This document discusses the challenges facing water infrastructure asset management in Australia. Major investments over the past decade have increased operating costs for maintaining assets. With financial constraints, the priority will be optimizing existing assets over new capital projects. Population growth and climate variability increase uncertainty, while aging assets require more maintenance. Rising costs threaten affordability. Asset managers must balance service, costs and sustainability as the industry shifts from expanding to maintaining infrastructure.
Water Quality and Urban Wastewater Management in ChinaJulian Wong
1) Water pollution is a major problem in China, with over half of rivers in northern China and over 70% in southern China rated as heavily polluted.
2) Domestic, industrial, and agricultural use all contribute to water pollution, with industry being the largest polluter.
3) China's urban wastewater treatment system is struggling with underutilized treatment plants, lack of funding for operations and maintenance, and no integration between drainage and treatment systems.
4) Improving performance will require setting enforceable but transitional standards, integrated management of drainage and treatment, private sector participation, and higher water tariffs.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the Water Efficiency Conference 2016 on integrated water planning strategies. It discusses how climate change and population growth are increasing pressures on water resources. Current siloed approaches to water management are proving inadequate. The need for integrated water management that coordinates planning for water resources, quality, and flooding has never been greater. The paper reviews different approaches to integrated planning internationally and in the UK. It also summarizes interviews with water planners on barriers and benefits to integrated planning in the UK.
Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water Delivery in Town Drink...Editor IJCATR
Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research
The document presents the results of a StrengthsFinder assessment for an individual named 立人 Zheng. It identifies their top five signature themes:
1. Woo, which means they enjoy meeting new people and building rapport.
2. Focus, so they set clear goals and priorities to stay on track.
3. Communication, as they like explaining ideas vividly through stories and examples.
4. Input, since they are inquisitive and enjoy collecting interesting information.
5. Analytical, so they rigorously analyze ideas and situations by peeling back layers.
Water Quality and Urban Wastewater Management in ChinaJulian Wong
1) Water pollution is a major problem in China, with over half of rivers in northern China and over 70% in southern China rated as heavily polluted.
2) Domestic, industrial, and agricultural use all contribute to water pollution, with industry being the largest polluter.
3) China's urban wastewater treatment system is struggling with underutilized treatment plants, lack of funding for operations and maintenance, and no integration between drainage and treatment systems.
4) Improving performance will require setting enforceable but transitional standards, integrated management of drainage and treatment, private sector participation, and higher water tariffs.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the Water Efficiency Conference 2016 on integrated water planning strategies. It discusses how climate change and population growth are increasing pressures on water resources. Current siloed approaches to water management are proving inadequate. The need for integrated water management that coordinates planning for water resources, quality, and flooding has never been greater. The paper reviews different approaches to integrated planning internationally and in the UK. It also summarizes interviews with water planners on barriers and benefits to integrated planning in the UK.
Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water Delivery in Town Drink...Editor IJCATR
Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research
The document presents the results of a StrengthsFinder assessment for an individual named 立人 Zheng. It identifies their top five signature themes:
1. Woo, which means they enjoy meeting new people and building rapport.
2. Focus, so they set clear goals and priorities to stay on track.
3. Communication, as they like explaining ideas vividly through stories and examples.
4. Input, since they are inquisitive and enjoy collecting interesting information.
5. Analytical, so they rigorously analyze ideas and situations by peeling back layers.
This document describes three investment packages - City Stockist, Depot Center, and Regional Center - for Maitamaka Financial Wellness and KDSI Financial Wellness programs. The City Stockist package with an investment of P500,000 estimates a net income of P300,220. The Depot Center package with an investment of P2,000,000 estimates a net income of P1,797,000. The Regional Center package with an investment of P5,000,000 estimates the highest net income of P5,234,400.
Bono is an Irish singer, songwriter, philanthropist, and businessman. He is the lead singer of the rock band U2 and has a net worth of $600 million. Bono co-founded several philanthropic organizations that focus on fighting poverty and AIDS relief in developing countries. He was named Time Person of the Year in 2005 for his philanthropic and political efforts.
This document provides an overview of the Maitamaka company, including:
- How they got their name from a Tagalog phrase meaning "You got it right"
- Their product lines focusing on health and wellness, including Ashitaba capsules and an energy-saving gas stove
- Their multi-level marketing business model where customers can become distributors and earn commissions on retail sales and by building a team
- Details on business packages to become a distributor, the various ways to earn including retail profits, commissions, and bonuses
- Disclaimers that income is not guaranteed and depends on business skills and effort of each distributor.
This document outlines how to create a web quest and its key parts. It discusses that a web quest is a teaching method using the internet that focuses on cooperative learning and developing higher-order thinking skills. The main parts of a web quest include an introduction, task, process, and conclusion. Students will learn how to determine the different parts of a web quest and create their own by using a web quest template site.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sleep paralysis, yaitu kondisi dimana seseorang terbangun dari tidur namun tidak dapat bergerak atau berbicara sementara otaknya sudah sadar, yang dapat terjadi karena beberapa faktor seperti kelelahan, stres, sering begadang, atau depresi. Dokumen juga menjelaskan bahwa sleep paralysis tidak ada hubungannya dengan makhluk halus atau setan.
The British Museum is one of the largest museums in the world, located in London. It was established in 1753 based largely on the collections of Sir Hans Sloane. The museum is dedicated to human history, art, and culture and is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It contains objects from all over the world in its vast collections.
This document outlines how to create a web quest and discusses its key parts and benefits. It aims to teach students the different components of a web quest, which includes an introduction, task, process, and conclusion. Creating their own web quest will help students develop higher-order thinking skills while learning collaboratively online.
This document discusses blended learning and what was learned from taking an EdX course on the topic. It outlines the benefits and challenges of blended learning, including being flexible, learner-centered, and allowing non-traditional students and individual pacing. The document also discusses what was learned about resource needs, blended learning design principles, and essential course elements. It concludes by encouraging using blended learning approaches in one's own classroom.
Lokman Ali has over 20 years of experience in mechanical engineering roles related to rotating equipment. He has worked on projects in various industries including oil and gas, refineries, and pulp and paper. Some of his responsibilities have included reliability centered maintenance programs, front-end engineering design, detail engineering, site engineering, construction, pre-commissioning, commissioning, and operations. He has specialized expertise in pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, and other rotating equipment.
