The document presents an experimental study to modify Casagrande's equation for determining the phreatic line in an earthen dam. A physical model of an earth-fill dam was constructed using sandy silt soil. Phreatic lines were traced for the model with and without a horizontal filter. The experimental results were compared to Casagrande's analytical solution. Regression modeling was then used to derive a new, more accurate equation to determine the phreatic line position based on the experimental data for dams with sandy silt soils. The modified equation was found to estimate the phreatic line location more precisely than Casagrande's original equation.
Experimental Study to Correlate the Test Results of PBT, UCS, and CBR with Li...CSCJournals
The development of new roads, enhancement of existing roads and new runways are part of infrastructure boom in India as well as in Gujarat. Need of strength parameters of subgrade soils is very important in monitoring and evaluation of roads and runways subgrade quality. Laboratory determination of California Bearing Ratio useful for flexible pavement design, Coefficient of subgrade reaction K-Value needed for rigid pavement, raft footing and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is required for determination of shear strength parameter of subgrade are time consuming and demand significant effort but mandatory. Dynamic Cone Penetration test can be a faster and easier way to evaluate subgrade strength. In present study an investigation has been carried out on strength parameters for the soil from various locations of Gujarat, In-situ condition has been created in laboratory using bigger testing mould and various tests like Liquid Limit, Plastic limit as well as CBR, PBT, UCS and DCP were carried out on repetitive samples of Maximum Dry Densities achieved through modified proctor effect in soaked condition. The empirical correlations have been established among test results using linear regression procedure. The formulations are validated using other sets of tests data. The developed empirical correlations may be useful to estimate time consuming strength parameters as well as physical properties at numerous locations within area under consideration using simple and rapid DCP test. Keywords: Key Words— Subgrade, CBR, DCP, UCS, PBT.
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Static and dynamic cone penetration tests are widely used in Foundation engineering for measuring the penetration resistance of the
ground and for relating it to the degree of compaction and safe bearing capacity of soils. In Highway Engineering, Pavement
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is used for rapid in-situ strength evaluation of subgrade and other unbound pavement layers. In
the present studies, an attempt has been made to identify the strength and thickness of different pavement layers of newly constructed
low volume roads in the State of Karnataka, India using dynamic cone penetration studies and was compared with actual
measurements at the site. The evaluation of pavement test stretches was made for a period of two years, and changes in penetration
resistance of different pavement layers were measured. A Software was used to analyze the DCP data and to correlate with field
observation. The results have favoured the possibility of using dynamic cone penetrometer as a quality control and pavement
monitoring tool for low volume roads, eliminating the need for a Benkelman beam or a falling weight deflectometer.
Keywords: Pavement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, CBR, Subgrade, Rural roads
Experimental Study to Correlate the Test Results of PBT, UCS, and CBR with Li...CSCJournals
The development of new roads, enhancement of existing roads and new runways are part of infrastructure boom in India as well as in Gujarat. Need of strength parameters of subgrade soils is very important in monitoring and evaluation of roads and runways subgrade quality. Laboratory determination of California Bearing Ratio useful for flexible pavement design, Coefficient of subgrade reaction K-Value needed for rigid pavement, raft footing and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is required for determination of shear strength parameter of subgrade are time consuming and demand significant effort but mandatory. Dynamic Cone Penetration test can be a faster and easier way to evaluate subgrade strength. In present study an investigation has been carried out on strength parameters for the soil from various locations of Gujarat, In-situ condition has been created in laboratory using bigger testing mould and various tests like Liquid Limit, Plastic limit as well as CBR, PBT, UCS and DCP were carried out on repetitive samples of Maximum Dry Densities achieved through modified proctor effect in soaked condition. The empirical correlations have been established among test results using linear regression procedure. The formulations are validated using other sets of tests data. The developed empirical correlations may be useful to estimate time consuming strength parameters as well as physical properties at numerous locations within area under consideration using simple and rapid DCP test. Keywords: Key Words— Subgrade, CBR, DCP, UCS, PBT.
