The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Our readily available water monitoring system PowerPoint slide designs provide an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality check PPT slide deck. You can easily present the key statistics that play a vital role in analyzing the water industry by using this water treatment PPT slideshow. It is easy to present the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using content-ready water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. You can edit water quality testing PPT themes to present the sources of water pollution. Highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Provide an overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality. You also can present the chemicals and biological pollutants that deteriorate the water quality. Showcase the water quality monitoring types and their objectives by downloading our visually attention-grabbing water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3lzljrF
Natural Resource Management Of Water Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Natural Resource Management Of Water PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Take advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, and discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. The water quality section will help you understand sources of water pollution, natural and human processes affecting water quality. Give a brief overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality and pollutants that deteriorate water quality on a global scale with the help of our water quality management PowerPoint infographics. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. You can design monitoring programs by describing monitoring types, monitoring areas, considerations while selecting the sampling site, frequency, and time of sampling etc by downloading this readily available water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3o9aXA1
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
IRJET- Characterization of Ground Water based on Water Quality Index in Bhatk...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality in Bhatkal Taluk, Karnataka, India. Thirteen groundwater samples were collected from wells and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, etc. A water quality index (WQI) was calculated for each sample based on these parameters to classify the water quality on a scale of excellent to unsuitable. The WQI values ranged from 7.74 to 20.72 in the first sampling, indicating poor to very poor water quality. Subsequent samplings also produced WQI scores pointing to poor quality water that may require treatment before consumption. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and raise public awareness about drinking
Surface Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Surface Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Take the advantage of high-quality water management plan PPT infographics to give an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry, etc. Demonstrate the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water with the help of this PPT slide deck. The slideshow effectively depicts the division of the wastewater treatment market. Highlight the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, increasing regulation and efficiency. Modify our water resources PPT presentation to portray the natural and human processes that affect water quality. Our groundwater management PPT templates can aptly present the organization chart for the water supply authority. The slideshow also explains various topics like the wastewater treatment process, reuse by sector, and treated wastewater quality parameters. Highlight the water management KPI metrics by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3yKotPp
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Assessment Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Our readily available water monitoring system PowerPoint slide designs provide an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality check PPT slide deck. You can easily present the key statistics that play a vital role in analyzing the water industry by using this water treatment PPT slideshow. It is easy to present the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using content-ready water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. You can edit water quality testing PPT themes to present the sources of water pollution. Highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Provide an overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality. You also can present the chemicals and biological pollutants that deteriorate the water quality. Showcase the water quality monitoring types and their objectives by downloading our visually attention-grabbing water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3lzljrF
Natural Resource Management Of Water Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Natural Resource Management Of Water PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Take advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, and discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. The water quality section will help you understand sources of water pollution, natural and human processes affecting water quality. Give a brief overview of the optimization of deterioration in water quality and pollutants that deteriorate water quality on a global scale with the help of our water quality management PowerPoint infographics. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. You can design monitoring programs by describing monitoring types, monitoring areas, considerations while selecting the sampling site, frequency, and time of sampling etc by downloading this readily available water quality monitoring PPT slides. https://bit.ly/3o9aXA1
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
IRJET- Characterization of Ground Water based on Water Quality Index in Bhatk...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality in Bhatkal Taluk, Karnataka, India. Thirteen groundwater samples were collected from wells and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, etc. A water quality index (WQI) was calculated for each sample based on these parameters to classify the water quality on a scale of excellent to unsuitable. The WQI values ranged from 7.74 to 20.72 in the first sampling, indicating poor to very poor water quality. Subsequent samplings also produced WQI scores pointing to poor quality water that may require treatment before consumption. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and raise public awareness about drinking
Surface Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Surface Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Take the advantage of high-quality water management plan PPT infographics to give an overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry, etc. Demonstrate the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water with the help of this PPT slide deck. The slideshow effectively depicts the division of the wastewater treatment market. Highlight the key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, increasing regulation and efficiency. Modify our water resources PPT presentation to portray the natural and human processes that affect water quality. Our groundwater management PPT templates can aptly present the organization chart for the water supply authority. The slideshow also explains various topics like the wastewater treatment process, reuse by sector, and treated wastewater quality parameters. Highlight the water management KPI metrics by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3yKotPp
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
This document discusses the importance and process of conducting water audits in India. It begins by noting India's unequal distribution of water resources to support its large population. It then defines water audits as determining the amount of water lost from distribution systems through leakage, theft, or other reasons. The benefits of water audits are then outlined as reducing water losses, improving financial and system performance, and enhancing water management. Next, the five steps of conducting a water audit are described: studying water supply and usage, auditing the distribution process, auditing current water systems, analyzing wastewater discharges, and creating a water audit report. The document concludes by emphasizing the increasing scarcity of potable water in India and how comprehensive
This document provides an overview of key questions about freshwater resources that will be covered in the chapter. It discusses why water is important, how much is available, and how much we are using. It asks about the causes of freshwater shortages and potential solutions. It also asks about the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater, using dams and reservoirs, and transporting water between regions. Additional questions cover desalination, water conservation, sustainable water use, and flooding. The document lists several online resources and a video on drought in the western US. It previews case studies on water conflicts in the Middle East and freshwater resources in the US.
Land And Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
The document provides information on various aspects of land and water management including:
- An overview of the global water treatment market size and growth rates by industry and geography.
- Key statistics on water usage and the size of the US water market.
- Trends influencing the water industry like failing infrastructure and increasing regulation.
- Factors driving growth in the water industry such as migration to market-based pricing and stronger environmental compliance.
- Topics on water quality like sources of pollution, processes affecting quality, and pollutants deteriorating quality globally.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index Using GIS at Tirupathi, IndiaIRJET Journal
- The document analyzes groundwater quality in Tirupati, India using physical and chemical testing of water samples from 20 locations.
- Water Quality Index values showed that over 82% of samples were of "poor" quality and unsuitable for drinking.
- Spatial distribution maps created with GIS showed total dissolved solids were similar across locations while total hardness varied more between sites.