This document does not contain any substantive content to summarize. It appears to be blank or contain only formatting characters. A meaningful summary cannot be generated from this input.
This very short document does not contain enough text to summarize meaningfully in 3 sentences or less. It contains only a single word with no other context provided.
ICT solutions for highly-customized water demand management strategiesSmartH2O
1) Smart metering technologies and big data analytics can help water utilities better understand residential water usage patterns and identify different consumption profiles.
2) Gamification approaches, like the SmartH2O project's "DropTheQuestion" app, show potential for inducing behavioral change and reducing household water consumption. Preliminary results from SmartH2O indicate water savings of 10% on average.
3) Further analysis of smart meter data from over 11,000 households in Valencia, Spain identified common daily, weekly, and hourly water usage patterns and helped classify households into consumption categories from very high to low users.
This document discusses major water issues in Malaysia and ways to overcome them. It notes that while Malaysia has abundant water resources due to monsoon seasons, rapid development has led to environmental degradation and unsustainable water usage. Major issues include overemphasis on water supply that is not sustainable, high non-revenue water loss of 40%, lack of water pollution enforcement, effects of climate change, low water tariffs encouraging wastage, and inefficient agricultural water usage. Potential solutions proposed include increasing water treatment plants, improving water management, boosting water infrastructure, emphasizing conservation, developing new technologies, improving irrigation practices, and better water catchment and distribution. The conclusion states identifying and addressing key issues is important for Malaysia's sustainable development.
Using less paying more presentation to healthy liveable cities conference jun...Cilla de Lacy
This document discusses the importance of continued investment in water efficiency measures. It notes that major Australian cities achieved 350GL of annual water savings through efficiency measures implemented during droughts from 2001-2010. Maintaining these measures is important given uncertainties around climate and population changes. The document advocates for a portfolio of long-term efficiency programs and policies like regulations, pricing, and engaging customers. It argues efficiency should be viewed as equally important as infrastructure for ensuring reliable water supplies.
This document summarizes water scarcity issues in Australia. It finds:
1) Water resources are unevenly distributed, with more in the north and less in the populated south, exacerbating scarcity.
2) A multi-criteria analysis was used to assess water stress levels across regions, considering population, water usage, flow, and precipitation.
3) The analysis found the highest stress levels in the most populated southeast regions like Sydney and Melbourne, which have high water demand but lower renewable supplies.
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in SomaliaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Somalia. It finds that climate change is causing rising temperatures, variations in precipitation patterns, and an increase in floods and droughts in Somalia. Drought has been a long-standing problem in Somalia and has worsened in recent decades. Precipitation levels and river flows are becoming more erratic due to climate change. The research uses the Standardized Precipitation Index to analyze drought conditions from 2009-2017 and finds varying levels of drought across different cities in Somalia during this period. Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity issues in Somalia and disrupting agricultural and economic activities that rely on consistent water availability. The research aims to increase awareness
This document provides an overview of the Water Resources (Scotland) Act 2013 and how it supports Scotland's vision of becoming a "HydroNation" with a sustainable water-based economy. The Act consolidated previous water legislation and gave new powers to the Scottish government and Scottish Water to better manage water resources. It requires them to utilize water supplies to further economic development, international cooperation, and research excellence related to water. The document then analyzes how Scottish Water is implementing strategies focused on wealth creation, international reputation, education, customer service, sustainable development, and communication to advance the HydroNation goals using the powers granted by the Water Resources Act.
Design of water supply system for a G+12 residential building by water neutra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a water supply system for a residential building in Mumbai, India using the concept of water neutrality. It first provides background on water scarcity issues in India and the purpose of water neutrality. It then details the design considerations for the water supply system for a G+12 residential building, including population served, water demand calculations, tank sizing, and borewell dimensions. It also discusses a rainwater harvesting system for the building, providing costs and calculations for potential rainwater collection. The goal is to study methods for water conservation and design a system using water neutrality principles to help address water scarcity issues faced in cities like Mumbai.
The document discusses the context surrounding Scotland's infrastructure needs. It notes that infrastructure investment is key to driving economic growth but must also ensure resilience against challenges like climate change and demographic shifts. While major projects have stimulated growth, future output is expected to decline without continued investment. The report recommends taking a holistic, long-term approach to assessing infrastructure needs and prioritizing projects to support sustainable growth and international competitiveness. Devolution of additional powers could impact infrastructure planning and funding models going forward.
Economic of wastewater treatment and recyclingTst Thong
This document discusses research on the economics of wastewater treatment and recycling in Australia. It finds that treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution to water scarcity issues, but that further research is needed. In particular, a benefit-cost analysis comparing different treatment levels and uses would help determine efficient allocation. Additional issues like community acceptance, cost distribution, and regional impacts also require consideration to develop effective wastewater recycling policies.
This paper reviews key policy instruments, the state of water resources in Nova Scotia and the possible impacts hydraulic fracturing may have on those resources. In particular the paper addresses: the current status of water in Nova Scotia; concerns with water and unconventional shale gas development; water regulations for hydraulic fracturing in other jurisdictions; current water regulations in Nova Scotia and; water management with hydraulic fracturing in a Nova Scotia context.
This document describes three investment packages - City Stockist, Depot Center, and Regional Center - for Maitamaka Financial Wellness and KDSI Financial Wellness programs. The City Stockist package with an investment of P500,000 estimates a net income of P300,220. The Depot Center package with an investment of P2,000,000 estimates a net income of P1,797,000. The Regional Center package with an investment of P5,000,000 estimates the highest net income of P5,234,400.
Bono is an Irish singer, songwriter, philanthropist, and businessman. He is the lead singer of the rock band U2 and has a net worth of $600 million. Bono co-founded several philanthropic organizations that focus on fighting poverty and AIDS relief in developing countries. He was named Time Person of the Year in 2005 for his philanthropic and political efforts.