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Static and dynamic cone penetration tests are widely used in Foundation engineering for measuring the penetration resistance of the
ground and for relating it to the degree of compaction and safe bearing capacity of soils. In Highway Engineering, Pavement
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is used for rapid in-situ strength evaluation of subgrade and other unbound pavement layers. In
the present studies, an attempt has been made to identify the strength and thickness of different pavement layers of newly constructed
low volume roads in the State of Karnataka, India using dynamic cone penetration studies and was compared with actual
measurements at the site. The evaluation of pavement test stretches was made for a period of two years, and changes in penetration
resistance of different pavement layers were measured. A Software was used to analyze the DCP data and to correlate with field
observation. The results have favoured the possibility of using dynamic cone penetrometer as a quality control and pavement
monitoring tool for low volume roads, eliminating the need for a Benkelman beam or a falling weight deflectometer.
Keywords: Pavement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, CBR, Subgrade, Rural roads
New Approach of Prediction of Sidoarjo Hot Mudflow Disastered Area Based on P...Waqas Tariq
A new approach of prediction of Sidoarjo hot mudflow disastered area based on cellular automata with probabilistic adjustment for minimizing prediction errors is proposed. Sidoarjo hot mudflow has specific characteristics such as plane and complex area, huge mud plumes, high viscosity and surface temperature changes, so that it needs combined approaches of slow debris flow, and material changes caused by viscous fluid and thermal changes. Some deterministic approaches can not show the high state changes. This paper presents a new approach of cellular automata using probabilistic state changing to simulate hot mudflow spreading. The model was calibrated with the time series of topological maps. The experimental results show new inundated areas that are identified as high risk areas where are covered by mud. It is also show that the proposed probabilistic cellular automata approach works well for prediction of hot mudflow spreading areas much accurate than the existing conventional methods.
This presentation focuses on the significance of soil compaction (particularly the Proctor Test), how the test is performed, necessary equipment and helpful tips.
Optimum replacement depth to control heave of swelling claysAhmed Ebid
The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950’s. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.
Sieve analysis
Atterberg limit test (liquid limit & Plastic limit)
Compaction test (Standard and modified proctor test)
California bearing ratio test (CBR)
Strategic In-stream Systems (STRAINS) is a small-scale, low-tech, in-stream decontamination strategy deployed to overcome these problems. STRAINS use the insights of the Sowl Kere studies to develop a series of larger interventions which can be placed directly with nallahs to prevent the contamination and eutrophication of urban lakes.
Experimental conceptualisation of the Flow Net system construction inside the...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
ABSTRACT
By means of a drainage and seepage tank, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model, formed from Leighton Buzzard Silica sand, was developed and studied in this experimental research paper.
Water flow through dams is one of the basic problems for geotechnical engineers. Seepage analysis in an important factor to be considered in the proper design of many civil engineering structures. Seepage can occur in both through the structure itself as the case of earth dams and under foundations of an engineering structure. Successful seepage analysis is achieved on the proper and accurate construction of a flow net.
Amongst the various existing methods of seepage analysis, the “Finite Element Method” and the method of “Experimental Flow Nets” are the most widely used ones.
Construction of a flow net is mainly used for solving water flow problems through porous media where the geometry makes sometimes analytical solutions impractical. This method is usually used in soil mechanics, geotechnical or civil engineering as an initial check for problems of water flow under hydraulic structures like embankments or dams. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and stream or flow lines is called a flow net. In this procedure the Laplace equation principles must be satisfied.
Hence, the construction of a flow net is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems and provides an approximate solution to the flow problem by following simple rules, as initially set out by Forchheimer, 1900, and later refined by Casagrande,1937. It can also be very useful tool even for problems with complex geometries, as proven in this experimental research paper.
The objectives of this experimental research paper are:
• To determine the position and shape of the flow line representing the uppermost free water surface inside the body of a dam by using a drainage and seepage tank,
• To conceptualise the flow lines system and to demonstrate that each flow line starts perpendicular to the upstream slope of the dam and that that slope is a boundary equipotential line,
• To construct an experimental flow net and subsequently to verify and analyse it by the FEA method,
• To calculate the rate of seepage through the dam body, and
• To summarise the calculations and experimental findings in a concise and readable format.
