cost
and getting good plaster finishing to the walls. The plastering machine can plaster the walls automatically and
very smoothly. Due to which the process will fast and there will be saving of cost and time this will helps to reduce
the total cost, total time which ultimately responsible for the growth and hence the progress rate of a country is
going to increase
The document discusses prefabricated concrete structures. It begins with an abstract that defines prefabrication as assembling components in a factory that are then transported to the construction site. It notes precast concrete comes in various shapes and sizes. The document then covers types of precast elements like walls, columns, and slabs. It discusses the production process for these elements and advantages like reduced cost and time. Finally, it provides examples of precast concrete implementation in large infrastructure projects in Karnataka, India.
3D CONCRETE PRINTING…” An automation in construction industry for affordable ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into 3D concrete printing using different concrete mixtures. 7 concrete mixes were tested with varying water-cement ratios and percentages of superplasticizer. Tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, printability, and compressive/flexural strength of the fresh and hardened concrete mixtures. The research aims to identify the optimal concrete mix for 3D printing applications based on its properties. Experimental results on the mix design and performance of the fresh and hardened concrete provided insights into which mixture is most suitable for 3D printing.
An Approach for Ready Mixed Concrete Selection for Construction Companies thr...A Makwana
One of the most useful method for selecting a project that is becoming more and more important is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This method was developed by Dr. Thomas L. Saaty in 1970s as a tool to help with solving technical and managerial problems. Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) industry is continuously growing all over the world and India is not an exception to it. The pace of mechanization in the past was very slow due to the availability of cheap and abundant labor, lack of capital investment and the highly fragmented nature of the construction sector. The Ready Mixed Concrete in India on commercial basis started in 1994 and has achieved about 2% conversion from the site-mixed concrete by the year 2001. It is heartening that the acceptability of Ready mixed concrete is increasing though at a slow pace. The entry of foreign firms and major Indian cement producers in this field are likely to provide the necessary boost to this industry in the future. The growth prospect of Ready-mixed concrete is enormous, provided requisite support is given by the regulatory authorities, consumers and decision makers. At the present, the cost differential between Ready-mixed concrete and site mixed concrete is proving a major constraint in its growth. This problem will be resolved with the increasing awareness about the advantages of RMC by the end consumers.
The document discusses 3D printing technology for building construction. It provides background on 3D printing history beginning in the 1950s, and describes common techniques like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The working process of 3D printers is outlined involving CAD design, slicing, and layer-by-layer printing. Applications include fast and efficient construction with reduced waste, and geometric freedom to print complex designs that traditional methods cannot achieve. Challenges include the need for more durable materials and further development of large-scale printing capabilities.
Three-Dimensional Printing Trends in Building and Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses trends in using 3D printing technology in the building and construction industry. It begins with an abstract that introduces 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, as a process that uses computer-aided design (CAD) software to print 3D models layer-by-layer. The document then discusses the history of 3D printing in construction, benefits like increased design flexibility and safety, and challenges related to scale, materials, and cost. It provides details on different types of 3D printing technologies used for construction, such as contour crafting, D-shape printing, inkjet powder printing, and selective laser sintering.
Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanic...ijtsrd
This paper presents a focused study on properties of porous concrete to widen its application to structural engineering. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and physical properties like density, permeability and porosity are studied. To determine those parameters, twenty seven cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested. Also, three polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs were tested under pure bending moment to study the efficiency of selected resin to integrate particle of concrete to achieve a new generation in using porous concrete in structural engineering. Three different cement content specimens of porous concrete were considered, studied cement contents are 200 kg m3, 300 kg m3 and 400 kg m3. The results show that, increasing the cement content can increase the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. Density of porous concrete is less than conventional concrete by 21 but permeability factor recorded higher value compared to conventional concrete by sixteen times. Increasing the cement content has no significant effect on either ultimate load or maximum deflection of polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs but the results recorded an achievement to use this concrete in structural engineering applications and give an easy way to cast special concrete like polymer concrete without special tools. Rambha Kumari "Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanics using Homotopy Perturbation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30516.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30516/study-of-boundary-value-analysis-in-structural-engineering-and-fluid-mechanics-using-homotopy-perturbation/rambha-kumari
Modern methods of constructions and their impact upon estimation of cost plan...NellutlaKishore
This document discusses modern methods of construction and their impact on cost planning and budget estimation in the UK construction industry. It provides background on modern construction methods and discusses several specific methods like precast concrete foundations, 3D volumetric construction, and precast flat panel systems. The document analyzes the effectiveness and benefits of modern methods, including reduced defects, shorter build time, lower life-cycle costs, and increased productivity. It explores how modern methods can impact cost planning and budgeting by enabling more accurate cost estimates and improving cost management. The aim is to understand how modern construction methods influence cost planning and how they can be efficiently used for budget estimation in the UK.