This document provides an overview of the Maitamaka company, including:
- How they got their name from a Tagalog phrase meaning "You got it right"
- Their product lines focusing on health and wellness, including Ashitaba capsules and an energy-saving gas stove
- Their multi-level marketing business model where customers can become distributors and earn commissions on retail sales and by building a team
- Details on business packages to become a distributor, the various ways to earn including retail profits, commissions, and bonuses
- Disclaimers that income is not guaranteed and depends on business skills and effort of each distributor.
This document outlines how to create a web quest and its key parts. It discusses that a web quest is a teaching method using the internet that focuses on cooperative learning and developing higher-order thinking skills. The main parts of a web quest include an introduction, task, process, and conclusion. Students will learn how to determine the different parts of a web quest and create their own by using a web quest template site.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sleep paralysis, yaitu kondisi dimana seseorang terbangun dari tidur namun tidak dapat bergerak atau berbicara sementara otaknya sudah sadar, yang dapat terjadi karena beberapa faktor seperti kelelahan, stres, sering begadang, atau depresi. Dokumen juga menjelaskan bahwa sleep paralysis tidak ada hubungannya dengan makhluk halus atau setan.
The British Museum is one of the largest museums in the world, located in London. It was established in 1753 based largely on the collections of Sir Hans Sloane. The museum is dedicated to human history, art, and culture and is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It contains objects from all over the world in its vast collections.
This document outlines how to create a web quest and discusses its key parts and benefits. It aims to teach students the different components of a web quest, which includes an introduction, task, process, and conclusion. Creating their own web quest will help students develop higher-order thinking skills while learning collaboratively online.
This document discusses blended learning and what was learned from taking an EdX course on the topic. It outlines the benefits and challenges of blended learning, including being flexible, learner-centered, and allowing non-traditional students and individual pacing. The document also discusses what was learned about resource needs, blended learning design principles, and essential course elements. It concludes by encouraging using blended learning approaches in one's own classroom.
Lokman Ali has over 20 years of experience in mechanical engineering roles related to rotating equipment. He has worked on projects in various industries including oil and gas, refineries, and pulp and paper. Some of his responsibilities have included reliability centered maintenance programs, front-end engineering design, detail engineering, site engineering, construction, pre-commissioning, commissioning, and operations. He has specialized expertise in pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, and other rotating equipment.
This document does not contain any substantive content to summarize. It appears to be blank or contain only formatting characters. A meaningful summary cannot be generated from this input.
This very short document does not contain enough text to summarize meaningfully in 3 sentences or less. It contains only a single word with no other context provided.
ICT solutions for highly-customized water demand management strategiesSmartH2O
1) Smart metering technologies and big data analytics can help water utilities better understand residential water usage patterns and identify different consumption profiles.
2) Gamification approaches, like the SmartH2O project's "DropTheQuestion" app, show potential for inducing behavioral change and reducing household water consumption. Preliminary results from SmartH2O indicate water savings of 10% on average.
3) Further analysis of smart meter data from over 11,000 households in Valencia, Spain identified common daily, weekly, and hourly water usage patterns and helped classify households into consumption categories from very high to low users.
This document discusses major water issues in Malaysia and ways to overcome them. It notes that while Malaysia has abundant water resources due to monsoon seasons, rapid development has led to environmental degradation and unsustainable water usage. Major issues include overemphasis on water supply that is not sustainable, high non-revenue water loss of 40%, lack of water pollution enforcement, effects of climate change, low water tariffs encouraging wastage, and inefficient agricultural water usage. Potential solutions proposed include increasing water treatment plants, improving water management, boosting water infrastructure, emphasizing conservation, developing new technologies, improving irrigation practices, and better water catchment and distribution. The conclusion states identifying and addressing key issues is important for Malaysia's sustainable development.
Using less paying more presentation to healthy liveable cities conference jun...Cilla de Lacy
This document discusses the importance of continued investment in water efficiency measures. It notes that major Australian cities achieved 350GL of annual water savings through efficiency measures implemented during droughts from 2001-2010. Maintaining these measures is important given uncertainties around climate and population changes. The document advocates for a portfolio of long-term efficiency programs and policies like regulations, pricing, and engaging customers. It argues efficiency should be viewed as equally important as infrastructure for ensuring reliable water supplies.
This document summarizes water scarcity issues in Australia. It finds:
1) Water resources are unevenly distributed, with more in the north and less in the populated south, exacerbating scarcity.
2) A multi-criteria analysis was used to assess water stress levels across regions, considering population, water usage, flow, and precipitation.
3) The analysis found the highest stress levels in the most populated southeast regions like Sydney and Melbourne, which have high water demand but lower renewable supplies.
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in SomaliaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Somalia. It finds that climate change is causing rising temperatures, variations in precipitation patterns, and an increase in floods and droughts in Somalia. Drought has been a long-standing problem in Somalia and has worsened in recent decades. Precipitation levels and river flows are becoming more erratic due to climate change. The research uses the Standardized Precipitation Index to analyze drought conditions from 2009-2017 and finds varying levels of drought across different cities in Somalia during this period. Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity issues in Somalia and disrupting agricultural and economic activities that rely on consistent water availability. The research aims to increase awareness
This document provides an overview of the Water Resources (Scotland) Act 2013 and how it supports Scotland's vision of becoming a "HydroNation" with a sustainable water-based economy. The Act consolidated previous water legislation and gave new powers to the Scottish government and Scottish Water to better manage water resources. It requires them to utilize water supplies to further economic development, international cooperation, and research excellence related to water. The document then analyzes how Scottish Water is implementing strategies focused on wealth creation, international reputation, education, customer service, sustainable development, and communication to advance the HydroNation goals using the powers granted by the Water Resources Act.
Design of water supply system for a G+12 residential building by water neutra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a water supply system for a residential building in Mumbai, India using the concept of water neutrality. It first provides background on water scarcity issues in India and the purpose of water neutrality. It then details the design considerations for the water supply system for a G+12 residential building, including population served, water demand calculations, tank sizing, and borewell dimensions. It also discusses a rainwater harvesting system for the building, providing costs and calculations for potential rainwater collection. The goal is to study methods for water conservation and design a system using water neutrality principles to help address water scarcity issues faced in cities like Mumbai.