In order to achieve these objectives, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model was formulated by using a drainage and seepage tank.
From the constructed flow net in the present experimental research paper, an attempt has been made to analyze, determine and present the following parameters:
The pressure drop from one side of the embankment to the other,
The seepage flow rate in each flow “channel”,
The total seepage flow rate, and
The pore pressure ratio, ru, for the embankment.
New Approach of Prediction of Sidoarjo Hot Mudflow Disastered Area Based on P...Waqas Tariq
A new approach of prediction of Sidoarjo hot mudflow disastered area based on cellular automata with probabilistic adjustment for minimizing prediction errors is proposed. Sidoarjo hot mudflow has specific characteristics such as plane and complex area, huge mud plumes, high viscosity and surface temperature changes, so that it needs combined approaches of slow debris flow, and material changes caused by viscous fluid and thermal changes. Some deterministic approaches can not show the high state changes. This paper presents a new approach of cellular automata using probabilistic state changing to simulate hot mudflow spreading. The model was calibrated with the time series of topological maps. The experimental results show new inundated areas that are identified as high risk areas where are covered by mud. It is also show that the proposed probabilistic cellular automata approach works well for prediction of hot mudflow spreading areas much accurate than the existing conventional methods.
This presentation focuses on the significance of soil compaction (particularly the Proctor Test), how the test is performed, necessary equipment and helpful tips.
Optimum replacement depth to control heave of swelling claysAhmed Ebid
The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950’s. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.
Sieve analysis
Atterberg limit test (liquid limit & Plastic limit)
Compaction test (Standard and modified proctor test)
California bearing ratio test (CBR)
Strategic In-stream Systems (STRAINS) is a small-scale, low-tech, in-stream decontamination strategy deployed to overcome these problems. STRAINS use the insights of the Sowl Kere studies to develop a series of larger interventions which can be placed directly with nallahs to prevent the contamination and eutrophication of urban lakes.
Experimental conceptualisation of the Flow Net system construction inside the...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
ABSTRACT
By means of a drainage and seepage tank, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model, formed from Leighton Buzzard Silica sand, was developed and studied in this experimental research paper.
Water flow through dams is one of the basic problems for geotechnical engineers. Seepage analysis in an important factor to be considered in the proper design of many civil engineering structures. Seepage can occur in both through the structure itself as the case of earth dams and under foundations of an engineering structure. Successful seepage analysis is achieved on the proper and accurate construction of a flow net.
Amongst the various existing methods of seepage analysis, the “Finite Element Method” and the method of “Experimental Flow Nets” are the most widely used ones.
Construction of a flow net is mainly used for solving water flow problems through porous media where the geometry makes sometimes analytical solutions impractical. This method is usually used in soil mechanics, geotechnical or civil engineering as an initial check for problems of water flow under hydraulic structures like embankments or dams. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and stream or flow lines is called a flow net. In this procedure the Laplace equation principles must be satisfied.
Hence, the construction of a flow net is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems and provides an approximate solution to the flow problem by following simple rules, as initially set out by Forchheimer, 1900, and later refined by Casagrande,1937. It can also be very useful tool even for problems with complex geometries, as proven in this experimental research paper.
The objectives of this experimental research paper are:
• To determine the position and shape of the flow line representing the uppermost free water surface inside the body of a dam by using a drainage and seepage tank,
• To conceptualise the flow lines system and to demonstrate that each flow line starts perpendicular to the upstream slope of the dam and that that slope is a boundary equipotential line,
• To construct an experimental flow net and subsequently to verify and analyse it by the FEA method,
• To calculate the rate of seepage through the dam body, and
• To summarise the calculations and experimental findings in a concise and readable format.
In order to achieve these objectives, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model was formulated by using a drainage and seepage tank.