This document discusses quality control of ready mixed concrete. Ready mixed concrete has better quality than site mixed concrete due to sophisticated batching equipment and quality control testing of materials. Materials like cement, aggregates, fly ash, slag and admixtures are tested according to Indian standards to ensure quality. Properties of fresh concrete like workability and cohesiveness are also controlled. Maintaining quality is important as ready mixed concrete is widely used in construction for its consistency, speed of construction, and reduced waste.
During a summer internship from July 4 to August 26, 2016, the author worked in the geotechnical engineering department of AECOM. Major projects included the Tung Chung New Town Extension reclamation and the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities. Tasks involved analyzing soil conditions, designing ground improvement techniques, and coordinating with other engineers. The internship improved the author's technical skills and understanding of applying concepts to real-world projects while working both independently and collaboratively.
BIM Usage in Construction Industry and An application of Clash Detection and ...Ravindra SSK Medicharla
1) BIM shows great results for construction projects in terms of performance, time, and cost.
2) Implementing modal integration and clash detection tools can help decrease coordination errors and human errors, resulting in more accurate models and avoiding re-construction.
3) Using Navisworks Manage for clash detection provides more efficiency when integrating models from different design teams.
Experimental Investigation on Interlayer Bonding Strength of 3D Printed Concr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a literature review on 3D printed concrete. It discusses the objectives of studying interlayer bonding strength in 3D printed concrete structures and reducing alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The literature review covers topics like the effect of time gaps between printed layers on bonding strength, modeling fresh self-consolidating concrete flow, and using recycled sand in 3D printed concrete mixes. It also examines prior research on predicting concrete properties with artificial neural networks, improving buildability and early strength with nanoclay additives, and using viscosity modifying admixtures like polyacrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol fibers in printable concrete mixes.
Similar to 3 d concrete printing machine and mix design (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 15 editor@iaeme.com
Architecture have created the largest 3D printer in the world that uses sand and a chemical binding
agent to create a stone-like material. 3D Concrete printing aims at enhancing construction on several
levels: it minimizes the duration of the construction process by eliminating some time-consuming
processes in the traditional method [3], it reduces costs incurred on the project by minimizing waste
and overproduction in addition to minimizing the use of labor [4], it provides flexibility in building
structural shapes that aren’t possible to build conventionally, and delivers an improvement in the
overall safety and environmental impact of the structure [5].
This paper focuses on the materials aspect through developing the concrete mix for use in this
technology. Several tests were conducted to find the optimal concrete mix for this function. It also
studies the printing mechanism of the 3D machine and proposes a suitable design for the printer. A
structural specimen is printed as a proof of concept for the printing technique.The outcomes of this
research and its applications to real-life construction practices target the need for improved
automation in civil engineering projects, the need for efficiency in resource management and a rapid
and less expensive construction method.
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Materials: Mix Design
The concrete mix must be designed to meet certain vital criteria that have a direct relationship
with the methodology of printing the concrete. Thus, it is critical to ensure a complementary
connection between the designs of the mix and printing machine. In order to design the optimal mix,
certain target goals were set for the mix. Table 1presents these goals.