- The study assessed groundwater quality across the area to identify suitable locations for drinking water and inform management of water resources.
This document is the Indian Standard for drinking water specification. It outlines requirements and test methods for various water quality parameters. Some key points:
- It was originally published in 1983 and revised in 2012 to upgrade requirements and align with international standards.
- Tables 1-5 provide acceptable and permissible limits for parameters like turbidity, pH, heavy metals, pesticides and radioactive substances.
- Bacteriological, virological and biological requirements are also specified, including limits for E. coli and total coliforms.
- The standard aims to assess water quality, check treatment effectiveness, and ensure safety of supplies for public health. Routine monitoring is recommended to understand risks and define proper control measures.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
1. The study analyzed water samples from 5 villages in Tripura, India to assess groundwater quality. Samples were tested for parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, iron, chloride, calcium and magnesium.
2. Test results found that water quality was within recommended limits of organizations like WHO and ICMR, and was suitable for drinking. However, levels of some heavy metals indicate quality control is needed.
3. While current water quality meets standards, more preventive measures are needed to further reduce heavy metals for sustainable water resources in the future. Continuous monitoring and management can help address potential water crises.
Sanitary Survey of Public Drinking Water Sources in Slums of Bhubaneswar, Odi...Niladri Chokrabarti
The sanitary survey of drinking water sources in Bhubaneswar slums found various risks to water quality. The study conducted sanitary inspections and water testing of 168 slum sources to understand contamination risks. It identified issues like cracks in boreholes, unprotected wells, and lack of fencing around sources. The report details the survey methodology, findings on different source types, and makes suggestions to improve drinking water safety in slums through surveillance, prioritizing interventions, community participation, and advocacy. The study aims to help the government make policy changes to address water quality issues.
The document summarizes a water assessment study conducted in Bajaur, Khyber, and Mohmand agencies in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The study aimed to assess surface water and groundwater availability, develop a water balance model, and prepare a water management plan. Key findings include:
1) Surface water was assessed through analysis of rainfall, snowmelt, and proposed/existing dams. Groundwater was assessed through analysis of recharge, budget, and drawdown.
2) Major water consumers like agriculture, people, and livestock were identified and their current and projected water needs estimated.
3) A water balance model was developed to integrate water availability and consumption data for each agency and
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the water demand in Avadi Municipality, India using the EPANET water distribution modeling software. The study examined existing water usage data from 2004-2007 to determine factors like average daily demand, maximum monthly demand, and unaccounted water losses. It then used population projections and a standard demand calculation formula to estimate future water demands. The document describes how EPANET was used to distribute the water demands across the modeled network nodes and calibrate peaks. The study aimed to help plan infrastructure improvements like expanding the supply network or adding new facilities.
Residents of ID4 get their drinking water from the Henry C. Garnett Water Purification Plant, which treats water from several local sources including the Kern River, groundwater, and State Water Project water from Northern California. The plant produces around 29 million gallons per day on average. Treated water is distributed by local water agencies to homes and businesses in the area. Water quality is monitored through regular testing and surveys of the various water sources to protect public health.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
There are three main points summarized from the document:
1) Taraba State in Nigeria faces significant challenges in providing reliable water infrastructure and sanitation services to its population. Only 2 of 14 water treatment plants are fully operational, and over half of the population lacks access to basic sanitation.
2) Broken or aging water distribution systems allow contamination to enter drinking water supplies. Leaking pipes waste water and money. Many residents receive intermittent, low quality water services.
3) Building the capacity of water treatment plant staff and increasing community education on hygiene and sanitation practices could help address water quality issues. However, more investment is needed to repair and maintain water infrastructure across Taraba State.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses the importance and process of conducting water audits in India. It begins by noting India's unequal distribution of water resources to support its large population. It then defines water audits as determining the amount of water lost from distribution systems through leakage, theft, or other reasons. The benefits of water audits are then outlined as reducing water losses, improving financial and system performance, and enhancing water management. Next, the five steps of conducting a water audit are described: studying water supply and usage, auditing the distribution process, auditing current water systems, analyzing wastewater discharges, and creating a water audit report. The document concludes by emphasizing the increasing scarcity of potable water in India and how comprehensive
This document provides an overview of key questions about freshwater resources that will be covered in the chapter. It discusses why water is important, how much is available, and how much we are using. It asks about the causes of freshwater shortages and potential solutions. It also asks about the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater, using dams and reservoirs, and transporting water between regions. Additional questions cover desalination, water conservation, sustainable water use, and flooding. The document lists several online resources and a video on drought in the western US. It previews case studies on water conflicts in the Middle East and freshwater resources in the US.
Land And Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
The document provides information on various aspects of land and water management including:
- An overview of the global water treatment market size and growth rates by industry and geography.
- Key statistics on water usage and the size of the US water market.
- Trends influencing the water industry like failing infrastructure and increasing regulation.
- Factors driving growth in the water industry such as migration to market-based pricing and stronger environmental compliance.
- Topics on water quality like sources of pollution, processes affecting quality, and pollutants deteriorating quality globally.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index Using GIS at Tirupathi, IndiaIRJET Journal
- The document analyzes groundwater quality in Tirupati, India using physical and chemical testing of water samples from 20 locations.
- Water Quality Index values showed that over 82% of samples were of "poor" quality and unsuitable for drinking.
- Spatial distribution maps created with GIS showed total dissolved solids were similar across locations while total hardness varied more between sites.
- The study assessed groundwater quality across the area to identify suitable locations for drinking water and inform management of water resources.
This document is the Indian Standard for drinking water specification. It outlines requirements and test methods for various water quality parameters. Some key points:
- It was originally published in 1983 and revised in 2012 to upgrade requirements and align with international standards.
- Tables 1-5 provide acceptable and permissible limits for parameters like turbidity, pH, heavy metals, pesticides and radioactive substances.
- Bacteriological, virological and biological requirements are also specified, including limits for E. coli and total coliforms.