From the constructed flow net in the present experimental research paper, an attempt has been made to analyze, determine and present the following parameters:
The pressure drop from one side of the embankment to the other,
The seepage flow rate in each flow “channel”,
The total seepage flow rate, and
The pore pressure ratio, ru, for the embankment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
In many projects, water logging of parking and walkway is the major issue, especially during monsoon, as pavement and floors are normally impermeable. As the usage of pervious concrete is continuously increasing dramatically, a better understanding of linkages between microstructure,
transport properties and durability will assist in mix preparation and design. In this study deals with the effect of fine aggregate in strength and durability properties of pervious concrete. A total numbers of 42 specimens were cast cured and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio.
Seismic performance of a layered liquefiable site validation of numerical sim...Mahir Badanagki, Ph.D.
In this paper, the results of a centrifuge experiment modeling of a layered soil profile, including a liquefiable layer of Ottawa sand, are used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of two state ofthe-art constitutive models.
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Modeling Sediment Accumulation at Kenyir Reservoir Using GSTARS3ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CONSOLIDATION USING VERTICAL DR...P singh
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
Similar to Modification of the casagrandes equation of phreatic line (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
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APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
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• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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2. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 2 editor@iaeme.com
analytical method suggested by A. Casagrande[2]
(1940). For this we have constructed three models
for each case with same water content to determine the best phreatic line close to the one obtained by
the analytical method and the phreatic line was traced using butter paper on the long side of the
apparatus. Three models for each case, that is, the case with and without filter were made and the
phreatic line obtained is plotted on Ms excel and compared with analytically obtained equation.
Model was made in the Geotechnical laboratory of Civil Department, Delhi Technological
University. Further, using the results of this experiment, we have suggested the best modified
equation for the phreatic in an earthen dam made of sandy silt material. This equation derived is
much more accurate than the one given by A. Casagrande.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The real time problem for this study is defined as in Figure 1. The example selected is a
simplified representation of a typical homogeneous earth-fill dam geometry with an impervious
foundation.
The geometry of the problem: height: 15.75 m, width of crest: 10.5 m, base length: 48.75 m,
upstream slope: 1: 1.42, downstream slope: 1: 1 and Upstream water level: 13.5m. The dry and bulk
unit weight of earth-fill dam soil are 15.70 KN/m3
and 19.20 KN/m3
respectively. Also the
permeability of base soil is 5.33 x 10-7
m/sec.
The distorted modelling is used in this case for the experiment purpose and the details of the
same are discussed latter in the paper.
Fig 1. Dimensions of Real time Earthfill Dam Problem
3. CHARACTERISATION OF BASE SOIL
The experiments for determining the physical properties of base soil were conducted prior
to the modeling of the earthen dam and the properties of the base soil used have been specified in
Table 1.
3. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 3 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Soil characterization IS 2720(Part 3)
4. MODEL & EXPERIMENTALAPPARATUS
A small scale model is built after doing carrying out dimensional analysis of real system.
This model represents an earth-fill homogenous dam on an impervious foundation. Distorted
modeling is done in this case by taking the horizontal scaling ratio as 1/75 for the base dimensions
and a vertical scale ratio of 1/45 for the height of dam. Sandy silt soil is used as the embankment
material & tamping is done layer by layer of 2.5 cm thickness to obtain a uniform dry density in
whole experiments. The phreatic line in the earth fill embankments have been determined by the use
of the potassium permanganate solution.
Fig 2. Dimensions of the Prototype without filter
The geometry of the embankment for without any filter is show is shown in Fig 2 and the
one with a horizontal filter is shown is Fig 3. The dimensions of the prototype are as follows: height :
0.35 m, width of crest : 0.14 m, base length: 0.65 m , upstream slope : 1 : 0.86, downstream slope : 1
: 0.6 and Upstream water level: 0.30 m.