Table 1: Mix Goals
Maximize compressive strength Maximize workability
Maximize flowability in the system Maximize buildability upon pouring
Maximize speed of concrete setting
Maintain appropriate setting rate so as to
ensure bonding with the subsequent layer
As is noticeable from the table above, some of the goals seem to conflict with each other and
thus the challenge is maintaining an appropriate balance of all. For instance, maximizing the
compressive strength in the mix means minimizing the water-cement ratio. However, a certain water
content must be maintained to ensure appropriate workability of the concrete. In addition, the mix in
the system must be flowable but upon pouring must be buildable and able to hold itself and
subsequent layers. Finally, when poured, the mix should set as fast as possible but not fast enough to
ensure appropriate bonding with the subsequent layer.
In order to address these goals, specific measurable criteria of the mix were set .The five
most important aspects of the mix that are studied are extrudability, flowability, buildability,
compressive strength, and open time. Extrudability and flowability are related to the concrete
extrusion, flow, and workability, as the aim is to reach a continuous easy-flowing paste from the
source to the printing nozzle. Buildability refers to the ability of the concrete layer to hold the layers
above it without collapsing. The concrete must also be of a certain suitable compressive strength.
Finally, open time studies the change of concrete flowability with time. The goal is to ensure that
each printed layer has the capacity to hold itself and harden when poured, and yet stay liquid enough
to bond with the layer above it and not become a separate entity. On the other hand, the concrete
YET
3. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 16 editor@iaeme.com
paste must have a certain flowability upon its transfer that must not threaten its ability to stiffen upon
pouring.
Aggregates of a maximum size of 2mm were selected as the diameter of the printing nozzle is
relatively small (2 cm). Other dry constituents include cement type I and sand. A superplasticizer
(Viscocrete) is used with the mix to ultimately increase the workability of the concrete and
compensate for the low water-cement ratio. An accelerator is added to the concrete mix allowing it to
settle and gain strength at a faster pace when poured. In addition, a retarder is also added to prevent
the concrete from settling early in the tank. An appropriate balance of all the constituents has to be
reached to ensure proper functioning of the mix. Several experiments were performed in order to
determine the exact quantities of materials to be added for the optimal mix. An optimal amount of
the different additives had to be found. In fact, quantities of superplasticizers exceeding the found
optimum amount might give unwanted results [6].
2.2 Mechanics: Machine Design
The design of the appropriate machine that would function as a 3D printer for the concrete
mix is critical to the project success. Several criteria had to be taken into consideration during the
design, as the machine had to account for both the fresh and the printed properties of the concrete
previously discussed. The machine is basically composed of three main components: the concrete
tank and pumping mechanism, the printing nozzle, and the motion control system. The concrete
starts its journey at the tank and is manually pumped to reach the nozzle, which is responsible for
pouring it. The machine is designed to move on a tri-axial plane (x-y-z) in order to print a 3-
dimensional element.
2.2.1 Motion along the Axes
The machine was specifically designed to print a specimen composed of a 77 cm x 10 cm
structural wall, with the intention of printing larger elements with further progress with the
experimentation. The wall was printed in two parallel lines, each 77 cm in length, and 2 cm in width,
with a distance of 10 cm between the lines. Thus, the nozzle should be able to print one line on the
longitudinal axis (x-axis), and then move along the perpendicular axis (y-axis) to get in position to
print the other line, parallel to the initial one. Finally, it must be able to move along the z-axis to
print layer-upon-layer and complete the 3D design. The height of each layer is designed to be 2 cm
and so the machine is designed to move up in 2 cm intervals.
The main part of the machine is a vertical element that supports the mobile tank and nozzle.
This element is responsible for motion along the z-axis and can be operated both hydraulically and
manually. The element was designed to roll on a specified track along the x-axis, and its motion is
along a threaded horizontal bar. The motion on the x-axis is controlled by a rotating drill of
adjustable speed. Finally, the nozzle held by this element is able to move in a direction perpendicular
to that of the machine motion and change positions on the y-axis.
2.2.2 Nozzle Design
Another critical element that has a high impact on the extruded concrete properties is the
nozzle. The nozzle diameter has a direct relationship with the concrete mix properties, specifically its
flowability. As the diameter size decreases, the flowability of the mix should be increased to account
for it and vice versa. In addition, the nozzle has two trowels, a side and top trowel, which lag behind
it. The side trowel on the outer side functions to straighten the concrete being poured as the nozzle
passes by. The top trowel serves to straighten the upper surface of the concrete layer to ensure
maximum buildability.
4. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 17 editor@iaeme.com
Before designing the nozzle, the group experimented with syringes of different opening
diameters ranging from 1 cm to 2 cm. This was done to determine the optimal diameter the nozzle
was to have. The diameter size that proved to be most optimal for the nozzle function 2 cm. A
diameter greater than 2 cm caused buildability problems as the layer wasn’t able to hold itself while
a smaller diameter presented segregation problems of the concrete components.
2.2.3 Tank and Pump Design
The function of the pump is basically to transport the concrete paste from the tank to reach
the nozzle, where it is subsequently poured. The pump to be used has to be able to handle the
specified concrete mix, and account for several aspects such as the maximum aggregate size and the
water cement ratio. Since no pump (to this specific small scale) exists that is able to account for the
concrete pouring mechanism required, a “piston-pump” was designed instead to carry out this
purpose. This pumping mechanism combines the syringe pressure methodology on one hand, and the
concept of the cement screw pump on the other. The cement screw pump, or shotcrete pump,
couldn’t be used since it exhibited very high pressures and wasn’t suitable for our project scale. Even
at low pressures, the machine sprayed the concrete with air and thus wasn’t appropriate for this
application.
The pumping instrument finally designed is directly integrated with the tank as it functions
by pushing the concrete down by a force exerted on the piston. The tank used is a cylindrical mobile
tank that is connected to the machine and moves with it. At the bottom of the tank is the printing
nozzle. The most critical element considered is the pressure exerted by the pump on the mix. This
pressure directly affects the speed at which the concrete is being poured. The goal is to find an ideal
association between the two.
2.3 Testing Procedures
The choice of the optimal mix necessitates several tests to be conducted, keeping in mind the
target parameters to be achieved mentioned in Section2. These factors together contribute in equal
importance to the printing process. Firstly, preliminary trial tests are done that target extrudability, a
critical parameter that ensures the proper printing out of the nozzle. This is primarily affected by the
quantities and distributions of the dry constituents in the mix. To determine the starting mix
proportions, the concept of slip-form concrete design, which has a self-compacting property and does
not require further consolidation, was followed [7]. Once the obtained paste is found extrudable,
several tests were performed to meet the other requirements. The quantities of additives then start to
play the prominent role. Below is a description of the tests performed to ensure following target
criteria are met:
• Extrudability: It refers to the capacity of the concrete to be extruded out of the nozzle. This is
assessed on the basis of the distance over which the paste can be printed without blocking the nozzle.
Also, the printed paste should be clear of cracks and separations.
• Compressive strength: The target strength of the concrete is determined using BS 1881-
116:1983 and 5x5 concrete cubes [8]. Strength is particularly important since what is printed is the
structure in layers rather than its entirety at once. Since setting time should be assumed to be
instantaneous, and since the printing process happens only in a matter of minutes, the target strength
and strength gain should be high.
• Flowability: Measurement of flowability is achieved by performing the slump flow test [9].
The concrete is spread out of an inverted cone. The time required for the mix to spread by a specific
diameter is measured and the rate of flowing can subsequently be obtained. An easily expanding mix
corresponds to a greater flowability and workability.
5. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
• Buildability: this is measured by the number of layers of the printing specimen that can be
achieved without collapse. The target average number of layers is 5.
• Open Time: This criterion is importa
the traditional method. In the latter, the initial and final setting times are more representative but do
not have much relevance in concrete printing
representation of the concrete workability change with time. It is calculated using the slump flow test
to get the flowability over specific
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Machine
It is essential to find a balanced relationship between the extrusion rate of the mix and the
machine speed. After calculating the extrusion rate of the optimal mix, the machine speed was
adjusted as to maintain the appropriate criteria for printing. The extrusion rate of th
from the nozzle was calculated to be 0.09 Liters/sec. Thus, the appropriate velocity that was
compatible was set as 18.76 cm/sec. T
described previously, is shown in
Fig.
