Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research.
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
In this study a network model was constructed for the hydraulic analysis and
design of a small community (Kedungkandang District) water distribution network in
East Java Province of Indonesia by using Water cad simulator. The analysis included
a review of pressures, velocities and head loss gradients under steady state average
day need. The clean water availability in the location study is 560 l/s, however the
local society that is 23,213 consumers can only use in amount of 116 l/s. The
assessment of existing condition due to the pipe hydraulic condition and the
development of capacity network increasing are carried out by using the program of
Water cad vs. XM Edition. The development condition consists of 27,284 populations.
Result indicates that the average discharge need is 41.763 l/s, however in the peak
hour need there is needed 65.150 l/s on 2031. The water pressure in the development
area is 2.3 atm on 06.00 am
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
In this study a network model was constructed for the hydraulic analysis and
design of a small community (Kedungkandang District) water distribution network in
East Java Province of Indonesia by using Water cad simulator. The analysis included
a review of pressures, velocities and head loss gradients under steady state average
day need. The clean water availability in the location study is 560 l/s, however the
local society that is 23,213 consumers can only use in amount of 116 l/s. The
assessment of existing condition due to the pipe hydraulic condition and the
development of capacity network increasing are carried out by using the program of
Water cad vs. XM Edition. The development condition consists of 27,284 populations.
Result indicates that the average discharge need is 41.763 l/s, however in the peak
hour need there is needed 65.150 l/s on 2031. The water pressure in the development
area is 2.3 atm on 06.00 am
Presentation by John Sutton of the Texas Water Development Board's Municipal Water Conservation Program for the 2019 Gulf Coast Water Conservation in Houston, Texas.
Apwa presentation july 2013 water conservation with meter technology rev 2Jason Bethke
Presentation provided by FATHOM at the American Public Works Association Congress in Chicago 2013. Demonstrating how the latest meter technology for water utilities provides us the opportunity to increase revenue, decrease costs, delight our customers and save our most important resource.
John McHenry, Chief Scientist, Advanced Meteorological Systems, Baron Services - September 2016
UCAR Congressional Briefing
Commercial weather companies partner with research community and government agencies to develop and deploy critical weather intelligence with the goal of reducing harm to people and property. The newly deployed National Water Model has significant promise for reducing flood-related disaster risks.
Water quality index for groundwater of southern part of bangalore cityeSAT Journals
Abstract Combining different water quality parameters into one single number leads an easy interpretation of an index, thus providing an important tool for management and decision making purposes. Water quality index is a statistical index and is based on the rank order of observation. The purpose of an index is to transform the complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and useable by the general public. As a part of research work, 14 important water viz., pH, Ec, Cl, Fe, F, SO4, T.H, Ca, Mg, TDS, Na, K, Zn, NO3 were used to evaluate WQI of Southern part of Bangalore City. The water quality index number varies between (19 to122).The indices is classified as Excellent at range less than 10, Good at range 10 to 30, Medium at a range 30 to 50, Bad at a range 50 to 75, and Very Bad at a range greater than 75and the corresponding range contributed by each group is 0%, 18%, 18%, 28%, and 36% respectively. Keywords: WQI, Bangalore
Basics of network analysis
Need of soft wares in design of water distribution network
Capabilities of soft wares
Different soft wares used in design of water distribution network
Presentation by John Sutton of the Texas Water Development Board's Municipal Water Conservation Program for the 2019 Gulf Coast Water Conservation in Houston, Texas.
Apwa presentation july 2013 water conservation with meter technology rev 2Jason Bethke
Presentation provided by FATHOM at the American Public Works Association Congress in Chicago 2013. Demonstrating how the latest meter technology for water utilities provides us the opportunity to increase revenue, decrease costs, delight our customers and save our most important resource.
John McHenry, Chief Scientist, Advanced Meteorological Systems, Baron Services - September 2016
UCAR Congressional Briefing
Commercial weather companies partner with research community and government agencies to develop and deploy critical weather intelligence with the goal of reducing harm to people and property. The newly deployed National Water Model has significant promise for reducing flood-related disaster risks.