Fig 3. Dimensions of the Prototype with filter
Characteristic Property Method Used Values
Optimum moisture Standard Proctor test` 14 %
Specific Gravity Pycnometer 2.65
Grain Size Distribution Sieve Analysis
& Wet Sieving
Gravel-2% Sand-26%,
Clay -56% & Silt -16%
Bulk & Dry Unit Density Core Cutter 19.20kN/m3
& 15.70kN/m3
Liquid Limit Casagrande Exp 32%
Plastic Limit Rolling 3mm thread 21%
Plasticity Index LL - PL 11%
4. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 4 editor@iaeme.com
5. EXPERIMENTAL SOLUTION
The model is built in a plastic sheet (5 mm thick) channel of 0.76 m length, 0.3084 m width,
0.3084 m height, which was used to facilitate the observations of the behavior of seepage water and
the process of earth fill embankment failure.
Fig 4. General View of Earth-fill dam
5.1 Determination of Volume of Prototype
V: Volume of Embankment
M1: Mass of Soil Expected of Cube
M2: Mass of Soil Expected for Embankment
V= [(0.5 x 0.35 x 0.3) + (0.14 x 0.35) + (0.5 x 0.21 x 0.35)] x 0.3048
= 0.0421386 m3
M1 = 0.65 x 0.35 x 0.3048 x 1920 = 133 kg
M2 = 0.0421386 x1920 = 80.9 kg
5.2 Determining No. of Blows on each layer
For Standard Proctor Compaction Test
W = Weight of compactor = 2.6 kg
h = Height of fall = 0.310 m
V = Volume of cylinder = 0.001m3
n = Number of blow = 25
m = Number of layers = 3
Taking for the earth-fill dam,
n’
= Number of blows in each layer
m’
= Number of layers =10
“Compacting effort of standard proctor in lab = compacting effort of standard proctor on
embankment”= energy/ volume is constant=W x h x n x m/V
Compacting effort of standard proctor in lab = 2.6 x0.31x25 x 3 /0.001 = 60450 J/m3
…Eq (1)
Compacting effort of standard proctor on embankment using eq (1)
= (2.6 x 0.31 x n’ x 10) /0.0421386 =191.2 x n’
5. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Therefore, n’= 60450/191.27 = 316
Assuming Efficiency (η) of tamping as 50 %
Now, the total number of blows = 316 x 2 =
6. TRACING OF PHREATIC CURVES
6.1. Case 1: Without filter
In order to determine the position of the phreatic li
(Optimum Moisture Content) without filter
the earthfill dam is found out. The following
paper for the trial 1. Figure 8 indicates the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically and the
lines obtained for all trials, which are
the butter paper.
Fig 5: Phreatic line tracing for Dam without filter
6.2. Case 2: With Horizontal filter
Similarly, in order to determine the position
14% (Optimum Moisture Content) using horizontal f
Further, the most accurate position of the phreatic line in the earthfill dam is found out. The
following Fig 6 shows the phreatic line obtained on the butter paper for the trial 1 and Fig
the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically
replicated on the excel sheet using the coordinates obtained on the
Fig 6:
f The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava,
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 5
60450/191.27 = 316
tamping as 50 %
the total number of blows = 316 x 2 = 632 blows
TRACING OF PHREATIC CURVES
In order to determine the position of the phreatic line, three trials are done for
without filter. Further, the most accurate position of the phreatic line in
The following Fig 5 shows the phreatic line obtained on the b
indicates the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically and the
, which are replicated on the excel sheet using the coordinat
Phreatic line tracing for Dam without filter
orizontal filter
n order to determine the position of the phreatic line, three trials are done for
Moisture Content) using horizontal filter of length 0.21m and thickness 0.022m.
position of the phreatic line in the earthfill dam is found out. The
ows the phreatic line obtained on the butter paper for the trial 1 and Fig
the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically along with the lines obtained for all t
using the coordinates obtained on the butter paper.
: Phreatic line tracing for Dam with filter
f Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
GISI) www.jifactor.com
editor@iaeme.com
trials are done for 14%
position of the phreatic line in
shows the phreatic line obtained on the butter
indicates the ideal phreatic line obtained analytically and the phreatic
using the coordinates obtained on
of the phreatic line, three trials are done for
ilter of length 0.21m and thickness 0.022m.
position of the phreatic line in the earthfill dam is found out. The
ows the phreatic line obtained on the butter paper for the trial 1 and Fig 9 indicates
the lines obtained for all trials, which are
butter paper.
6. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 6 editor@iaeme.com
7. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
7.1. Assumptions
1. Homogenous, isotropic cross section
2. Relatively Impervious base
3. No special toe drainage
4. Darcy’s law is valid i.e. q = ky dy/dx
5. Steady state seepage.
6. Capillary action is not considered
7.2. Definition of terms
(As shown in Fig 7 & Fig 8)
Bo - Point of Intersection of the basic parabola with the water surface.
h - Height of upstream water level
o - Slope distance from toe of dam to point of discharge
α - Angle of discharge face from the toe =45o
x,y - Coordinates of any point on the basic parabola, measured from toe of dam.
ao- Distance along base line between toe of dam and vertex of basic parabola
yo - Ordinate of basic parabola at toe of dam
k - Coefficient of permeability of soil =5.33 x10-7 m/sec
C- Point at which the phreatic line intersect the discharge slope
Co- Point at which the phreatic line intersect the discharge slope
Δo- Distance between C and Co
Fig 7. Determination of phreatic line in an earthfill dam without filter [7]
7.3. CALCULATION
7.3.1 Determining the Phreatic line in a dam without filter:
According to the analytical solution suggested by A.Casagrande [2]
, we calculate the
empirical equation for the phreatic line:
7. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 7 editor@iaeme.com
m = 0.30 * 0.86 = 0.258 m
BOB =0.3 x0.258 =0.0774 m
h = 0.30 m
And d = 0.65 - 0.7*0.258 = 0.4694 m
From equation:
p = 0.5 (√ (d2 + h2) – d) ......Eq(2)
p = 0.5(√ (0.46942 + 0.302) – 0.4694)
p= 0.04383
Using the Casagrande equation:
x = (y2 – 4p2)/4p .......Eq(3)
y2 = 0.175x + 0.00768 ......Eq(4)
The correction to the parabola is obtained by the following graph:
Taking equation of a line:
y= x tan α ......Eq (5)
The coordinates of point 'C' can be determined by solving Eq (3) & Eq (5)
Substituting the value of z from Eq (3),
x= (x tan α)2
– 4p2
/ 4p2
x2
tan2
α – 4px – 4p2
= 0
Hence,
x2
(1/0.6)^2 – 4(0.04383)x – 4(0.0483)2
= 0
2.77x2
– 0.1692x – 0.00933 = 0 ......Eq(6)
The solution of the above Eq(4) gives x = 9.6 x10-2
m.
So, we get
ΔCO= √ (.0962
+ (.096(1/0.6))2
= 18.66 x10-2
m.= o + Δo
For 59.032 downstream slope angle, the correction is obtained from the Casagrande Chart[2]
Δo/ (o + Δo) = 0.32
Δo = 0.32 x 18.66 x10-2
m.== 5.97 x10-2
m
o = (o + Δo) – (Δo)
o = ( 18.66 – 5.97)x10-2
m = 12.69 x10-2
m
So, o = ΔC = 12.69 x10-2
m
7.3.2 Determining the Phreatic line in a dam with filter:
According to the analytical solution suggested by A. Casagrande [2]
, we calculate the
empirical equation for the phreatic line:
Length of filter (l) = 21 cm & Thickness of filter = 2.2cm
m = 0.30 * 0.86 = 0.258 m
8. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
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Fig8. Phreatic lines for trials and ideal case at OMC for earthen dam without filter case
Fig 9. Determination of phreatic line in an earthfill dam with filter[7]
BOB = 0.3 x m = 0.0774m
h = 0.3 - 0.022* m = 0.278m
And d = 0.65 - 0.7 *m-l = 0.2594 m
From equation:
p = 0.5 ( √ (d2 + h2) - d ) ......Eq(7)
p = 0.5( √ (0.25942 + 0.2782) – 0.2594 )
p= 0.0604
Using the Casagrande equation:
x = (y2 – 4p2)/4p …...Eq(8)
y2 = 0.242x + 0.0146 ......Eq(9)
9. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
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Fig10. Phreatic lines for trials and ideal case at OMC for earthen dam with filter case
Fig11. Comparison of phreatic lines for best trial and ideal case at OMC for both cases
10. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
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8. EVALUATION OF EQUATION OF PHREATIC LINE FOR EXPERIMENTAL DATA
MS-EXCEL Statistical Package has been used to design regression models. Subsequently,
their statistical feature i.e. R square for the model (coefficient of determination) were checked as
shown in Tables 2 and 3 to satisfy the statistical robustness.