The document discusses the context surrounding Scotland's infrastructure needs. It notes that infrastructure investment is key to driving economic growth but must also ensure resilience against challenges like climate change and demographic shifts. While major projects have stimulated growth, future output is expected to decline without continued investment. The report recommends taking a holistic, long-term approach to assessing infrastructure needs and prioritizing projects to support sustainable growth and international competitiveness. Devolution of additional powers could impact infrastructure planning and funding models going forward.
Economic of wastewater treatment and recyclingTst Thong
This document discusses research on the economics of wastewater treatment and recycling in Australia. It finds that treated wastewater recycling offers a potential solution to water scarcity issues, but that further research is needed. In particular, a benefit-cost analysis comparing different treatment levels and uses would help determine efficient allocation. Additional issues like community acceptance, cost distribution, and regional impacts also require consideration to develop effective wastewater recycling policies.
This paper reviews key policy instruments, the state of water resources in Nova Scotia and the possible impacts hydraulic fracturing may have on those resources. In particular the paper addresses: the current status of water in Nova Scotia; concerns with water and unconventional shale gas development; water regulations for hydraulic fracturing in other jurisdictions; current water regulations in Nova Scotia and; water management with hydraulic fracturing in a Nova Scotia context.
This document summarizes the hydrological conditions of the Mekong River in Cambodia from 2000 to 2015. It finds that 2015 saw significantly lower rainfall and river flows compared to previous years. The flood peak index and volumes were within the lowest ranges. Water levels in Tonle Sap Lake were much reduced. El Nino conditions from late 2015 to mid-2016 likely exacerbated the dry conditions. Going forward, the author recommends considering climate change impacts, reservoir operations, sediment and salinity changes in modeling future flood risks.
This document discusses improving the sustainability of water infrastructure projects in developing countries. It proposes measuring investments in "water-person-years" to shift focus from increasing coverage to long-term operation and maintenance of existing systems. The current approach of setting ambitious coverage targets does not incentivize maintaining infrastructure, and many water sources break down within a few years. Measuring investments by the number of people served over time could help allocate resources more efficiently and sustainably.
Essay On Integrated Water Management
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New England Water Treatment Training (NEWTT): Presentation by Robert S. Rak, Principal Investigator, Professor and Environmental Science and Technology Coordinator, Bristol Community College, Fall River, MA
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
Ppp position paper_water_n_sanitation_102k9Ritu Dhar
This document summarizes the key challenges facing India's water and sanitation sector, including rapid urbanization, underinvestment, and lack of robust institutional structures. It notes that while nearly all urban areas have piped water, the systems are inefficient with low pressure and frequent breakdowns. The sector is in a downward spiral of deteriorating assets and declining revenues. Large investments are needed but the 11th Five Year Plan aims to increase investments significantly over the 10th Plan. Reforms and greater private sector participation are also seen as important to address the sector's challenges.
Central Water Commission is India's apex technical organization for water resources development. It advises the central and state governments on water resources planning and development projects. India has significant untapped hydropower potential but development has been hindered by various conflicts. Social conflicts arise from inadequate resettlement and compensation for displaced people. Environmental conflicts stem from disagreements over environmental flows in rivers downstream of dams. Strategies like participatory decision making, consensus on optimal environmental flows, and addressing livelihood impacts can help promote sustainable hydropower development.
The document discusses water resources and ecosystem services in Australia under the National Water Initiative. It summarizes that Australia has highly variable water flows between maximum and minimum annual flows compared to other countries. The National Water Initiative aims to reform water entitlements, enable water trading, and recognize ecosystem services and environmental needs. It advocates assessing water stress, trade-offs between environmental and consumptive water use, and using performance benchmarking to improve water management.
Even Flow - Water coordination efficiency & Hydropower-1Johan Gustavsson
Johan Gustavsson wrote a master's thesis examining the impact of the EU Water Framework Directive on water coordination efficiency in hydropower markets. The thesis implements a dynamic market model to compare Stackelberg competition and monopoly/collusion market types under different reservoir capacities and an outflow regulation. The main finding is that under limited storage, a lack of centralized coordination causes competition to be less desirable than monopoly from a welfare perspective. However, with sufficient reservoir capacity, the benefits of competition outweigh this coordination cost.
Smart metering technologies allow for gathering high resolution water demand data in the residential sector, opening up new opportunities for the development of models describing water consumers’ behaviors. Yet, gathering such accurate water demand data at the end-use level is limited by metering intrusiveness, costs, and privacy issues. In this paper, we contribute a stochastic simulation model for synthetically generating high-resolution time series of water use at the end-use level. Each water end-use fixture in our model is characterized by its signature (i.e., its typical single-use pattern), as well as frequency distributions of its number of uses per day, single use duration, time of use during the day, and contribution to the total household water demand. The model relies on statistical data from a real-world metering campaign across 9 cities in the US. Showcasing our model outputs, we demonstrate the potential usability of this model for characterizing the water end-use demands of different communities, as well as for analyzing the major components of peak demand and performing scenario analysis.
Similar to o14 WIAM - Addressing the challenges that lie ahead v0 (20)
Developing a stochastic simulation model for the generation of residential wa...
o14 WIAM - Addressing the challenges that lie ahead v0
1. WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ASSET MANAGEMENT – ADDRESSING THE
CHALLENGES THAT LIE AHEAD
Joey Loke
1
, Julian Briggs
2
, Francois Joubert
3
1. Aurecon Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
2. Aurecon Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
3. Aurecon Group, Cape Town, WC, South Africa
ABSTRACT
Water authorities across Australia are being faced
with a step change within the industry. Major capital
investments over the last 10 years, while crucial in
providing long term water security, have led to the
need for higher operating expenditure to maintain
efficient operation of assets. Coupled with the
financial constraints being felt across all industry
sectors in the country, the challenge for water
authorities over the coming years will be to make
judicious decisions on capital investments while
focussing on optimising the efficiency and longevity
of existing assets. This paper presents a discussion
on the challenges and priorities for asset
management practitioners in the Australian water
industry, as well as a framework for attaining best
practice in Asset Management.