3.2 Experimental Results for the Concrete Mix
An extensive series of experiments had to be conducted to reach the final optimal mix that
can be used for concrete printing. The optimal mix is defined as the mix with the lowest water
cement ratio that is able to meet all the required set standards. As f
process, a control mix had to be obtained. To reach the control mix, several mixes with varied
proportions of dry constituents (sand, fine aggregates and cement) and water
tested regarding their extrudabili
ranged from 1 cm to 2 cm and mimicked the role of the nozzle. Note that the extrudability criteria
3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
www.jifactor.com
18
Buildability: this is measured by the number of layers of the printing specimen that can be
achieved without collapse. The target average number of layers is 5.
Open Time: This criterion is important since the printed concrete isn’t poured in one go as in
the traditional method. In the latter, the initial and final setting times are more representative but do
not have much relevance in concrete printing[10]. Thus, open time measurement is a better
representation of the concrete workability change with time. It is calculated using the slump flow test
specific time intervals.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
find a balanced relationship between the extrusion rate of the mix and the
machine speed. After calculating the extrusion rate of the optimal mix, the machine speed was
adjusted as to maintain the appropriate criteria for printing. The extrusion rate of th
from the nozzle was calculated to be 0.09 Liters/sec. Thus, the appropriate velocity that was
atible was set as 18.76 cm/sec. The final printing machine, designed according to the criteria
described previously, is shown in Fig. 1 below.
Fig.1.The 3D printer built machine
Experimental Results for the Concrete Mix
An extensive series of experiments had to be conducted to reach the final optimal mix that
can be used for concrete printing. The optimal mix is defined as the mix with the lowest water
cement ratio that is able to meet all the required set standards. As for any correct experimentation
process, a control mix had to be obtained. To reach the control mix, several mixes with varied
proportions of dry constituents (sand, fine aggregates and cement) and water
tested regarding their extrudability from a set of syringes with varying diameters. The diameters
ranged from 1 cm to 2 cm and mimicked the role of the nozzle. Note that the extrudability criteria
3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
editor@iaeme.com
Buildability: this is measured by the number of layers of the printing specimen that can be
nt since the printed concrete isn’t poured in one go as in
the traditional method. In the latter, the initial and final setting times are more representative but do
. Thus, open time measurement is a better
representation of the concrete workability change with time. It is calculated using the slump flow test
find a balanced relationship between the extrusion rate of the mix and the
machine speed. After calculating the extrusion rate of the optimal mix, the machine speed was
adjusted as to maintain the appropriate criteria for printing. The extrusion rate of the concrete paste
from the nozzle was calculated to be 0.09 Liters/sec. Thus, the appropriate velocity that was
he final printing machine, designed according to the criteria
An extensive series of experiments had to be conducted to reach the final optimal mix that
can be used for concrete printing. The optimal mix is defined as the mix with the lowest water-
or any correct experimentation
process, a control mix had to be obtained. To reach the control mix, several mixes with varied
proportions of dry constituents (sand, fine aggregates and cement) and water-cement ratios were
ty from a set of syringes with varying diameters. The diameters
ranged from 1 cm to 2 cm and mimicked the role of the nozzle. Note that the extrudability criteria
6. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 19 editor@iaeme.com
were tested visually by the capacity of the mix to exit the nozzle of the syringe in a continuous flow.
In addition, after pouring, the concrete paste must set with minimal cracks. It was observed that
increasing the amount of cement and decreasing that of sand gave better extrudability. After several
trials it was found that the most suitable mix was composed of a fine aggregate to cement ratio of
1.28 and a fine aggregate to sand ratio of 2. The dry constituents are no longer to be varied for the
rest of the experiments. The minimum water/cement ratio that made the mix extrudable was 0.48. In
addition, the optimal nozzle diameter was set as 2 cm due to blockages and segregations caused by
smaller nozzle sizes.
After finding the optimal mix, other experiments required trials with additives. A
superplasticizer was added with the role of decreasing the water-cement ratio to increase strength
while maintaining an appropriate flowability. As the water cement ratio is decreased and plasticizer
is added, the mix becomes more flowable. However, after a certain point when the plasticizer added
reaches a specific amount, the mix will no longer be appropriately buildable. In other words, the mix
will become too fluid and unable to support itself. Thus, it is necessary to find the right balance
between flowability and buildability. Five mixes were tested as shown in Table 2 starting with the
control mix and decreasing the water-cement ratio (while adding plasticizers) until the mix is no
longer buildable.
