1. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to generate geospatial data, including a digital elevation model (DEM), orthophoto, land use/land cover map, and drainage pattern map for a study area in Assam, India to identify suitable dam sites. 2. A GeoEye-1 satellite image was processed to generate a DEM and orthorectified image of the study area. 3. The land use/land cover map identified existing land uses, and the drainage pattern map showed the hydrological network, both of which are important factors for dam site selection.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 6, Issue 7, Jul 2015, pp. 61-68, Article ID: IJCIET_06_07_008
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=7
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
___________________________________________________________________________
GEO-SPATIAL DATA FOUNDATION FOR
DAM SITES
Mr. S. S. Manugula
Research scholar Department of Civil Engineering, JNU, Rajasthan, India
Dr. B. Veeranna
Director, Prof, Department of Civil Engineering, GNITC, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Saroj Patel
Assoc Prof, Department of Mathematics, JNU, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Remote Sensing and GIS provide a solid geospatial data foundation, which
is suitable for addressing questions on choosing the best sites of dams. To
accomplish this, there is a need to understand geospatial processes of
gathering, organizing and analyzing data using Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS.
On the other hand, theoretical and practical backgrounds are needed to
understand linkages, relationships and thresholds that allow faster
identification of the study area. DEMs are essential for topographic
characterization by representing land surface, hydrological boundaries and
terrain attributes, such as slope and aspect.
In this work it has been studied for the generation of Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) and the resulted DEM is used to generate the Orthoimage and
to demark the land use/ land cover features and also for drainage pattern for
the catchment area of hydro project.
Key words: GIS, Remote Sensing; DEM and Orthoimage.
Cite this Article: Mr. Manugula, S. S. Dr. Veeranna, B. and Dr. Patel, S. Geo-
Spatial Data Foundation For Dam Sites. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 6(7), 2015, pp. 61-68.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=7
_____________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Information, such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use and drainage pattern
for the catchment area plays an important role in dam site selection, which can be
gathered from remotely sensed images. In particular, slopes analysis the data
extracted from DEM are useful for many hydrological studies and can be employed

2. Mr. S. S. Manugula, Dr. B. Veeranna and Dr. Saroj Patel
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for dam location selection. Furthermore, a limited effort has been devoted in recent
years to determine the capability of these techniques in assisting engineering dam
design by allowing efficient, quick and economic data collection [1, 2]. However, the
application of remote sensing in ephemeral streams is limited compared with
permanent rivers [3].
Figure 1 Details of Study Area
2. STUDY AREA AND DATA USED
The extent of study area lies between longitude 92°44' to 92°50' E and latitude 25°36'
to 25°43' N. of Assam. The present study area covers both plain and hilly terrain. The
metadata and details of study area is shown in the Figure 1. The data used is GeoEye-
1.
2.1. GeoEye-1:
 GeoEye-1, which set the standard for sub-half meter high resolution commercial
satellite imagery.
 GeoEye-1, the highest resolution and most advanced commercial imaging satellite in
the world, offers unprecedented spatial resolution.
 It creates this accuracy by simultaneously acquiring 0.41-meter panchromatic and
1.65-meter multispectral imagery [5].
 The satellite can collect up to 700,000 square kilometers of panchromatic imagery per
day (and up to 350,000 square kilometers of pan-sharpened multispectral imagery).
Input data: Control points GCP, toposheets, Geo Eye Data.

3. Geo-Spatial Data Foundation For Dam Sites
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3. METHODOLOGY FOR ORTHOIMAGE GENERATION
The ortho rectification (ortho resampling) process removes the geometric distortion
inherent in imagery caused by camera/sensor orientation, topographic relief
displacement, and systematic errors associated with imagery. Orthorectified images
are planimetrically true images that represent ground objects in their true, real-world
X and Y positions. For these reasons, orthorectified imagery has become accepted as
the ideal reference image
Backdrop necessary for the creation and maintenance of vector data contained
within a GIS. By defining a DEM or constant elevation value (ideal for use in areas
containing minimal relief variation), the effects of topographic relief displacement can
be considered [7, 8].
3.1. Ortho Resampling
The final step in the Orthobase workflow is orthorectification. By selecting the
orthorectification icon on the LPS toolbar or the Ortho Rectification (Resampling
option within the Process menu, the Ortho Resampling dialog opens as shown in the
Figure 2 there are two tabs i.e. General tab and Advanced tab. In the general tab by
default the input file name (first image) is given. So the output file name is typed.
Click on add button in the general tab to insert the second image. In the advanced tab
from the Resampling method select interpolation method from the dropdown list. Run
the process and finally orthoimage generated is shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 2 Ortho resampling