INTRODUCTION
Australia and the majority of developed nations
have experienced a period of substantial economic
growth over the last 20 years. Statistics obtained
from the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation
and Development (OECD) show that Australia’s
growth domestic product (GDP) per capita
increased from US$ 20,105 to US$ 44,407 between
1993 and 2012. Over this time, the estimated
national resident population increased from 17.7
million to 22.9 million. Forecasts by the Australian
Bureau of Statistics (ABS) indicate that Australia’s
population is expected to continue growing with
estimates of between 37 and 48 million by 2061.
With sustained economic prosperity and increasing
population comes the need to provide efficient and
sustainable services that can account for both the
current and future needs of a “thirsty” population.
To that end, the various state governments have
invested significant capital to provide long term
water security for its customers, while meeting the
increasing demands of tighter environmental and
social controls. Examples include the Victorian and
Adelaide Desalination Plants, Eastern Treatment
Plant Tertiary Treatment and the Western Corridor
Recycled Water Plant. There are indications which
now show that the cycle of capital spending has
returned to a moderate level, albeit for the short to
medium term, and the large procurement of major
infrastructure investment experienced between
2008 and 2010 is unlikely to be seen for some time.
The various long term strategic plans published by
Australian water authorities indicate a stepped
reduction in capital expenditure (CAPEX), being
replaced by a steady rise in operating expenditure
(OPEX) (National Water Commission, 2013).
The Australian water industry is experiencing a
rapid transition from a “build” phase to an “operate,
optimise and maintain” phase. While this may
present a bleak scenario for certain practitioners
and water industry service providers, there are
nonetheless opportunities for those who are willing
to contribute to the continued evolution (not
revolution) of the water industry. This transition will
place a significant focus on the asset management
capabilities of water authorities.
NATIONAL PERFORMANCE REPORT: A REVIEW
In order for asset management practitioners to
create a meaningful contribution to the continuous
improvement of the water industry, one must first
understand and appreciate the challenges that all
stakeholders within the sector have or are being
faced with. This section provides a review of the
financial performance of Australian urban water
utilities for 2011/12 based on the reporting
outcomes of the National Water Commission, and
subsequently sets the scene for further reflection on
how to prioritise asset management activities within
organisations. (Note: At the time of publication of
this paper, the national performance report for
2012/13 had not been released).
According to the National Performance Report for
Urban Water Utilities in 2011/12 (National Water
Commission, 2013), national CAPEX for water
supply infrastructure trended upwards from 2005/06
to 2011/12, with an unprecendented peak
expenditure in 2008/09 and 2009/10 (Refer to
Figure 1). Following the sharp rise in spending over
these two years, CAPEX declined in 2010/11 and
2011/12 although it has not dropped back to pre-
2008 levels, possibly due to the lag effect of earlier
capital investments. CAPEX in sewerage
infrastructure on the other hand exhibited a more
stable growth pattern, with a general upward trend
over the 2005 to 2012 period.
2. Figure 1: National water and sewerage CAPEX
(Source: National Water Commission, 2013)
With the bulk of new water supply infrastructure
being commissioned between 2008 and 2012, it is
not anticipated that there will be similar patterns of
CAPEX over the coming years.
The average OPEX for urban water utilities
between 2005/06 and 2011/12 are shown in Figure
2. From 2005/06 to 2011/12, the weighted average
OPEX for water supply and sewerage infrastructure
increased by 38% (6.4% per year) and 36% (6%
per year) respectively. The steady increase in the
OPEX of urban water utilities has been attributed to
a number of drivers, chief among them being:
• Rising energy and chemical prices
• Additional energy and materials requirements
for desalination and water recycling
• Increased engineering and water industry labour
costs
• More stringent environmental standards
• Personnel safety and operability
Figure 2: National weighted average OPEX for
water and sewerage (Source: National Water
Commission, 2013)
The commissioning of large water and wastewater
infrastructure projects in the last decade means that
ongoing maintenance of complex assets will be
crucial in optimising the performance of these and
previously existing facilities. This will invariably lead
to ongoing and increasing operating expenditure,
with the cost burdens ultimately being passed on to
customers. The challenge, therefore, for stewards
of these assets, will be to provide efficient and
effective service delivery while being cognisant of
affordability concerns for customers. Moreover,
asset managers must be aware of the broader
socio-economic and environmental challenges
which will befall the future of the Australian water
industry, as such macro factors may trigger the next
wave of capital investments.
THE NEED FOR CHANGE
As our industry faces up to a new era of urban
water management, there is a need to take a
retrospective view of the challenges seen over the
last few decades, in order to contextualise the need
for sustainable reforms for the next generation.
While there may be numerous factors driving the
need for reform, four key areas are explored in
further detail, namely:
• Population growth
• Climate variability
• Ageing assets
• Affordability
Population growth
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013)
estimates that Australia’s resident population will
increase from 22.7 million people at 30 June 2012
to between 36.8 and 48.3 million people by 2061.
This represents a two-fold increase in population
over a 50 year horizon. The ABS further reports
that in the 20 years to 30 June 2012, Australia’s
population increased by 1.3% per year on average,
with just over half of this growth resulting from net
overseas migration. In the two years leading to
2012, the rate of population growth increased to
1.6% per year, with indications of more rapid
increases over the next decade. By 2061, the
following population figures are projected:
• New South Wales – 11.5 million people
(increase of 57% from 2012 levels)
• Victoria – 10.3 million people (+83%)
• Queensland – 9.3 million (+102%)
• Western Australia – 6.4 million people (+167%)
• South Australia – 2.3 million people (+39%)
• Northern Territory – 0.45 million people (+93%)
The majority of the population will reside in the
capital cities, giving rise to highly dense, urbanised
areas. This projected population growth in the next
few decades will create strong demand for reliable
yet cost-effective water supply and sewerage
infrastructure, especially in urban areas. As an
indication of the pressures being placed by
population growth in urban areas, Melbourne Water
estimates that three new 100 GL/year seawater
desalination plants would be required by 2060, if
“business as usual” practices are maintained.
Climate variability
The drought conditions experienced in south-
eastern Australia between 1997 and 2009 was
shown to be the driest 13 year period in the last 110
years of reliable climate records (CSIRO, 2010).