Water quality index for groundwater of southern part of bangalore cityeSAT Journals
Abstract Combining different water quality parameters into one single number leads an easy interpretation of an index, thus providing an important tool for management and decision making purposes. Water quality index is a statistical index and is based on the rank order of observation. The purpose of an index is to transform the complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and useable by the general public. As a part of research work, 14 important water viz., pH, Ec, Cl, Fe, F, SO4, T.H, Ca, Mg, TDS, Na, K, Zn, NO3 were used to evaluate WQI of Southern part of Bangalore City. The water quality index number varies between (19 to122).The indices is classified as Excellent at range less than 10, Good at range 10 to 30, Medium at a range 30 to 50, Bad at a range 50 to 75, and Very Bad at a range greater than 75and the corresponding range contributed by each group is 0%, 18%, 18%, 28%, and 36% respectively. Keywords: WQI, Bangalore
Basics of network analysis
Need of soft wares in design of water distribution network
Capabilities of soft wares
Different soft wares used in design of water distribution network
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND DETERMINANTS AND FORECASTING WATER DEMAND FOR NZIOA C...IAEME Publication
The accuracy of water demand projections depends on the availability of reliable population and water use data as well as an understanding of the distribution of different types of users within the community. The underlying problem for this study is that water demand in Kenya is based on the fact that operational demand of drinking water is based on experience and appropriated practices, rather than local empirical evidence. There is limited number of analytical studies on water demand and supply reliability. In the face of limited knowledge, per capita use statistics adapted from developed countries are applied to estimate water consumption in Kenya, and most probably will fail to depict the water use patterns. At the same time, there is the unknown component of suppressed consumption induced scarcity and water quality problems. Almost certainly, will release these constraints, will modify and disrupt the water demand and design baseline.
Non Revenue Water Reduction- A Tool for Achiving 24x7 Water SupplyIOSR Journals
The availability of water at cheaper rates promotes the wasteful use of water. People give little or no
attention towards conservation of water. For sustenance of any water supply scheme it is essential that
revenue collected should be sufficient to maintain O & M cost and further development activities. Presently
there is major portion of Non Revenue Water (NRW) in the developing countries and there is urgent need to
curb it for efficient functioning of water supply schemes
Abstract
Water is vital to all forms of life on the Earth, from plants through to animals and humankind. Lack of access to fresh drinking water is one of the major and important constraints to health and development in many countries. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. It is still popular in places with limited water resources. Recent drought in a rainy climate throughout the world remind how quickly other countries can run short of water. Since Malaysia has high rainfall intensity, it does not means that Malaysian should not worry about scarcity of water supply. Even the annual rainfall is high and sufficient enough to be consumed, most of the rainwater tend to flow away. The environmental issue such as flooding, global warming and pollution are getting serious day by day due to a rapid development processes in Malaysia. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, it is possible to implement rainwater harvesting which has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions as an alternative water supply for non-, portable purposes. Designing water harvesting systems into new construction allows the homeowner to be more elaborate and thorough in developing a system. In the case of very simple systems, the payback period may be almost immediate. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential of rainfall to be stored for domestic use and design the rainwater harvesting system using gravitational force suitable for the selected house in Kota Samarahan area. It has been shown that the rainwater harvesting system can support the water demand of the selected house throughout a year even during the dry season. The cost of installation and yearly maintenance for proposed rainwater harvesting is lowered by 59.16 percent as compared with similar rainwater system which is installed on the ground level.
Keywords: Water, Rainwater harvesting, Water harvesting system, Demand and Storage capacity
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
Report handling on "LAPOR!" (Laporan, Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) system depending on the system administrator who manually reads every incoming report [3]. Read manually can lead to errors in handling complaints [4] if the data flow is huge and grows rapidly, it needs at least three days to prepare a confirmation and it sensitive to inconsistencies [3]. In this study, the authors propose a model that can measure the identities of the Query (Incoming) with Document (Archive). The authors employed Class-Based Indexing term weighting scheme, and Cosine Similarities to analyse document similarities. CoSimTFIDF, CoSimTFICF and CoSimTFIDFICF values used in classification as feature for K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier. The optimum result evaluation is pre-processing employ 75% of training data ratio and 25% of test data with CoSimTFIDF feature. It deliver a high accuracy 84%. The k = 5 value obtain high accuracy 84.12%
Hangul Recognition Using Support Vector MachineEditor IJCATR
The recognition of Hangul Image is more difficult compared with that of Latin. It could be recognized from the structural arrangement. Hangul is arranged from two dimensions while Latin is only from the left to the right. The current research creates a system to convert Hangul image into Latin text in order to use it as a learning material on reading Hangul. In general, image recognition system is divided into three steps. The first step is preprocessing, which includes binarization, segmentation through connected component-labeling method, and thinning with Zhang Suen to decrease some pattern information. The second is receiving the feature from every single image, whose identification process is done through chain code method. The third is recognizing the process using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with some kernels. It works through letter image and Hangul word recognition. It consists of 34 letters, each of which has 15 different patterns. The whole patterns are 510, divided into 3 data scenarios. The highest result achieved is 94,7% using SVM kernel polynomial and radial basis function. The level of recognition result is influenced by many trained data. Whilst the recognition process of Hangul word applies to the type 2 Hangul word with 6 different patterns. The difference of these patterns appears from the change of the font type. The chosen fonts for data training are such as Batang, Dotum, Gaeul, Gulim, Malgun Gothic. Arial Unicode MS is used to test the data. The lowest accuracy is achieved through the use of SVM kernel radial basis function, which is 69%. The same result, 72 %, is given by the SVM kernel linear and polynomial.