- The standard aims to assess water quality, check treatment effectiveness, and ensure safety of supplies for public health. Routine monitoring is recommended to understand risks and define proper control measures.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
1. The study analyzed water samples from 5 villages in Tripura, India to assess groundwater quality. Samples were tested for parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, iron, chloride, calcium and magnesium.
2. Test results found that water quality was within recommended limits of organizations like WHO and ICMR, and was suitable for drinking. However, levels of some heavy metals indicate quality control is needed.
3. While current water quality meets standards, more preventive measures are needed to further reduce heavy metals for sustainable water resources in the future. Continuous monitoring and management can help address potential water crises.
Sanitary Survey of Public Drinking Water Sources in Slums of Bhubaneswar, Odi...Niladri Chokrabarti
The sanitary survey of drinking water sources in Bhubaneswar slums found various risks to water quality. The study conducted sanitary inspections and water testing of 168 slum sources to understand contamination risks. It identified issues like cracks in boreholes, unprotected wells, and lack of fencing around sources. The report details the survey methodology, findings on different source types, and makes suggestions to improve drinking water safety in slums through surveillance, prioritizing interventions, community participation, and advocacy. The study aims to help the government make policy changes to address water quality issues.
The document summarizes a water assessment study conducted in Bajaur, Khyber, and Mohmand agencies in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The study aimed to assess surface water and groundwater availability, develop a water balance model, and prepare a water management plan. Key findings include:
1) Surface water was assessed through analysis of rainfall, snowmelt, and proposed/existing dams. Groundwater was assessed through analysis of recharge, budget, and drawdown.
2) Major water consumers like agriculture, people, and livestock were identified and their current and projected water needs estimated.
3) A water balance model was developed to integrate water availability and consumption data for each agency and
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the water demand in Avadi Municipality, India using the EPANET water distribution modeling software. The study examined existing water usage data from 2004-2007 to determine factors like average daily demand, maximum monthly demand, and unaccounted water losses. It then used population projections and a standard demand calculation formula to estimate future water demands. The document describes how EPANET was used to distribute the water demands across the modeled network nodes and calibrate peaks. The study aimed to help plan infrastructure improvements like expanding the supply network or adding new facilities.
Residents of ID4 get their drinking water from the Henry C. Garnett Water Purification Plant, which treats water from several local sources including the Kern River, groundwater, and State Water Project water from Northern California. The plant produces around 29 million gallons per day on average. Treated water is distributed by local water agencies to homes and businesses in the area. Water quality is monitored through regular testing and surveys of the various water sources to protect public health.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
There are three main points summarized from the document:
1) Taraba State in Nigeria faces significant challenges in providing reliable water infrastructure and sanitation services to its population. Only 2 of 14 water treatment plants are fully operational, and over half of the population lacks access to basic sanitation.
2) Broken or aging water distribution systems allow contamination to enter drinking water supplies. Leaking pipes waste water and money. Many residents receive intermittent, low quality water services.
3) Building the capacity of water treatment plant staff and increasing community education on hygiene and sanitation practices could help address water quality issues. However, more investment is needed to repair and maintain water infrastructure across Taraba State.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes the effects of scaling on the operation of a low voltage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) in different CMOS process technologies. It describes the design of a single output OTA topology that uses a minimal number of transistors between the supply voltage and ground to operate at low voltages. Simulation results show that scaling to smaller feature sizes (90nm vs 180nm vs 350nm) increases the OTA's bandwidth, transconductance, and stability while reducing total harmonic distortion and power dissipation. Scaling allows higher frequency operation and lower power consumption in analog circuits like OTAs.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document presents a study that uses time series analysis and ARIMA modeling to analyze historical data on the rate of influx of refugees into Kenya from 1993 to 2010 and forecast future refugee numbers. The study collected annual refugee influx data, analyzed it using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation, fitted an appropriate ARIMA model, and used the model to forecast refugee numbers in Kenya. The goal was to help authorities plan responses to the increasing refugee burden.
This document summarizes a study on controlling post-harvest bacterial diseases of tomatoes in Abia State, Nigeria. The study assessed the effects of pre-heat treatments and plant extracts on bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora and fruit spot caused by Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Subjecting tomato fruits to 50°C for 10 minutes provided the longest shelf life and was most effective at controlling the diseases. Plant extracts from neem, bitter kola, ginger, black pepper, and nutmeg were also effective at inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro compared to untreated controls. Cold water extracts of neem, ginger, and black pepper inhibited bacterial growth the most.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The study analyzed 80 milk samples from cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep to evaluate factors affecting milk composition. The average fat, protein and lactose contents varied between species. Values differed from standards due to season, nutrition, lactation stage. Early lactation saw lower fat and protein but higher lactose. Late lactation had higher fat and protein but lower lactose. Winter milk had lower lactose but higher protein than summer. Feeding and lactation stage also impacted composition but disease reduced all constituents. Season and breed influenced composition the most.