During this period, Victoria recorded below average
rainfalls which triggered a range of water demand
management measures (See Figure 3 for
Melbourne’s annual rainfall between 1950 and
2013). As compared to previous drought events,
3. the last one extending from 1936 to 1945, the
recent dry spell was unique in that it was only
confined to south-eastern Australia rather than
extending over most of the continent, with average
temperatures steadily rising over that period.
Modelling conducted by CSIRO (2010) further
indicated that the southern Murray Darling Basin
region experienced a 13% reduction in rainfall,
which led to an extreme decline in modelled annual
streamflow of 44% relative to the long term
average.
Figure 3: Melbourne’s annual rainfall, 1950 – 2013
The Water Research Foundation completed a
research in 2014 to identify and characterise water
quality impacts of extreme weather-related events
(Stanford et al, 2014). Climate change predictions
carried out as part of the research indicated
potential long term changes in the hydrologic cycle,
resulting in increasing frequency and intensity of
events. Such events will create challenges for water
utilities due to the need to adapt their operating and
maintenance practices to suit potentially variable
source water qualities. It further notes that due to
the uncertainty around the occurences of extreme
weather events, water authorities without
appropriate contingency plans and future
infrastructure planning will be less able to adapt to
and quickly recover from weather-related impacts.
Australia’s urban water supply is largely reliant on
rain-fed water catchments and is therefore greatly
climate-dependent and influenced by seasonal
conditions. The concerns around climate variability
have therefore led to the implementation of
alternative water supply sources such as seawater
desalination, stormwater harvesting and recycled
water. Although this has been the trend in recent
years, it is expected that the majority of water
supplies in urban areas will still be drawn from
surface water catchments in the longer term.
Climate variability therefore creates an element of
uncertainty for water authorities as it can affect
water availability and revenues (if demand
management measures are triggered).
Ageing assets
Until recently, expenditure on water infrastructure to
service urban populations has been relatively small
compared to other essential services
(PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2010). This view is
supported by Engineers Australia, which notes that
until 2002/03, annual growth in water and sewerage
assets did not keep pace with population growth
(Engineers Australia, 2013). Figure 4 highlights the
state of play regarding investments in Australia’s
economic infrastructure. Two key observations are
made:
• Work completed on water and sewerage
infrastructure has historically amounted to less
than half the work done on electricity assets
• Investments in water storage and supply
infrastructure spiked in 2006 and 2011 as a
result of drought events
Figure 4: Work done nationally on economic
infrastructure relating to utilities (Source: Engineers
Australia, 2013)
The Australian water industry prides itself in having
a very reliable and efficient water-related
infrastructure. However, the legacy of under-
investment in the industry has given rise to a
scenario where existing assets are being pushed
harder and longer to meet increasing service level
demands. As highlighted in Engineers Australia’s
Infrastructure Report Card 2010, water-related
infrastructure was given an overall rank of C+
nationally, meaning that the infrastructure is
generally in adequate condition, however major
changes are required to enable the infrastructure to
be fit for its current and anticipated future purposes
(Engineers Australia, 2010).
Key indicators of asset condition, including water
main breaks and ‘real’ losses (due to leakages and
overflows from potable water mains, service
reservoirs and service connections), were compiled
in the National Water Commission’s National
Performance Report for 2011/12. The report
provides some encouraging results on the general
health of water infrastructure across Australia, with
water main breaks (measured as the number of
breaks per 100 km of water main) decreasing by
16% nationally between 2006/07 and 2011/12.
4. Similarly, ‘real’ losses (measured as L/service
connection/day) decreased by 10% nationally over
the six year period.
In spite of these observations, it is important to note
that existing water and wastewater infrastructure
will be placed under increasing stress in the future.
As infrastructure ages, the number of asset failures
will increase, with varying consequences. While
most water authorities have well-planned
preventative maintenance systems, it is important
to note that the rate of asset failure could increase
markedly over the next decade as a combination of
events, such as population rise and climate
changes, come into play. Therefore, attention must
be placed on developing a more unified approach
to the management of water-related assets across
the industry.
Affordability
The typical residential bill between 2006/07 and
2011/12, based on average residential water
supplied, is shown in Figure 5. Over this six year
period, the national median household annual bill
increased from $971 to $1068, equivalent to a 10%
rise. Whilst this increase might seem modest, it
reflects a trend that is likely to remain in place for
some time. In particular, given the large capital
investments sanctioned between 2008 and 2010,
the lag effect of sunk costs will become more
apparent in future water pricing as costs are
recovered through customer bills. Likewise, OPEX
is usually recovered directly from customers
through prices in the year that the expense is
incurred, meaning that movements in water utilities’
operating expenses will lead to an immediate
impact on water pricing.
Figure 5: Typical Australian residential bill (Source:
National Water Commission, 2013)
With regard to water pricing, reference is made to
the National Water Initiative’s blueprint for water
reform, via the National Water Inititative pricing
principles (Steering Group on Water Charges,
2010). Under this blue print, four sets of principles
are established for:
• Recovering capital expenditure
• Setting urban water tariffs
• Recovering the costs of water planning and
management
• Recycled water and stormwater use
These principles have been agreed by Australian
state governments as the basis for setting water
prices for their respective jurisdictions. For
example, in its final decision on the price
determination for the greater Melbourne
metropolitan water businesses under Water Plan 3,
the Essential Services Commission of Victoria has
approved a price increase of between 12 and 25%
for the four urban water retailiers from 2013/14 to
2017/18 (Essential Services Commission, 2013).
This reflects a marked rise in water prices as
compared with the national median of 10% over the
six year period from 2006/07 to 2011/12.
Affordability remains a key consideration for all
stakeholders. Water pricing is arguably the most
important barometer for measuring customer
satisfaction with regard to the performance of water
authorities. The significant investments made over
the last five years have left a legacy of reduced
affordability of this essential service. Hence,
judicious decisions are required by all parties
involved to ensure that the next wave of
investments are prudent, efficient and in direct
response to the growing needs of highly urbanised
areas. Of equal priority is the need to efficiently
manage existing assets to ensure that maximum
value is passed on to customers while maintaining
acceptable service levels.