Application of 3D Printing in EducationEditor IJCATR
This paper provides a review of literature concerning the application of 3D printing in the education system. The review identifies that 3D Printing is being applied across the Educational levels [1] as well as in Libraries, Laboratories, and Distance education systems. The review also finds that 3D Printing is being used to teach both students and trainers about 3D Printing and to develop 3D Printing skills.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Comparative analysis on Void Node Removal Routing algorithms for Underwater W...Editor IJCATR
The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
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Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water Delivery in Town Drinking Water Supply Systems
1. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 4– Issue 7, 544 - 549, 2015, ISSN:- 2319–8656
www.ijcat.com 544
Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water
Delivery in Town Drinking Water Supply Systems
Venkata Sanyasi Rao Sasipalli
Center for Excellence
Computer Technology
Hiroshima City, Japan
Zulfadhli Bin Zainuddin
RAMTEJ Technologies Corp.
Hiroshima City, Japan
Krishnam Raju Gottumukkala
Center for Excellence in
Computer Technology
Visakhapatnam City, India
Abstract: Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research.
Keywords: Water Demand, Leakage Water, Forecast, Extrapolation, Least Squares
1. INTRODUCTION
Problem addressed in this research paper is to calculate water
wastage due to leakages and forecast how much water is
actually delivered to end users.
As water demand increases, water supply management
requires changes. For the last few decades water requirement
has been increasing both due to an increase in water usage and
reduced water supply. Water leakage reduction in public
water systems is a crucial part of water demand management.
Especially water supply systems managed by Municipalities,
Corporation and other Government organizations pose more
threats due to poor management.
Usually, leakage is the largest component of distribution loss
yet it is not subject to focus other than management decision
by utilities. Leakage in public water supply systems results in
loss of purified drinking water but also means of wasting the
money and material resources used in abstraction,
transportation and treatment. It results in secondary economic
loss also, in the form of, damage to the pipe network. Public
health concerns as it increases the risk of bacterial
contamination of drinking water resources in the cities for
human consumption, and can increase pollution loads into the
environment.
Figure 1: A Trivial Water leakage Location
Most countries have recognized the need to replace the
present Water Infrastructure and their Challenges. Million
kilometers of pipes beneath the streets need to be replaced
because as pipes age, the problems of in-filtration and ex-
filtration due to leaks increase in sewer pipes and can lead to
potential problems such as the collapse of a pipeline or
damages to nearby assets [1].
City / town population is continuously increasing every year,
it has an impact on the increased clean water consumption.
Therefore, the actual data of water volumes is required for the
demand fulfillment of how much the water is needed. Data
analysis tool is highly needed in the measurement, control
processes, formulate information from the available data, and
help make decisions based on the available data and
predictions [2].
On primary estimates of requirements of lactating women
who engage in moderate physical activity in above-average
temperatures, a minimum of 7.5 liters per capita per day will
meet the requirements of most people under most conditions.
This water needs to be of a quality that represents a tolerable
level of risk. However, in an emergency situation, a minimum
of 15 liters is required. A higher quantity of about 20 liters per
capita per day should be assured to take care of basic hygiene
needs and basic food hygiene. Laundry / bathing might
require higher amounts unless carried out at source.