This document summarizes a study on using spinach plants to remove copper and iron from polluted water through rhizofilteration and phytoextraction. The study involved planting spinach in pots with synthetic wastewater containing different concentrations of copper and iron over various time periods. The results showed that spinach was highly effective at accumulating metals, removing 86.5% of copper and 85.9% of iron from the water through rhizofilteration. The highest accumulation of metals occurred in the spinach leaves rather than the roots or stems. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that spinach is a good candidate for phytoremediation of copper and iron pollution from water.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of soils for irrigation under the command area of the Gomal Zam Dam Multipurpose Project in Pakistan. Soil samples from 85 locations were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. It was found that 8.23% of the study area had highly suitable soils, 61.17% had moderately suitable soils, and 25.88% had marginally suitable soils. Some areas totaling 4.7% were unsuitable due to physical limitations like steep slopes or stones. The chemical factors of salinity and lime content were generally not limiting. Maps were produced showing the classification of different soil parameters and overall land suitability classes. Ridge planting and salt-tolerant crops were recommended
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical quality of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes in Mokola-Eleyele, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 21 points and analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium. The results were within Nigerian drinking water quality standards for all parameters. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between chemical contents at confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99%, indicating relationships between the parameters. The study concluded that the water quality from both well types was suitable for human consumption based on meeting regulatory standards.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
This document summarizes a study on the water supply situation in Shao, Kwara State, Nigeria. It finds that water is supplied once a month, sometimes with no supply for several months due to treatment plant issues. The supply only lasts a few hours and water is mostly available at public fetching points. The population of Shao was projected to be 13,112 in 2016, with a daily domestic water demand of 786,000 liters when accounting for losses and other uses. Household sizes ranged from 5-8 persons for 40% of households to over 12 persons for 16% of households.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
Assessment of mortality and morbidity risks due to the consumption of some sa...theijes
This study assessed the mortality and morbidity risks from consuming sachet drinking waters produced in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Natural radioactivity measurements of 60 sachet water samples from 15 enterprises found concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th ranging from 0.87-5.70 Bq/L, 0.16-0.47 Bq/L, and 0.17-0.60 Bq/L respectively. The estimated annual effective doses from ingesting these radionuclides were 45.48-113.07 μSv/y, with mortality and morbidity risks of 4.94×10-5 to 1.17×10-4 and
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Bhima River in Gulbarga District, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from 3 sampling points along a 2 km stretch of the river. The samples underwent physical, chemical and biological testing to determine parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, DO, BOD and more. The Water Quality Index was calculated based on these 14 parameters. Analysis found that some parameters like TDS, hardness, BOD and nitrate exceeded limits, suggesting the surface water needs treatment before consumption and protection from contamination. The high WQI values indicate the water quality ranges from poor to very poor.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
This document is Aquarion Water Company's 2013 Water Quality Report for customers in the Greater Bridgeport System. It provides information on water quality testing results that meet or exceed standards, investments in water system infrastructure, and programs to protect water sources and encourage conservation. Key information included are a water quality table with test results, explanations of water treatment processes, and tips for customers on maintaining water quality.
Water is an essential element for our survival. Unfortunately, while Pakistan is blessed with adequate surface and groundwater resources, rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices have placed immense stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country. Deterioration in water quality and contamination of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increased water-borne diseases and other health impacts.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES) (20)
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 7 ||Pages|| 09-17||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 9
Assessment of the Quality of Water Supplied By Water Vendors to
Households in Sabon-Gari Area of Kano, Northern Nigeria
Bichi, M. H.1*
and Amatobi, D. A.2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria.2
Yakasai Quarters,
Yankaba Kano.
-------------------------------------------------------ABSTARCT--------------------------------------------------------------
The study involved assessment of the quality of drinking water supplied by water vendors to households in Sabon-
gari area of Kano City in Northern Nigeria. The quality of the water was assessed at commercial sales points,
water vendor’s distribution Jeri-cans and household storage tanks. Ninety (90) water samples were collected at
10 locations spread across Sabon-gari and analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. The
results obtained were compared with standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the
Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and the European Community (EC). Total Hardness
(as CaCO3); Conductivity and Free Chlorine values were not within acceptable limits in most of the samples.
Colonies of microorganism were in excess amounts in 9 samples while coliform organism was detected in 19
samples. The percentage of colonies of microorganisms was 27%, 43% and 70% for commercial sales points,
hawkers’ Jerry-can, and household storage respectively. Also percentage of samples that tested positive to
coliform organism was 10%, 20%, and 33% for commercial sales points, hawkers’ Jerry-can, and household
storage respectively. Thus it was concluded that water quality was compromised at the private commercial
supply, during hawker’s distribution and in the household storage. It is recommended that the activities of the
water vendors need to be regulated and monitored in order to ensure the protection of the public health.
KEYWORDS: Contamination, Drinking water, Water vendors, Households, Water quality.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 1 July 2013, Date Of Publication: 20.July 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is fundamental to sustenance of life and safe drinking water is so essential that it is recognized as a
basic human right (Anan, 2001). Despite its basic importance, safe drinking water is not readily available to
many households across the world, due to various factors such as increasing population, source pollution and
poor management of water resources. When drinking water becomes scarce many families, especially the poor,
are prone to securing their drinking water in a manner and condition that could endanger their health and general
wellbeing. Studies (UNICEF/WHO, 2004; UNDP, 2006) have point out that the way people secure their drinking
water has a direct impact on their health and on the economic status of the family units. Water secured from a
remote and unprotected source can jeopardize the health of households. Drinking water, defined in the context of
this discussion, is the water which is suitable both for human consumption and for usual domestic uses, including
cooking and personal hygiene (Busari, 2006). People’s right to good life cannot be guaranteed if they do not have
a reliable and a convenient access to safe drinking water. Water is considered a renewable resource but in many
parts of the world, water resources have become so depleted or contaminated that they are unable to meet ever-
increasing demands (UNEP, 2004). The USAID (2005) estimates that over 1.2 billion people (one in every four
people in the developing world) lack access to a safe water supply. According to United Nations estimates, by the
year 2025, up to 20% of the world’s population could live in countries where water is in short supply (WWDR,
2003). Steep increase in population, rise in consumption and the desire for a better living has placed a greater
strain on the security of freshwater supply. Freshwater scarcity manifests in the form of rising demands or water
depletion and water pollution. It is estimated that water use for human purposes has increased six-fold in the past
100 years (UNEP, 2004). Not surprising, reports indicate that the water problem is worse in poor countries, more
especially in sub-Saharan Africa (Population Reports, 1998; UNICEF /WHO, 2000).