KEY FOCUS AREAS
In response to the challenges facing the water
industry, organisations have begun targeting
specific areas in their businesses with the aim of
improving its asset management practices. A
number of key focus areas have been identified
within the Australian water industry to facilitate a
seamless transition from the “build” phase to
“maintain” phase, while at the same time
maintaining its commitments to safety, customers
and the environment.
The International Standards Organisation’s (ISO)
definition of an asset is “something that has
potential or actual value to an organisation”. The
term value can be interpreted in different ways
depending on the stakeholder being questioned.
From a water business’ perspective, value can be
defined as maximising profits or growing capital,
while for a customer, it may mean receiving good
service levels at the lowest possible cost.
Therefore, the goal of asset management is to use
the assets to maximise value for businesses and
customers alike. In recognising the micro and
macro challenges facing the Australian water
industry, a key objective of water practitioners will
be to manage existing assets in such a way that
maximum value and reliability is derived for all
involved parties. Concurrently, sound investment
strategies and strategic plans must be put in place
today to account for the needs of tomorrow’s
generation. In other words, intergenerational equity
5. must remain a key focus of asset management
practitioners from economic, environmental and
sociological contexts.
Therefore, the key focus areas for water authorities
in implementing better asset management systems
will be (adapted from The Institute of Asset
Management (IAM), 2012):
• Understanding the risk profile (criticality,
likelihood and consequence of failures) of
existing asset portfolios, and how they will
change over time
• Justifying asset expenditures to stakeholders
and prove that service delivery levels can be
sustained
• Implementing sound decision making processes
and tools which enable strategic decisions on
asset investments to be made, taking into
account short and long term objectives
• Enabling proactive, rather than reactive,
measures to managing existing assets
• Ensuring the availability of data (quantity and
quality) to support asset investment decision-
making
• Empowering each organisation’s workforce on
asset management best practices, and ensuring
that the right competencies and capabilities exist
The International Water Association (IWA) and
Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA)
conduct ongoing benchmarking of asset
management practices in the water sector. The
recently completed Asset Management
Performance Improvement Project in 2012 involved
37 water sector utilities from Australia, Canada,
New Zealand, Philippines and the United States of
America (IWA-WSAA, 2012). The results of the
benchmarking study indicated that the least
advanced functions in the asset management
lifecycle were Asset Maintenance and Asset
Replacement & Rehabilitation, which tend to reside
at the end of the lifecycle. Particular attention was
placed on the need for better long term strategic
and analytical processes, which rely on good
quality data to support investment decisions (asset
refurbishment or renewal, for example) and
unplanned maintenance interventions.
The need for better decision-making tools and
processes underpins the business priorities of
many water service providers. Better lifecycle
modelling approaches are often sounded out by
organisations as being a top pursuit. Another
equally important initiative is the implementation of
an asset management system (or framework for
asset management) to establish a clear mandate
for the setting of strategies, policies and actions
within organisations.
During the Leading Edge Strategic Asset
Management (LESAM) conference, jointly
organised by the IWA and the Australian Water
Association (AWA) in September 2013, a key focus
over the three day conference was to identify
priorities within the respective organisations to
maximise value to all stakeholders. Three important
themes were identified as priorities, namely:
• Realignment of business focus towards
customer needs (i.e. shift from engineering
focus to customer/value-driven focus)
• Providing engineering solutions, not just
services, and enhancing collaboration amongst
asset management practitioners (i.e. fostering a
marketplace where knowledge can be readily
shared within the community of practitioners)
• Responding to the challenge of transitioning
from a ‘build’ phase to an ‘optimise’ phase (i.e.
driving value for stakeholders)
In its discussion paper on Urban Water Futures, the
National Water Commission (2013) identifies
several thematic areas for consideration, aimed at
encouraging discussion around the challenges and
solutions for a burgeoning urban water
environment. Two such themes centre on the key
focus areas identified above, namely to provide
efficient and effective service delivery as well as to
promote a customer focused sector with an
engaged community. The discussion paper points
out that water service providers largely consist of
government-owned monopoly businesses that face
little direct competition due to jurisdictional
restrictions. As minimum service levels and water
pricing are determined by external regulators, the
lack of competition may not always provide the
motivation to integrate customer needs into
business decisions. The challenge therefore for
water service providers from an asset management
perspective will be to seek wider community
engagement to understand the drivers for customer
satisfaction, whether it means improving service
quality, minimising cost, or seeking consultation
about future investments in infrastructure upgrades.
The recent capital investments in water
infrastructure that are independent of climatic
conditions have provided for greater security of long
term water supply in urban areas. However, there is
a cost burden associated with new infrastructure,
due to the need for additional maintenance effort
and optimisation of existing assets. The need to
integrate sound asset management practices
across all business functions underpins the
importance of implementing a framework that
adequately describes the roles, objectives and
desired outcomes for each organisation.
6. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASSET MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK
Developments across the industry in recent times
have led to the definition of a unified framework for
whole-of-life asset and infrastructure management
(WOLAIM), an example of which is shown in Figure
6. Such a framework provides a simple yet
complete view of whole-of-life asset management,
as it aims to integrate all stages of an asset’s
lifecycle (planning, implementation, asset care and
retirement) with the three layers of an
organisation’s business functions (strategic, tactical
and operational).
Figure 6: Example of WOLAIM framework
Coupled with the recent introduction of the ISO
55000 series on Asset Management, such
frameworks aim to align an organisation’s
capabilities and competencies with demands in the
industry. The aims of such a framework are to:
• Provide a roadmap for asset managers towards
attainment of ISO 55000 compliance
• Expand the current focus on infrastructure
design by considering solutions that yield
optimal life cycle costing from project
conceptualisation through to long term asset
maintenance
• Implement a top-down approach to delivering
sound and sustainable capital investments to
benefit customers and stakeholders
A key initiative identified from the IWA-WSAA Asset
Management Performance Improvement Project in
2012 was the implementation of a framework for
asset management through industry-wide
collaboration. The aims of such an initiative are to:
• Identify a model that can be applied across all
layers of an organisation,
• Provide a unified approach in establishing clear
policy and strategic direction, asset
management objectives, operational controls
and continual improvement activities, and
• Seek buy-in from all stakeholders involved,
aligning organisational cultures towards
common objectives
The Institute of Asset Management (2011) presents
a conceptual model for asset management (Figure
7) based on six subject groups – Asset
management strategy and planning; Asset
management decision-making; Lifecycle delivery
activities; Asset knowledge enablers; Organisation
and people enablers and Risk and review.