8.1. Test Regression Models Statistically
R square for the model represents the coefficient of determination that measures the
proportional reduction of total variation in ”y” of phreatic line using “x” as independent variable
where x, y- Coordinates of any point on the basic parabola ,measured from toe of dam or toe of
horizontal filter. In other words, it represents the total variability in y explained by x.
Checking the models in the two tables- Table 2 and 3 indicates that R square is above 0.9
for all of them. This implies that data varies little around the fitted models
From Table 2, Trial 3+No Filter case which has regression equation- y = 7.3567ln(x) - 0.7871 ,has R
square as 0.94 that is higher than that for the analytical solution suggested by A. Casagrande[2].
Similarly, for the Trial 2 +Filter case which has regression equation- y = 28.465ln(x) -
78.724 ,has R square as 0.9858 that is higher as compared to the Casagrande[2]
analytical solution as
seen from Table 3.
Table 2.Models for y coordinate for No filter case
No. Case Model R²
1 TC+ No Filter y2
= 17.5x + 0.768 0.9391
2 T1+No Filter y = 7.466ln(x) - 0.4175 0.9303
3 T2+No Filter y = 6.7849ln(x) - 0.8776 0.9334
4 T3+No Filter y = 7.3567ln(x) - 0.7871 0.9400
Table 3. Models for y coordinate for filter case
Table 4. Comparison for Casagrande, Experimental & Proposed Solution for No filter case
No. Case Model R²
1 TC+Filter y2
= 24.2x + 1.46 0.9814
2 T1+Filter y = 27.724ln(x) - 77.321 0.9817
3 T2+Filter y = 28.465ln(x) - 78.724 0.9858
4 T3+Filter y = 24.524ln(x) - 67.174 0.9841
x
[x 10-2
m]
y casagrande
[x 10-2
m]
yexperimental
[x 10-2
m]
yproposed
[x 10-2
m]
5 9.40 10.50 11.05
10 13.26 14.30 16.15
15 16.23 17.45 19.14
20 18.73 19.80 21.25
25 20.93 22.10 22.89
30 22.93 24.20 24.23
35 24.76 26.00 25.37
40 26.47 27.77 26.35
45 28.08 29.50 27.22
11. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
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Table 5. Comparison for Casagrande, Experimental & Proposed Solution for filter case
x
[x 10-2
m]
y casagrande
[x 10-2
m]
yexperimental
[x 10-2
m]
yproposed
[x 10-2
m]
25 12.11 13.50 12.90
30 17.01 18.90 18.09
35 20.65 22.90 22.48
40 23.68 26.20 26.28
45 26.33 29.20 29.63
9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The phreatic lines for the trials are plotted on the excel sheet and compared with the
analytical solution given by A Casagrande as shown in Fig 8 and Fig 10 for no filter and filter case.
For both cases we find that the phreatic line obtained by the experimental method is more accurate
than that suggested by Casagrande.
In this section, by making use of regression models for the trials having a greater R square
than the Casagrande solution. We obtain y coordinates for analytical, experimental and proposed
solution as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Further, a modified equation for the cases of with &
without filter have been proposed in Section 9.1. which can be used in the case of sandy silt soil.
9.1 Modified equation for without filter case
The proposed equation in this case is presented in the logarithmic form as follows:
y = a ln(x) + b ......Eq (10)
Here, a & b are constants and are dependent on the soil type & soil density.
These values are taken as
a= 7.3567; b= - 0.7871 in the case of sandy silt soil.
Table 4 displays the accuracy of the points of our proposed phreatic line equation compared
to that of the experimentally acquired points.