The Population Reports (1998) mentioned Nigeria among the countries likely to face water shortages by
the year 2025. The Drinking water availability ranking published in NationMaster.com, placed Nigeria at 116th
position out of 147 countries. In the same report, the Nigeria’s 62% availability was below the global weighted
average of 79% (UNICEF/WHO 2000, cited in NationMaster.com 2008). The United Nations Children's Fund
and World Health Organization also in a joint report raised an alarm over water contamination in Nigeria, noting
2. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 10
that more than 70 per cent of water sources in Nigeria are contaminated and injurious to health (UNICEF/WHO,
2005). Matsuura (2003) also reported that water demand in Nigeria far exceeds sustainable supply. Ibiam (2008)
also reported that drinking water supply in Nigeria is grossly inadequate especially in the rural areas. In a survey
conducted by the Federal Ministry of Health, only 15 per cent of villages have adequate and potable drinking
water. The situation in urban areas is also not cheerful. Less than 50% of the 85 million urban dwellers have
“reasonable access to reliable water supply” (FMWR and World Bank, 2000). Both rural and urban areas of Kano
State experience water shortages. According to Kazuare, (2005), less than 20% of the sixty wards in the six
metropolitan local governments of the state have access to potable drinking water.
The providers of water supply services in the low-income areas are: the Kano State Water Board, the
Vendors, the private water supply operators and the hawkers. The Water Board functions include treatment,
distribution and sale of water together with public enlightenment on water conservation. Vendors are the people
that Water Board leases standby water taps from which they sell to individuals. The Private Water Supply
Operators produce water (usually from boreholes equipped with electric submersible pumps) and sell to
individuals and hawkers at the water source site. Water hawkers are individuals who use Jerry-cans (usually
loaded on hand push trucks) to buy water from the vendors or other sources and deliver water to households. This
study is concerned with the assessment of the quality of water supplied by hawkers to households in Sabon-gari
area of Kano in Northern Nigeria.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Sample Collection
Water samples were collected from 10 drinking water supply locations out of 13 existing major water
source points and were selected to cover the spread of different districts of Sabon-Gari, Kano (Figure I). At each
location a sample (sample A) was taken from a commercial drinking water source, a second sample (sample B)
was taken from the Jerry-can of a water hawker who purchases water from the source and the third sample
(sample C) was collected from household storage where the vendor supplied. Each location was sampled thrice. -
Thus for a location identified with number 1, the samples collected are labeled 1A, 1B, 1C and a total of 90 water
samples were collected and analyzed. The samples were collected in clean sterilized bottles with stopper. Each of
the bottles was rinsed 3 times with the water samples and labeled; indicating the source, date and time of
collection. Clinical hand gloves were used to avoid hand contact. The samples were transferred to the laboratory
and analyzed within 48 hours for Bacteriological tests and 7 days for physico-chemical tests.
Figure 1: Sabon Gari Area, Kano-Nigeria. (Source-Google, 2013)
The analyses were carried out in the laboratories (Civil Engineering, Chemistry department and Central
Laboratory) of Bayero University Kano and the Kano State Water Board Laboratory in Challawa.
3. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 11
2.2 Physico-Chemical Tests
2.2.1 Determination of Colour
The colour was determined using Alpha Platinum- Cobalt Standard Range: 0-500 Units and DR /3
Spectrophotometer. Fifty milligrams of demineralized water was filtered and one drop of Triton® x-100 solution
was added to the filtered water in the flask. Without swirling or shaking, 25ml was poured into a clean sample
cell. Fifty milligrams of the water sample was filtered and one drop of Triton x-100 solution was added to the
filtered sample in the flask. Without swirling or shaking, 25ml of the filtered sample was poured into another
clean sample cell. The sample containing the demineralized water was placed into the cell holder and the light
shield was closed. The colour meter scale was inserted into the meter and the wavelength dial adjusted to 455nm.
The mode switch was then set to LEFT SET and the left set adjustment was checked. The mode switch was set to
NORM and the RIGHT SET controls were adjusted for a meter reading of zero colour units. The filtered water
sample was finally placed in the cell holder and the light shield was closed and the units of true colour read.
2.2.2 Determination of Turbidity
Turbidity was determined using Nephelometric Method. The turbidimeter was prepared for operation as
described in the instrument instruction manual by verifying that the calibration has been checked recently with
the turbidimeter standard supplied with the unit and that instrument has been warmed up properly. The
appropriate range was selected and the cell riser installed in the cell holder. A clean sample cell was then filled
with the water sample to 25ml mark. The sample was placed in the instrument and it was covered with the light
shield. The turbidity was then read directly in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
2.2.3 Determination of pH
The activated electrode (pH) was standardized with known pH buffer solutions of 4.0, 6.86 and 9.18
respectively. The electrode was rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. The pH values of sample were determined
by dipping the probe in each of the samples and the pH readings obtained electronically.
2.2.4 Determination of Conductivity
Conductivity was determined using a conductivity meter. The meter was switched on and allowed to
warm up for about 15 minutes, and then standardized with 0.01M of KCL solution where a conductivity value of
1413 micro-seimen per centimeter was obtained. The electrode was thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and
then introduced directly into the samples and the conductivity values were obtained.
2.2.5 Determination of Total Hardness
Hardness was determined using EDTA titrometric method. Fifty milligrams of the sample was measured
into a clean beaker and 0.5ml of 0.1N HCL was added. The solution was heated to boil in order to expel CO2,
then cooled to 500
C and 2ml of the buffer solution was added. Two drops of Erischrome T indicator was added
and the solution was titrated with EDTA standard titrant until the colour changed from red to blue and the volume
of EDTA used was recorded. Three tests were carried out per sample. The hardness was then computed as
Total Hardness mg/l CaCO3 =
sample
of
ml
17.8
0.1
1000
f
titrant
EDTA
of
ml
, Where f =
multiplication factor = 1
2.2.6 Determination of Calcium Hardness
Fifty milligrams of sample was measured into clean beaker. One milligram of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) solution was added to the sample. Two drops of Eriochrome T. indicator was then added. The solution
was thoroughly mixed. It was then titrated with EDTA standard titrant until colour changed from purple to violet.
Calcium Hardness as Mg/l CaCO3 =
sample
of
ml
1000
EDTA
of
ml
2.2.7 Determination of Magnesium Hardness
The difference between the total hardness and calcium hardness is the magnesium hardness. i.e. total
hardness - calcium hardness = magnesium hardness.
4. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 12
2.2.8 Determination of Chloride
This was determined using Argentometric Method. One hundred milligram of the water sample was put
into a 250ml conical flask. One milligram of the potassium chromate indicator Solution was then added. The
Solution was then titrated with 0.0lM standard Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Solution until a permanent (golden brown)
colour was obtained at a pH range of 7 to 10. The volume of Silver Nitrate used was then recorded.
Mg/l of Cl -
= ml of Ag NO3 x multiplication factor x 5 where: Multiplication factor = 9.87.
2.2.9 Determination of Nitrate (Nitrogen)
This was determined using spectrophotometric method. The absorbance or transmission was read
against distilled water and set at Zero absorbance or 100% transmission. A wavelength ()גּ of 220 nm to obtain
NO3
-
reading and a גּ of 275 nm to determine interferences due to dissolved organic matter. Subtract 2x the
absorbance (abs) reading at 275 nm from the reading at 220nm to obtain abs due to NO3
-
. Convert this abs. value
to NO3
-
-N from Standard curve by extrapolation.
2.2.10 Determination of Sulphate
This was determined using Turbidimetric method. 100 ml sample was measured into a 250 ml conical
flask and 5 ml of conditioning reagents added. While mixing and stirring, a spoonful of BaCl2 crystals was added
and timing started immediately. The contents were stirred for exactly 1 minute at constant speed. Some of the
solution ws poured into absorption cell and the absorbance read at 425 nm. The SO4
2-
concentration was
determined by extrapolation from the calibration curve.
2.2.11 Determination of Silica
Silico-molybdate Method was used for this determination. A clean sample cell was filled with water
sample to the 25ml mark. The contents of one molybdate reagents powder pillow was added and mixed
thoroughly by swirling. The contents of one acid reagents powder pillow was then added and the solution
thoroughly mixed by swirling. A yellow colour developed when silica and/or phosphate are present. The sample
was then allowed to stand for 10 minutes. Contents of one citric acids powder pillow were added to the sample
and mixed thoroughly by swirling to allow any colour due to the presence of phosphate to disappear. The sample
was allowed for at least two minutes to fully stabilize. Another sample cell was filled with distilled water to the
25ml mark and placed into the cell holder. The light shield was closed. The silica metre scale was inserted into
the meter and the wavelength dial adjusted to 410nm. The mode switch was set to the LEFT SET and the left set
adjustment checked. The mode switch was set to NORM and the RIGHT SET control adjusted for a meter
reading of zero mg/l. The prepared sample was then placed in the cell holder, the light shield closed, and mg/l
silica as (SiO2) read.
2.2.12 Determination of Residual/Free Chlorine
This was done by DPD (N,N Diethyl –p-phenylenediamine) Method. Water sample was taken by filling
a clean sample cell to the 25ml mark. Another sample cell was filled with demineralized water to the 25ml mark
and placed into the cell holder and the light shield closed. The chlorine meter scale was inserted into the meter
and the wavelength dial adjusted to 530nm. The Mode switch was set to LEFT SET and the left set adjustment
checked. The switch was set to NORM and the RIGHT SET controls adjusted for a meter reading of zero mg/L.
The content of one DPD Free Chlorine Reagent powder pillow was added to the test sample and shaken several
times to mix. A red colour developed when chlorine was present. The prepared sample was then placed in the cell
holder, the light shield closed, and the mg/l chlorine read.
2.2.13 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand
Dichromate Reflux Method was used. 100ml of water sample was measured into an Erlenmeyer flask,
2ml of 8% sodium hydroxide added and boiled. 10ml of KMnO4 solution was added and the boiling continued
for 10 minutes. 10ml of oxalic acid was added, mixed and the excess oxalic acid titrated with potassium
permanganate.
O2 (COD) mg/l =
sample
of
ml
1000
0.08
KMnO
0.01N
of
ml 4
, Where ml of sample = 100ml
2.3 Metals Analysis
2.3.1 Digestion of Water Samples
A measured volume of 5ml of HCL was added to each of the measured water samples in a beaker and
heated on a hot plate in a fume cupboard until the volume was reduced to about 20ml. It was then cooled, filtered
and the volume made up to 100ml mark with distilled water in a volumetric flask (ASTM, 2004).
5. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 13
2.3.2 Determination of Mg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cu
AAS Method was used. For each sample, 100ml was digested. A hollow cathode lamp of the desired
metal was installed into the AAS machine and the wavelength characteristics of that metal set. The slit width and
the amount of current applied to the hollow cathode lamp were all set according to manufacturer’s instruction.
The instrument was then switched on and allowed to warm up until the energy source stabilized. The oxidant and
fuel gases (air and acetylene) were then allowed to flow and then ignited while the flow rates were adjusted as
specified by the manufacturer. Acidified distilled water (1.5ml HNO3 /l and specific gravity 1.42) was then
aspirated and the aspiration rate adjusted after which the instrument was set at zero. The blank and the digested
sample solution were all aspirated one after the other and the absorbances obtained recorded. Concentration of
the analytes in mg/l of the digested samples were obtained by extrapolation from the calibration curve prepared
(APHA,1990).
2.3.3 Determination of Na, K and Ca.
Flame Photometric Method. 100ml each of water sample was digested. Blank sample was also digested
by the same method. Calibration standard of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/l for Sodium and Potassium were prepared,
while 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/l for Calcium were also prepared for each metal. The absorbance of the
samples, calibration standards and the blank were then measured and recorded. The concentration of the metals
was calculated from calibration curves by extrapolation (APHA, 1990).
2.4 Bacteriological Examination of Water Samples
The colonies of micro-organism present in the water samples were examined using the nutrient agar
plate count method. One hundred and twenty eight grams of nutrient agar was added to 1 litre of distilled water in
a round bottom flask and allowed to soak for 15 minutes. The media was sterilized for 15 minutes at a
temperature of 1300
C in an autoclave. The sterilized media was mixed well by swirling and cooled to below 200
C
in a refrigerator.