4. Mr. S. S. Manugula, Dr. B. Veeranna and Dr. Saroj Patel
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Figure 3 Ortho resampling process
4. LAND USE / LAND COVER
Information on existing land use / land cover and pattern of their spatial distribution
forms the basis for any developmental planning. The current land use has to be
assessed for its suitability in the light of land potential before suggesting alternate
land use practices.
 What is land use?
 A series of operation on land carried out by humans, with the intention to obtain
products or benefits through the use of land resources
 What is Land cover?
 The vegetation or manmade constructions, which occur on the earth’s surface, water ,
ice, rocks and similar surfaces also count as land cover
The remote sensing provides information on actual land use/cover, while GIS
enables an integrated evaluation on land potentialities to be made [6]. They
demonstrated the value of spatial analysis in land use management is greatly enhanced
by the use of GIS. Martinez and Stuiver [4] investigate the automated delineation of
drainage networks and elementary catchments from digital elevation models. Based
on their results, they concluded that automating the method for obtaining the spatial
representation of drainage networks and elementary catchments is important since
these entities are terrain objects connects different aggregation level of hydrographic
information.

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Figure 4 Landuse /Land Cover with overlap of dam site.
Figure 5 Comparision of raw vs Classified image .

6. Mr. S. S. Manugula, Dr. B. Veeranna and Dr. Saroj Patel
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5. DRAINAGE
The study area located south of the eastern Himalayas, comprises the Brahmaputra
Valley and the Barak river valleys along with the Karbi Anglong and the North
Cachar Hills with an area of 30,285 square miles (78,438 km2
) region representing
mountains and thick forest regions. Drainage patterns are the design formed by the
aggregate of drainage ways in an area regardless of whether they are occupied by
permanent streams (Howard, 1967) reflecting the surface and subsurface conditions.
Figure 6 Shows the Drainage pattern of the proposed area and Figure 7 shows the
Superimpose of drainage map on DEM
Figure 6 Drainage pattern Figure 7 Superimpose of drainage map on
DEM
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
In this work the suitability and the capability of High resolution Geo-Eye data has
been studied for the generation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Orthoimage.
In this work Digital photogrammetric technique has been used to process the stereo
data. From the present work, it is recommended that using the Geo-spatial data like
Orthophoto, Land use/Land cover and Drainage network is most essential for dam site
so that depending upon the slope and the catchment analysis is performed. The
recommendation is that DEMs from control points for generation of orthorectification

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is a more accurate process by which to geocode digital imagery. Accuracy of
orthoimage is mainly depends upon the accuracy of aerial triangulation, but accuracy
of AT is again depends on the accuracy of Ground control points collected. High
accurate GCPs produce accurate DEM & Orthoimage
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[3] Clark, J. Putting water in its place: A perspective on GIS in hydrology and water.
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[6] Sabins, F. F. Remote sensing: Principles and interpretations, 3rd ed. New York:
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[7] Manugula, S. S., Dr. Bommakanti, V. and Dr. Patel, S. Generation of DEM and
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ABOUT AUTHORS
Santhi Swarup Manugula has B.Tech Civil Engineering., M.Tech
Remote Sensing and pursuing Ph.D. in Jodhpur National University,
Rajasthan in Department of Civil Engineering, and Integrating Remote
Sensing Applications with Civil Engineering. He worked as a RA
(projects) in IIT Mumbai in the department of CSRE. He has 18 years of
experience (Civil Engg, GIS-Photogrammetry-Remote Sensing) worked
with National & International Clients in various multinational companies.
He worked as a Dy. General Manager& Head of GIS department and also
holds the credit of gaining global exposure by working in Abu-Dhabi
(UAE) as a client side support international project work.
Dr. Veeranna Bommakanti has B.Tech Civil Engineering., M.Tech
Remote Sensing and Ph.D. in Spatial Information Technology. He
presented more than six papers in International Conferences/ journals
out of which one paper was presented in 29th Annual ESRI
International User Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, and July 13–17,
2009. With more than 25 years of experience, currently he is working
as a Director of the institution and also a Professor in the department of
Civil Engineering in GNITC Hyderabad involving in various academic
and research activities.

8. Mr. S. S. Manugula, Dr. B. Veeranna and Dr. Saroj Patel
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 68 editor@iaeme.com
Dr. Saroj Patel has more than 11 years of rich experience in teaching
and research field. She is currently working as an Associate Professor
in Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan in the department
of Mathematics. She guided many PhD scholars and solved many
critical solutions especially when their thesis works integrated with
mathematics.