Local government drinking systems, which manages the
distribution of water in towns / cities and their catchment
areas. Distribution of clean water from a number of sources is
not fully established in some developing countries. This is due
to the limited volume of water availability and the lack
distribution system management or financial difficulties. The
water distribution department must be able to distribute
sufficient quantity of quality water in to all users to meet their
needs [3].
Most government departments are not implementing the
2. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 4– Issue 7, 544 - 549, 2015, ISSN:- 2319–8656
www.ijcat.com 545
forecast tools for determining the quantity of water to
distribute. Therefore, the effectiveness and efficiency of water
distribution is very low, moreover, it has been causing water
distribution leakage that can affect the availability of the
water to the end users. This condition would be harmful to the
Municipalities as they can not fulfill the users’ needs. The
unsatisfied users with the service provided can cause a bad
image on the Municipalities and their functioning.
The supply source, distribution, wastage water, etc require a
properly designed strategy with the placement of the shape of
the desired input and output. In this paper we introduce
essential pipeline patterns to identify and calculate the water
leakages and then forecast actually delivered water amounts,
in general and for particular cases.
First of all, what is the relationship among Planning Level,
Water Utility Decision Problems and Forecast Attributes for
short, medium and long horizons? They are categorized [4] in
the below table.
Table 1: Planning Levels and Forecast Horizons
Planning
Level
Decision
Problem
Forecast
Horizon
Forecast
Periodicity
Operational System operation
management and
optimization
Short-
term (less
than 1
year)
Hourly,
Daily,
Weekly,
Monthly
Tactical Revenue forecast,
Investment
planning, Staging
system
improvement
Medium
term (1-
10 years)
Monthly,
Annual
Strategic Capacity
expansion
Long
term
(more
than 10
years)
Annual
Long term planning / strategies can rely on Regression Least
Squares [5] to predict the future state through available data in
the past and forecast the events in the future on the basis of
patterns. The system developed can be added as an extra
added system or anew. By combining the expertise of
information technology, especially in the field of system
forecasting, it is expected to solve the existing problems.
Furthermore, decision support systems [6] in water
distribution aims to help decision makers utilize particular
data and models to solve various problems which are not
structured.
2. WATER LEAKAGE PATTERNS
The water leakage is as severe as the demand of water; we
need to identify potential leakage locations. The potential
leakage locations are identified in the below Figure 2.
This is generalized pattern and leaks or holes in the pipes are
not considered in the Figure, leaks at junctions are stage 1
leakage potentials.
2.1. Leakage Points
In view of water distribution need, we needed information
WS: Water Source
LP: Leak Point
TJ: Over Head Tank Junction
OHT: Over Head Tank
AJ: Area Junction, covered by a certain OHT
STR: Street
IH: Individual House
Figure 2: Piping Patterns and Leakage Segments
Segment 1: Pipes between WS and TJ
Segment 2: Pipes between TJ and OHT
Segment 3: Pipes between OHT and AJ
Segment 4: Pipes between AJ and STR
Segment 5: Pipes between STR and IH
2.2. Math Formulation
From the section 2.1, we can formulate a generalized model
for leakage of water.
Total amount of leakage water in the amount of water
supplied from Source 1 can be calculated as below.
The number of potential leakage segments can be identified as
minimum 5 as shown in Section 2.1. Then we can formulate
the total leakage water (TLW) for one water source WS1 as
Amount of leakage water in Segment 1 = a * TJ
Amount of leakage water in Segment 2 = b * OHT
Amount of leakage water in Segment 3 = c * AJ
Amount of leakage water in Segment 4 = d * ST
Amount of leakage water in Segment 5 = e * IH
TLW = a*TJ + b*OHT + c*AJ + d*ST + e*IH (Eq.1)
This can be written as a non-linear polynomial as below
This non-linear polynomial is of many degrees of freedom
and difficult to solve for minimum solutions. In order to find a
set of feasible solutions for this model, we assume TJ, OHT
and AJs are of type “fast running faucets”, ST and IH are of
type “dripping faucets”. We calculated the leakage water in
Section 3.3.
With the non-linear feasible solution, we create a linear
equation for forecasting the actually delivered water as below:
TJ1
WS1
WS2
WSm
OHT1
OHTp
OHT1
OHTq
OHT1
OHTr
TJm
TJ2
AJ1
IH1
ST1
3. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
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Y = A * X + (TLW + E) (Eq.2)
Where,
Y is total amount of water pumped at Water Source
X is the total amount of water actually delivered to end users
TLW is the total amount of water wasted through leakages.