Table 2: Testing of Superplasticizer
In addition, both a retarder and an accelerator were added before pouring the mix. The
retarder has a long term effect to delay the setting time of the concrete which is necessary to ensure
the concrete doesn’t set while being transported and before pouring. On the other hand, the
accelerator is added directly before extrusion and functions on the short-term to ensure the
appropriate setting of the concrete when poured. The amounts of retarder and accelerator were
chosen to ensure sufficient testing of the mixes. They will be later optimized through other tests.
After conducting the compressive strength test, the strengths for samples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 40.6
MPa, 41.5 MPa, 42.3 MPa, 43.5 MPa and 55.4 MPa respectively. Thus, it is apparent (and expected)
that the smallest water-cement ratio resulted in the highest strength. The mixes all met and exceeded
the target compression strength set at 40 MPa. Flowability and buildability are therefore taken as the
main requirements to test efficient printing.
The slump-flow test was performed on the five mixes to measure flowability. Flowability is
important to ensure the facilitated transportation of the concrete paste from the tank to the nozzle.
Flowability is measured by the diameter of the spread concrete over time. Referring to Fig. 2, Mix 1
(control mix) exhibited a low unacceptable flowability and was disregarded. The flowability graph in
Fig. 2 (in blue) shows the flowability rate increasing from mix 2 to 5 with the increase in plasticizer
percentage.
Mix
Number
Cement
(gr)
Sand
(gr)
Fine Aggregates
(gr)
W/CRa
tio
Superplasticizer
(mL)
Flowability
rate(cm/sec)
Retarder
(mL)
Accelerator
(mL)
1
(Control)
125 80 160 0.48 0 - 1 0.5
2 125 80 160 0.42 0.5 1.1 1 0.5
3 125 80 160 0.39 1 1.13 1 0.5
4 125 80 160 0.38 1.1 1.2 1 0.5
5 125 80 160 0.36 1.3 1.4 1 0.5
7. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 20 editor@iaeme.com
Fig. 2 Assessment of flowability and buildability of different mixes
The buildability test, conducted to assess the ability of lower layers to sustain the imposed
load of the other layers on top, is shown in the red graph in Fig. 2.The maximum number of layers
that could be built without collapse is measured for each of the 4 mixes. From Fig. 2, it is observed
that the number of layers decreases as the superplasticizer used increases. Buildability is high for
mixes 2 and 3 but exhibits a steep decrease upon reaching mixes 4 and 5.
It was observed from the results that in order for the concrete paste to meet the desired
standards of workability and buildability, the flowability rate should be strictly between 1.0 and 1.2
cm/s. Below 1 cm/sec, the mix provided extrudability problems and wasn’t flowable enough while a
flowability ratio above 1.2 cm/sec proved unsuitable regarding buildability. The flowability ratios of
mixes 2 to 3 fell within the acceptable flowability range and the poured layers were able to support
themselves when extruded. On the other hand, mixes 4 and 5 exhibited flowabilities on the high
range which negatively impacted the ability of the concrete to settle appropriately when poured. As
is apparent from the two graphs, the optimal mix that best met the flowability and buildability
criteria is mix 3. As a result, it was chosen as the optimal mix to carry the tests on.
Furthermore, Figs. 3 and 4 show the effect of retarder dosage (varied from 0 to 1.5%) on
workability with time. From both graphs, it is apparent that the optimal retarder concentration is
0.5%and achieved an open time of 70 minutes. As the retarder concentration is further increased, the
open time decreases very steeply to 20 minutes at 1%.
Fig.3 Effect of retarder dosage on open time
8. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Fig. 4 Effect of retarder dosage on workability with time
In addition to that, the following tests involved adding an accelerator to facilitate the settling
and setting of the concrete paste once poured out of the nozzle.
on mix 3. It was observed that adding an accelerator a
adverse effect on the extrudability as the paste was no longer able to be extruded from the nozzle
(Mix 3c). Also, using too little an amount of accelerator (Mix 3a) required a long time to take effect
and was not opted for. The most suitable mix in which the accelerator acted at the right time without
affecting other criteria was Mix 3b (1 ml of accelerator). Finally, the optimal mix was tested on the
machine and a wall specimen 77 cm in length, 10 cm in width, and 10
5).