2.4.1 Determination of Total Bacterial Colonies
Each original water sample was diluted with distilled water. One milligram of each diluted sample was
placed in a separate Petri-dish. The sterile prepared nutrient agar was raised to the temperature of about 420
C.
Ten milligrams of the sterile agar was added to each Petri-dish, under flame. The contents were mixed thoroughly
by tilting and rotating and allowed to solidify. Each Petri-dish was placed in an incubator set at 370
C for 48
hours. The white spots in the dishes indicate the presence of colonies and was counted using colony counter.
2.4.2 Coliform Examination
The media was prepared by dissolving forty grams of Mconkey Broth in 1 litre of distilled water and
mixed thoroughly. Fifty milligrams of the Mconkey Broth was put into a round bottom flask. Ten milligrams
each of the dissolved Mconkey Broth was put into five test tubes. The content of the round bottom flask and the
five test tubes were sterilized and allowed to cool to room temperature. Fifty milligrams of water sample was
added into round bottom flask containing 50ml of Mconkey Broth. Ten milligrams of water sample each was
added into 5 test tubes containing 10ml each of Mconkey Broth under flame. The contents of both the round
bottom flask and the tubes were incubated at 370
C for 48 hours. The presence of coli form was observed by
checking for any colour change from purple to yellow. The number of coliform was estimated using probability
table for Coliform organisms (Punmia et al, 1995).
2.4.3 E-coli Examination.
The media was prepared by adding 36.5g of Endo-Agar to 1 litre of distilled water and soaked for 15
minutes. The mixture was sterilized in an autoclave for 15 minutes at 1300
C. The sterilized Endo-Agar was
mixed thoroughly, distributed into Endo-Agar plates and allowed to solidify. Each subculture tube which tested
positive for coliform was placed onto Endo-Agar plates. The Endo-Agar plates were incubated for 24 hours at
370
C. The presence of E-coli was checked by observing the colour of the incubated agar. The presence of E-coli
raises the colour of the Endo-Agar to deep red, which colours the surrounding medium and possess a golden
metallic sheen. Absence of E-coli indicates no colour change of the endo-agar.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Tables 1, 2 and 3 show a summary of the results for physic-chemical parameters of the water from the
supply point, water vendors, and households respectively.
7. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 15
s/no Parameters Mean standard dev
WHO
(2004)limits
NSDWQ
(2007) limits
EC(1980)
limits
1 Colour (TCU) 5 0 15 15 20
2 PH 6.68 0.23 6.5-8.4 6.5-8.5 9.5
3 Cond. µS/cm 1642.67 819.16 NS 1000 NS
4 Turbidity NTU 2.67 0.79 5 5 NS
5 C.O.D (mg/l) 12.37 1 NS NS NS
6 F. Chlorine (mg/l) 0.12 0.04 NS 0.2-0.25 NS
7 Total Hardness (mg/l) 625.27 260.48 500 150 NS
8 Calcium Hardness (mg/l) 506.67 192.21 NS NS NS
9 Magnesium Hardness(mg//l) 118.6 106.73 NS NS NS
10 Chloride-CL(mg/l) 242.3 72.02 250 250 NS
11 silica (mg/l) 0.89 0.1 NS NS NS
12 Nitrate (mg/l) 3.3 1.68 50 50 50
13 Sulphate (mg/l) 6.92 5.84 250 100 250
14 Zn(mg/l) 1.6 0.6 3 3 5
15 Cu(mg/l) 0.56 0.2 2 1 3
16 Mg(mg/l) 53.8 22.75 150 0.2 50
17 Fe(mg/l) 0.27 0.07 0.3 0.3 0.2
18 Cr(mg/l) 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05
19 Mn(mg/l) 0.08 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.5
20 Ni(mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05
21 Pb(mg/l) 0.01 0 0.01 0.01 0.1
22 Na(mg/l) 9.7 3.44 200 200 150
23 K(mg/l) 3.93 2.77 NS NS 12
24 Ca(mg/l) 7.5 6.2 NS NS NS
Note: NS- Not specified
The results were compared with the acceptable limits for drinking water recommended by Word Health
Organization (WHO, 2004), the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ, 2007) and European
Community (EC, 1980). All the physico-chemical parameters fall within the acceptable limits of the World
Health Organization (WHO), Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and the European
Community (EC), except Total Hardness, Conductivity and free or residual Chlorine. Water samples in the study
area were found to be generally very hard with conductivity above 1000 µS/cm. The high hardness content
could be due to the nature of the geology of the area. This will impact on the taste of water and its ability to
encourage foaming of soap. Residual Chlorine values which were found to be less than the recommended
0.2mg/l will make the water more vulnerable to contamination.-Tables 4, 5 and 6 show the results of the
bacteriological examination for the water samples collected from supply points, water vendors, and households
respectively.