Figure 7: Asset management conceptual model
(Source: The Institute of Asset Management, 2012)
The IAM, in collaboration with international partners
within the Global Forum for Maintenance and Asset
Management (GFMAM), has further identified a
total of 39 subjects that are linked to the six subject
groups, which form the asset management
landscape. These subjects are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Asset management subjects (Source: The
Institute of Asset Management, 2012)
Subject
group
Subject
Asset
management
strategy and
planning
• Asset management policy
• Asset management strategy
• Demand analysis
• Strategic planning
• Asset management plans
Asset
management
decision-
making
• Capital investment decision-
making
• Operations and maintenance
decision-making
• Life cycle cost and value
optimisation
• Resourcing strategy and
optimisation
• Shutdowns & outage strategy
and optimisation
• Aging assets strategy
Lifecycle
delivery
activities
• Technical standards &
legislation
• Asset creation & acquisition
• Systems engineering
• Configuration management
• Maintenance delivery
• Reliability engineering and root
cause analysis
• Asset operations
7. Subject
group
Subject
• Resource management
• Shutdown/outage
management
• Incident response
• Asset rationalisation &
disposal
Asset
knowledge
enablers
• Asset information strategy
• Asset knowledge standards
• Asset information systems
• Asset data & knowledge
Organisation
and people
enablers
• Contract and supplier
management
• Asset management leadership
• Organisational structure and
culture
• Competence and behaviour
Risk and
review
• Criticality, risk assessment and
management
• Contingency planning and
resilience analysis
• Sustainable development
• Weather and climate change
• Assets and systems
performance and health
monitoring
• Assets and systems change
management
• Management review, audit and
assurance
• Accounting practices
• Stakeholder relations
This anatomy of asset management, as identified
by the IAM, describes the complete scope of
subject matters relating to an asset, whether it is a
discrete physical component or a system of
interlinked components. It is important to recognise
that while each subject is described individually,
there are clear inter-relationships between all
elements, and the decisions made based on one
activity will invariably impact on others.
For water businesses (bulk suppliers or retailers),
the development of such a framework for WOLAIM
must integrate seamlessly into corporate strategies
and be applied across all layers of business
functions. It is insufficient for organisations to
merely have well-developed processes and
systems for front end functions, such as asset
management strategy and planning, while ignoring
the importance of back-end functions such as
condition assessment, asset rehabilitation and risk
management. Likewise, service providers within the
industry must have adequate exposure to the
complete breadth of all asset management subject
groups, and be able to interact with industry
experts/specialists in any of the fields. There must
be recognition that any strategic planning decision
made today on infrastructure investments will
create a “ripple effect” across the asset’s lifecycle;
thus decisions on operational requirements such as
maintenance delivery, performance optimisation
and ultimately asset renewal, must be equally
factored in. A unified WOLAIM framework therefore
aids in providing a conceptual model of how front-
end and back-end functions can be interlinked and
considered holistically.
The frameworks for WOLAIM shown in Figures 6
and 7 provide an example of how sound asset
management practices can be applied across the
lifecycle of an asset and over the business
functions of organisations. A framework itself does
not immediately solve all the future challenges of
population rise, climate variability, ageing assets or
affordability. However, what it does create is a
model that aligns organisational objectives and
culture, while recognising that asset management is
about the integration of all activities across an
asset’s lifecycle, and not just individual activities in
isolation.
A key strength of a well-developed and
implemented asset management system is the
ability for organisations to carry out gap analyses of
their existing practices to identify areas for
improvement. For instance, Melbourne Water
carried out a gap analysis of its asset management
system in 2009 against the requirements of the
British Standards Institution’s (BSI) PAS 55:2008.
The results of the audit showed that Melbourne
Water was clearly adopting good asset
management practices with most areas compliant
with PAS 55. However, in recognising that there
was a need to improve its risk management
processes, particularly around asset replacement
and rehabilitation, asset managers at the Eastern
Treatment Plant, in partnership with Aurecon
Group, developed a Corrosion Management
Manual applicable to all buried metallic assets at
the site (i.e. pipelines, steel tanks, earthing systems
and steel sheet piling). The manual is effectively a
decision-making framework which provides
guidance on suitable corrosion management
strategies for new and existing assets, based on a
step-wise decision flow chart taking into account
aspects such as the asset’s criticality and condition.
The need for a unified approach to monitoring and
mitigating corrosion of buried metallic assets was
identified as a top priority and represented a shift
from reactive asset management practices to one
that is well considered and preventative. Such
initiatives highlight the maturity of a water
authority’s asset management system, exemplified
by the ability to identify improvement areas within
the business.
8. CONCLUSION
As water businesses rise to the challenge of
continuously improving their operating systems,
business partners within the industry must
recognise the importance of adopting a unified
approach to sustainable water asset and
infrastructure management. The three pillars of
sustainability – People, Profit and Planet – have
never held greater significance than in the climate
which the water industry is presently operating in.
Responsible economic and environmental
management underpins every water authority’s
fundamental business imperatives.
The key focus areas for asset management
practitioners in the water industry will include:
• Responding to the transition from a ‘build’ phase
to an ‘operate-optimise-maintain’ phase
• Addressing increasing operating expenditure
(particularly energy costs)
• Climate variability and adapting operating
practices to changes in source water qualities
and flows
• Maintaining value for all stakeholders through
efficient service delivery
• Increasing industry collaboration around the
development of more unified asset management
systems
Specific strategies must therefore be implemented
to target continuous improvements in asset
management practices. Particular emphasis is
placed on the development of a unified whole-of-life
asset and infrastructure management (WOLAIM)
framework as it serves to provide alignment
between an organisation’s goals and its asset
management activities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge the work done by
the Institute of Asset Management and its
international partners within the Global Forum for
Maintenance and Asset Management (GFMAM)
partner in describing, with sufficient detail, the
anatomy of asset management applicable to all
practitioners in the industry.
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