E is residual, which can be ignored at the moment.
A is controlling constant also known as slope.
The above equation can be expressed as below
Where Ei is residual of data point i. This Ei is not focused in
this paper hence we reduce the equation to without Ei. Then
our task became simpler, to find best fit of a line with the
following characteristics
- it minimizes the sum of the squared residuals,
- the sum of the residuals is zero, and
- the point (mean(x), mean(y)) falls on the line.
Transforming this equation for best solution, we get
(Eq.3)
3. CALCULATE and FORECAST OF
WATERS USING PARTICULAR DATA
World Bank has granted funds to execute water improvement
projects in four municipalities in Andhra Pradesh [9].
F1: Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project:
resettlement plan (Vol. 4): Resettlement action plan for
comprehensive water supply service improvements to Guntur
Municipal Corporation - packages one and three (English)
Document Type: Resettlement Plan Report No.: RP824
Document Date: JAN 01, 2014
F2: Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project:
resettlement plan (Vol. 3): Resettlement action plan for
comprehensive water supply service improvements to
Manuguru Municipality (English)
Document Type: Resettlement Plan Report No.: RP824
Document Date: JUL 01, 2013
F3: Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project:
resettlement plan (Vol. 2): Resettlement action plan for
comprehensive water supply service improvements to
Vizianagaram municipality (English)
Document Type: Resettlement Plan Report No.: RP824
Document Date: APR 01, 2013
F4: Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project:
resettlement plan : Key guidelines for resettlement action
planning and management (English)
Document Type: Resettlement Plan Report No.: RP824
Document Date: MAY 27, 2009
Out of these four, Vizianagaram Municipality is located in
very backward area, where maintenance and management is
surveyed very poor and hence prone to much water leakages
and wastage of water. We will focus on this project and
calculate water wastages and actual water can be delivered to
create awareness on the need of proper maintenance and water
leakage management processes.
3.1. Population Analysis
The projected population of Vizianagaram (VZM) is given in
below table, (Ref. F1 document) [6][8].
Table 2: Projected Population of VZM for 30 Years
VZM Pop Town Villages Total
2011 200177 27330 227507
2026 257445 39861 297306
2041 331097 58137 389234
Here, projection / forecast interval is taken 15 years, which is
too large, predictions cannot be accurate or near accurate, so
we need to consider for a shorter interval of 5 year. Using
extrapolation method, we calculate necessary data from the
below equations
(Eq.4)
Where are two nearest data points
to the data point in focus. We calculated data using
Extrapolation equation given in (Eq.3) and summarized in
below table. This data is for an interval of 5 years of the total
period 30 years projection given in F2.
Table 3: Calculated Population Data of VZM Unit
Year Town Villages Total
2011 200177 27330 227507
2016 219045 -31729 250774
2021 238177 -35863 274040
2026 257445 39861 297306
2031 282937 45012 327949
2036 306605 51987 358592
2041 331097 58137 389234
The advantage of using data of shorter intervals is shown in
the below figure. Red circles are projected by VZM and blue
circles are our extrapolated data for shorter periods. Note that
we get them not on red straight line but on blue Spline curve.
250
300
350
Projected & Extrapolated
Years
Population(in'000s)
2011 2017 2023 2029 2035 2041
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
Figure 3: Projected and Extrapolated Population of VZM
3.2. Water Requirement in VZM
The projected water requirement of VZM as forecasted in F2
is recalculated for shorter periods and the new data is given in
4. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
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below table for 3 states of requirements Minimum, Moderate
and Full requirements [7].
Table 4: Calculated Water Demand in VZM Unit for 3 States
Yearly Minimum Moderate Full Use
7.5L/day 50L/day 135L/day
2011 1706303 11375350 30713445
2016 1880805 12538700 33854490
2021 2055300 13702000 36995400
2026 2229795 14865300 40136310
2031 2459618 16397450 44273115
2036 2689440 17929600 48409920
2041 2919255 19461700 52546590
0
10
20
30
40
50
Water Demand Forecast
Years
Water(in'Mil.Liters)
2011 2017 2023 2029 2035 2041
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Figure 4: Water Requirement Forecast for 3-States
Green color is for 7.5L/day, Blue is for 50L/day and Red is
for 135L/day estimates for an year.