Sample Cement
3a 125
3b 125
3c 125
Fig. 5 Machine printing (left)
3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
www.jifactor.com
21
Effect of retarder dosage on workability with time
n addition to that, the following tests involved adding an accelerator to facilitate the settling
and setting of the concrete paste once poured out of the nozzle. Table 3 presents the three trials done
on mix 3. It was observed that adding an accelerator above a certain amount (1 ml) caused an
adverse effect on the extrudability as the paste was no longer able to be extruded from the nozzle
(Mix 3c). Also, using too little an amount of accelerator (Mix 3a) required a long time to take effect
ed for. The most suitable mix in which the accelerator acted at the right time without
affecting other criteria was Mix 3b (1 ml of accelerator). Finally, the optimal mix was tested on the
machine and a wall specimen 77 cm in length, 10 cm in width, and 10 cm in height was printed
Table 3 Testing of Accelerator
Sand Aggregate Accelerator SP
80 160 0.5 ml 1 ml
80 160 1 ml 1 ml
80 160 1.5 ml 1 ml
Machine printing (left) and printed specimen (right)
3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
editor@iaeme.com
Effect of retarder dosage on workability with time
n addition to that, the following tests involved adding an accelerator to facilitate the settling
presents the three trials done
bove a certain amount (1 ml) caused an
adverse effect on the extrudability as the paste was no longer able to be extruded from the nozzle
(Mix 3c). Also, using too little an amount of accelerator (Mix 3a) required a long time to take effect
ed for. The most suitable mix in which the accelerator acted at the right time without
affecting other criteria was Mix 3b (1 ml of accelerator). Finally, the optimal mix was tested on the
cm in height was printed (Fig.
W/C
1 ml 0.39
1 ml 0.39
1 ml 0.39
and printed specimen (right)
9. 3D Concrete Printing: Machine and Mix Design, Zeina Malaeb, Hussein Hachem, Adel Tourbah,
Toufic Maalouf, Nader El Zarwi, And Farook Hamzeh, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215
(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 22 editor@iaeme.com
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3D Concrete Printing presents itself as a promising tool in the construction industry. With a
mix that satisfiesvarious design and operational constraints, houses can be built using this innovative
technique without the use of formwork. The printer moves in three directions to construct a wall, and
eventually other kinds of structures. The nozzle that pours concrete is designed in a way to optimize
the extrusion process, namely with a diameter of 2 cm and with two attached trowels lagging behind
it. The appropriate mix proves itself to be extrudable, flowable, buildable and of an appropriate
strength. Experimentation on various mixes revealed that the optimum mix to achieve such an
outcome consists of 125g of cement, 80g of sands and 160g of fine aggregates with a w/c ratio of
0.39.Also, 1 mL of accelerator and 0.625 mL of retarder are added to that quantity of the mix in
order to optimize the performance. The compressive strength of such a mix is approximately 42
MPa.
The application of the printing prototype in this paper to real-life construction is very
effective, at least for small-scale structures. Such a technique can easily be used in developing
countries, which are in need of a suitable, low-cost and fast building construction method. It can also
equally well be used for large buildings, should the logistics for this purpose be available. 3D
concrete printing offers savings in terms of long-term cost, time, labor and complexity, which are
very important current factors in the construction industry. Furthermore, it is less harmful to the
environment than more traditional construction methods. In addition to being a promising tool to
engineers in terms of structural design, 3D concrete printing is also a potential tool for architects in
architectural design. As the method is not limited by any type of formwork or manual labor,
designers will have much more design flexibility in that scope.
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research is supported by the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the
American Uni-versity of Beirut. The authors would like to thank Dr. Hiam Khoury, Dr.Ghassan
Chehab for their feedback. Also, our thanks go to Mr. Salah Masalkhi and Mr. Abbas Tarabay for
their help with the machine construction, to Mr. Helmi Al Khatib for his constant advice, and to
Mr.Emile Zankoul for his time and help.
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