Table 4: Summary of Bacteriological parameters for sampled drinking water from private (commercial) supply in
Sabon-Gari Kano with WHO, NSDWQ and EC limits
S/no SampleNo Mean standardDev WHO(2004) NSDWQ(2007) EC(1980)limits
1
Colonies Per CC Growing
on Nutrient Agar at 370c
for 48 Hours (cfu/ml) 1.6 3.3 10 10 10
2
MPN ofColiform
Organism Per 100mls of
water Sample (cfu/100ml) 0.13 0.43 0 0 0
3
MPN E-Coli Organisms
Per 100mls water Sample
(cfu/100ml) 0 0 0 0 0
Table 5: Summary of Bacteriological parameters for sampled drinking water from hawkers in Sabon-gari Kano
with WHO, NSDWQ and EC limits
8. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 16
s/no Parameters Mean Standard dev WHO(2004) NSDWQ(2007) EC(1980) limits
1
Colonies Per CC Growing
on Nutrient Agar at 370c
for 48 Hours (cfu/mL) 2.63 3.78 10 10 10
2
MPN of ColiformOrganism
Per 100mls of water Sample
(cfu/100mL) 0.37 0.75 0 0 0
3
MPN E-Coli Organisms Per
100mls water Sample
(cfu/100mL) 0 0 0 0 0
Table 6: Summary of Bacteriological parameters for sampled drinking water from household storage in Sabon-
Gari Kano with WHO, NSDWQ and EC limits
s/no Parameters Mean standard dev
WHO(2004)
limits
NSDWQ
(2007) limits EC(1980) limits
1
Colonies Per CC Growing
on Nutrient Agar at 370c
for 48 Hours (cfu/mL) 4.3 4.37 10 10 10
2
MPN of Coliform
Organism Per 100mls of
water Sample
(cfu/100mL) 0.57 0.84 0 0 0
3
MPN E-Coli Organisms
Per 100mls water Sample
(cfu/100mL) 0 0 0 0 0
Traces of colonies of microorganisms and coliform were found in some of the samples with increasing
magnitude as the water moved from commercial source through the hawker to household storage. The percentage
of colonies of microorganisms was 27%, 43% and 70% for commercial sales points, hawkers’ Jerry-can, and
household storage respectively. Also the percentage of samples that tested positive to coliform organism was
10%, 20%, and 33% for commercial sales points, hawkers’ Jerry-can, and household storage respectively. Thus
it was found that water quality was compromised at the private commercial supply, during hawker’s distribution
and in the household storage.-The hygienic conditions of most boreholes/sales points where the hawkers obtain
drinking water were also found to be very poor. There were cases where the borehole areas were littered with
debris and waste; the borehole head were open and filled with dirty stagnant water. Some boreholes were too
close to septic tank in residential house or to power house with fuming generator exhaust. None of the water
supply sources was adequately fenced or protected to prevent fecal contamination by man or animals.-Most of the
drinking water hawkers in the area exhibit lack of proper knowledge on good hygiene and water safety. This was
evident in the manner they handled the water and their appearance.
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusion
The sources of drinking water in Sabon-gari are primarily boreholes and Water Board standby tanks, and
the households depend mostly on water hawkers for their drinking water supply. This is because pipe borne
water through functional public water mains is virtually non-existent in the area. The hawkers procure water
largely from private commercial boreholes and a few water board standby tank operators. The hawkers then
supply the water to the households from Jerry-cans loaded on hand push trucks.
9. Assessment Of The Quality Of Water Supplied By Water …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 17
Traces of colonies of microorganisms and coliform were found in some of the samples with increasing
magnitude as water moved from commercial source through the hawker to household storage. Thus it was found
that water quality was compromised at the private commercial supply, during hawker’s distribution and in the
household storage.
4.2 Recommendations
The importance of safe drinking water to the wellbeing of every individual cannot be over-emphasized.
Unclean or unprotected water can be a veritable source of infection and propagation of diseases.
In view of the overall findings in the study area the following recommendations are deemed appropriate.
[1] The health and water regulatory agencies should ensure that all commercial drinking water suppliers are
not only licensed but are also trained regularly on water safety and personal hygiene.
[2] The agencies should carry out regular inspection to ensure that water supply areas are tidy and are
adequately protected to prevent contamination of drinking water by human or animal fecal wastes.
[3] Water sales operators should be discouraged from citing boreholes/water sales points near septic tanks or
close to generator exhaust. They should be required to dose Chlorine to a level of 0.2mg/l in drinking
water sold to the public.
[4] There is a need for public enlightenment for water hawkers and households in the study area on personal
hygiene, handling and storage of drinking water. Households should boil their water before drinking
especially water from outside public mains.
[5] The water supply agency should endeavour to restore or build adequate and functional public water
infrastructure such that portable water could be supplied to all households in the area through water pipes.
[6] Further research on water quality in the area could look into drinking water quality under household
storage conditions.
REFERENCES
[1] Anan, K. (2001): Message of UN Secretary-General Kofi Anan on World Water Day.
[2] UNICEF/WHO (2004): Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: a mid-term assessment of progress. United Nations
Children's Fund/World Health Organization, New York.
[3] UNDP (2006): Human development report: beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis. United Nations
Development Programme. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
[4] Busari, O. (2006): Rural water quality guidelines and rationale: case study from Swaziland. Available
at:http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/RURAL%20Water%20Quality%20Guidelines%20and%20Rationale.doc [Assessed 5
April 2008].
[5] UNEP (2004): Challenges of water scarcity. United Nations Environmental Programme. Washington.
[6] USAID (2005): Investments in drinking water supply projects and related activities in 2005. The United States Agency for
International Development Washington D, C.
[7] WWDR (2003): Mitigating risks and coping with uncertainty. United Nations World Water Development Report, Paris:
[8] Population Report (1998): Solutions for a water-short world. Population Information Program, Center for Communication
Programs, USA. The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Vol. 26, Number 1.
[9] UNICEF/WHO (2000): Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. United Nations Children Fund and World
Health Organization.
[10] NationMaster.com (2008): Drinking water availability ( % most recent) by country. Available at:
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/newsletters/en/04.pdf [Assessed 10 July 2008].
[11] UNICEF/WHO (2005): Joint report on drinking water quality in Nigeria. United Nations Children Fund and World Health
Organization.
[12] Matsuura, K. (2003): while demand is growing dramatically at an unsustainable rate, water supplies are falling…. An address
delivered at the opening session of the intergovernmental ministerial conference at the Third World Water Forum, Kyoto, Japan.
[13] Ibiam, A. (2008): Watch what water you’re drinking. Thisday Newspapers Lagos. May 20.
[14] FMWR (2000);“National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy”, Department of Water Supply and Quality Control, FMWR, Abuja.
[15] Kazuare, U. (2005) : Kano State Water Board present situation problems and the way out. Seminar paper; Technical Session,
Nigerian Society of Engineers, Kano Branch.
[16] APHA (1990); Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 18th ed., American Public Health Association.
[17] Punmia, B., Ashok, J., and Arun, J., (1995): Water supply engineering. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications ltd.
[18] WHO (2004): Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization Geneva Vol.1: 3 ed. ISBN 92 4 154638 7
[19] NSDWQ (2007): Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Standard Organization of Nigeria. Wuse, Abuja.