3.3. Water Leakage Calculations
Now we will calculate the water leakages for the described
water leakage patterns in Section 2. For the given water
requirements and we calculate water leakage for the leakage
patterns described in Section 2.1. We categorize the pipes into
two types for calculating leakage amounts purpose. Pipes,
Method, Time / Volume in the said segments are considered
as given in the below table.
Table 5: Fast Running and Dripping Faucets in Patterns
Segment Type Method Time/Volume
Segment 1 Type 1
Fast
Running
10 sec
Segment 2 Type 1 20 sec
Segment 3 Type 1 30 sec
Segment 4 Type 2
Dripping
3 drops
Segment 5 Type 2 5 drops
Type 1: Fast Running Faucets
For larger/more rapid leaks - hold an 8 ounce cup under the
dripping fixture and time, in seconds, how long it takes to fill
the cup (8oz = 0.2369 liters).
Type 2: Dripping Faucets
For smaller/slower leaks - count the number of drips in one
minute from the leaky fixture. Note: 5 drips per second
amounts to a steady stream.
With the formula: rate Z = (3/5)M means that in 5 minutes 3
ounce of water is wasted through leakages. We now calculate
how much water is expected to go out through leakages for
days, months and years as shown in the below table.
Table 6: Liters for given time per period
Per / Ltr Day Month Year
Sg1 8oz/10 Sec 2044 61323 746103
Sg2 8oz/20 Sec 1022 30661 373051
Sg3 8oz/30 Sec 681 20441.1 248700
Sg4 3 drop/min 1.64 49.2 598.6
Sg5 5 drops/min 2.73 81.9 996.45
Total 3751.37 112556.2 1369449.1
This is just one set of solutions for the Eq.1 formulated in
Section 2.2. We go ahead with whatever data we have in our
hand. Now we have the water leakage information for one
water source.
Similarly, we can calculate water leakage information for
other water sources for the described piping patterns given in
Section 2.1. However, we do not consider the solutions for all
Water Sources now. To do this we need to extend the research
to more complicated mathematical formulations or more
assumptions.
3.4. Forecast Actual Water Delivery
Now we have data for water demand and data for leakage
water on hand. We can now forecast actual water that will be
delivered to the end users, after expected leakages for the
given 3-states, Minimum, Moderate and Full requirement. The
calculated data is given in the below table.
Table 7: Actual Delivered Water to The End Users
Year Minimum Moderate Full
for 7.5L/day 50L/day 135L/day
2011 336854 10005901 29343996
2016 511356 11169251 32485041
2021 685851 12332551 35625951
2026 860346 13495851 38766861
2031 1090169 15028001 42903666
2036 1319991 16560151 47040471
2041 1549806 18092251 51177141
5. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Demand vs Actual Delivery of Water
Years
Water(in'Mil.Liters/year)
2011 2017 2023 2029 2035 2041
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Figure 5: Actual Amount of Water Delivered to End Users
Demanded water curves are shown as Green: 7.5L, Blue: 50L,
Red: 135L. The thick black curves show the actual water
delivery.
The usual regression least squares method and mathematical
calculations are used to find the controlling parameter values
for “A” in Eq. 2. Further analyzed for crucial values and are
summarized in the below table.
Table 8: Analysis Results
State 7.5 L 50 L 135 L
Correlati
on
Demand 0.791 0.994 0.995
Delivery 0.959 0.990 0.999
Intercept Demand -70.071 -505.828 -1.421e+03
Delivery -67.159 -550.671 -1.451e+03
p-value Demand 0.034 5.601e-06 3.404e-06
Delivery 0.00063 1.928e-05 7.396e-08
3.5. Summary of Analysis Results for VZM
From Table 8, one can observe the correlation values for
demand and actual delivery is near 1. A correlation of 1.00,
whether it’s positive or negative, is a perfect correlation. It
means that as volumes on one of the two variables increase or
decrease, the volumes on the other variable increase or
decrease by the same magnitude.
If X in Eq.2 (total water of actually delivery) never = 0, then
the intercept has no intrinsic meaning. But if all water pumped
at Water Source is leaked out in any segments of type 1, we
get no water to actual delivery, here X becomes 0. So
intercept is calculated for this model. From these values we
can observe more difference in intercept for Demand and
Delivery for case 50L. Other cases do not show much greater
difference.