8.2 Modified equation for the filter case
The proposed equation in the filter case is presented in the logarithmic form as follows:
The proposed equation in this case is presented in the logarithmic form as follows:
y = c ln(x) + d ......Eq (11)
Here, c & d are constants and are dependent on the soil type & soil density.
These values are taken as
c= 28.465; d= -78.724 in the case of sand silt soil.
Table 5 displays the accuracy of the points of our proposed phreatic line equation compared
to that of the experimentally acquired points.
9. CONCLUSION
The proposed modified equations for the phreatic line i.e. Eq (10) and Eq (11) are more
accurate than the ones suggested by the A. Casagrande[2].
The tables 4 and 5 in the above section
display the accuracy of the proposed equations compared to that of the experimentally obtained
points. The modified phreatic line equations can be used for an earthen dam made of sandy silt
material. The line obtained will be more accurate and close to the actual phreatic line. For both cases,
the equations obtained are more accurate and we propose that a similar relation might be valid for
other materials also. Further research can be carried out for different materials and more accurate
equations can be developed for each case. After developing equations, a correlation between these
12. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
lines can be made to propose a common equation that can be used for every material. This proposal
can be a future scope of work.
REFERENCE
1. Federal Emergency Management Agency, April, 2008, "Geotextiles in Embankment Dams
Status Report on the Use of Geotextiles in Embankment Dam Construction and
Rehabilitation", 97-98.
2. Punmia B.C. and Jain Ashok Kumar, "Soil Mechanics and Foundations", 16th edition (2005)
239-243.
3. Fell Robin, MacGregor Patrick, Stapledon David and Bell Graeme, (2005) "Geotechnical
Engineering of Dam"s, 380-391
4. IS Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, December 2010, "Chimney
Filter/ Drain Design and Construction Version"
5. U.S. Department of AgricultureSoi1 Conservation Service Engineering Division, October
1979, "The Mechanics of Seepage Analyses".
6. IS 9429 (1999): Drainage System for Earth and Rockfill Dams- Code of Practice [WRD 9:
Dams and Spillways]
7. Martin Wieland, Qingwen Ren, John S.Y. Tan, "New Developments in Dam Engineering", 4th
edition (2004).
8. John Wiley & Sons, "Soil Mechanics Si Version", 5th edition (2008).
9. Pavlovsky NN, "Seepage Through Earth Dams" (in Russian), Inst. Gidrotekhniki I Melioratsii,
Leningrad.
10. Harr ME, "Groundwater and Seepage", McGraw Hill, New York. (1962)
11. Mohammed Y. Fattah, Salama N. Y. Al-Labban and Firas A. Salman, “Seepage Analysis of A
Zoned Earth Dam by Finite Elements” International Journal of Civil Engineering &
Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 8, 2014, pp. 128 - 139, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN
Online: 0976 – 6316.
12. Nitish Puri and Deepak Soni, “Utilization of Bentonite-Silt Mixtures as Seepage Barriers In
Liner Systems of Engineered Landfills” International Journal of Civil Engineering &
Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 346 - 352, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN
Online: 0976 – 6316.
13. Modification of The Casagrande's Equation of Phreatic Line, A.K. Shrivastava, Anurag Jain, Deepali
Kansal, Shashank Gupta, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. A.K. SHRIVASTAVA, Associate professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi obtained his Ph. D in 2012
from IIT Delhi, India. His main areas of research is geotechnical engineering,
strength & deformation behavior of rocks & rock masses, pavement engg.
instrumentation in laboratory and field testing.
ANURAG JAIN, Final year undergraduate, Delhi Technological University. His
main areas of research is checking the stability of stuctures and all the parameters
related to it to make structure better and long lasting.
DEEPALI KANSAL, Final year undergraduate, Delhi Technological University.
Her main areas of research is use of mathematical economics, statistics and
econometrics in different fields such as civil engg.
SHASHANK GUPTA, Final year undergraduate, Delhi Technological University.
His main areas of research is study of behavior of structures under different loading
conditions, earthquake engineering and structural dynamics.