A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence
against the null hypothesis, so you reject the null hypothesis.
A large p-value (> 0.05) indicates weak evidence against the
null hypothesis, so you fail to reject the null hypothesis. p-
values very close to the cutoff (0.05) are considered to be
marginal (could go either way). So, we report the p-value for
readers can draw their own conclusions. p-values in Table 8
for all the three cases, show strong evidence against the null-
hypothesis.
It means that there is a strong relationship between Demand
and Delivery through Leakage Water volumes.
3.2. Extension to Other 3 Projects
We need to design the piping patterns in the distribution
system and calculate the leakage water volumes and forecast
the volumes of water actual delivery to end users for the
remaining three projects: F1 - Guntur Municipal Corporation,
F2 - Munuguru Municipality and F4 - resettlement plan, to
effectively utilize the water available at Water Sources.
4. DISCUSSIONS
Availability and Demand are key issues to the administrators
and decision makers. Wastage and Delivery are importance to
us hence induced into the system as shown in the below
depiction.
Water distribution systems are not necessarily same in all
cases, but an essential pattern is same everywhere. Leakage
Water is not a straightforward calculation, involves many
unknown variable, hence becomes a non-linear in nature.
But linearization of such non-linear systems provided insight
and calculation feasibility. Forecasting and analyzing the
calculated results are comparable to any other similar systems
published so far, however, the superiority of our methods
came from the consideration of ignored variables Leakage
Water and Actual Delivery together in one system.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Most projects funded by global organizations, consider the
need or demand and proposed solutions as primary concepts
and the intrinsic maintenance plans and strategies left
secondary, or in most cases are neglected / ignored. The
projects that forecast water demand for coming years also fall
into the same category and less measured. As described in the
previous sections, administrators just see the Demand and
Availability, but researchers see differently, In this research,
we identified that Wastage and Delivery play a great role in
the supply cycle. We studied the problem in researcher view
and modeled the scenario, forecast and analysis of Wastage
and Delivery issues are presented.
First of all, What if we have less (population and water
requirement) data available? To address this, we need to use
extrapolation methods to create required data. To study the
problem, we have very less data of population projections
available from the project proposals. Using extrapolation
methods, we created more necessary data for shorter intervals.
Then, what if we have missing parameters? We identified the
missing parameters, Wastage as Leakage Water, Delivery as
Actual Delivery to consumers.
And then, what if we don't have a model of infrastructure
information? To workout with such scenarios, we created a
model of piping patterns and a model of water traverse. If
you have enough data, just calculations can give some results,
Availability Demand
Delivery
Wastage
6. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 4– Issue 7, 544 - 549, 2015, ISSN:- 2319–8656
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however, ideas, methodology and mathematical formulation
provide scientific results. This is what we did in sections 2
and 3. After all, if you don't analyze the results administrators
or decision makers don't understand the perfection of the
model presented. We did this analysis in Analysis section.
The ideas and methodologies presented in this research paper
can be used with scenario matching modifications to identify
and avoid most of the leakage problems and can deliver more
water to the consumers. The application of the results can be
extended to municipalities or distribution agencies, who
distribute the clean water to the consumers.
Finally, we conclude the paper with some avenues for further
extension. There is lot of scope for research using the
proposed methodologies. To specify some directions, we can
extend (1) to handle multiple Water Sources, (2) to compute
data for the complexity (nonlinearity) of number of leakage
points and a variety of faucets with uniform & non-uniform
leakage volumes, (3) to introduce environmental parameters,
etc. Further study on these issues gives more accurate results,
but we need to pay time and money.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by RAMTEJ Technologies Corp.,
Japan under Grant No. CECT-P3-042015. We acknowledge
our deepest gratitude for this support.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Growing Blue, "Leaks in Water Distribution Systems",
http://growingblue.com/case-studies/leakages-in-water-
distribution-systems/ Jul 2012.
[2] Marcus Bess H, Rakowski William, et. al “Assessing
motivational readiness and decision making for exercise”,
Health Psychology, Vol 11(4), 1992, 257-261
[3] Michael Marmot, Sharon Friel, Ruth Bell et. al.
“Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through
action on the social determinants of health”, Volume
372, No. 9650, Nov 2008, p1661–1669
[4] Sherri Hartzell, "Types of Planning: Strategic, Tactical,
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