This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions of types I and II. It defines hypersensitivity as undesirable immune responses that can cause tissue damage or death. Type I reactions are immediate and IgE-mediated, involving mast cell degranulation. Common allergens are listed. Type II reactions are antibody-mediated and cytotoxic, destroying cells through complement activation or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Examples given include blood transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn. The mechanisms, mediators, treatments, and tests related to types I and II hypersensitivity reactions are described in detail.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Immediate or Type I hypersensitivity is a rapid immunological reaction occurring in a previously sensitized individual that is triggered by the binding of an antigen to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Immediate or Type I hypersensitivity is a rapid immunological reaction occurring in a previously sensitized individual that is triggered by the binding of an antigen to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells.
The presentation includes an overview of hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity with certain pictures elaborating the mechanism. The presentation also talks about asthma very briefly as an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
The presentation includes an overview of hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity with certain pictures elaborating the mechanism. The presentation also talks about asthma very briefly as an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Allergic rhinitis-Allergic rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways.
In this slide we can get info about its causes,symptoms,prevention & treatment.This slide helps people to know about this disease.
dear reader
This Powerpoint Illustrates The Hypersensitivity Type-I Only
Actually This My First Project That I create And Upload,Hope You Find This Powerpoint Helpful Even 10% ^_^ Thanks In Advance
Rania Hadi
The Top Skills That Can Get You Hired in 2017LinkedIn
We analyzed all the recruiting activity on LinkedIn this year and identified the Top Skills employers seek. Starting Oct 24, learn these skills and much more for free during the Week of Learning.
#AlwaysBeLearning https://learning.linkedin.com/week-of-learning
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
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SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
Hypersensitivity Update .pdf Immunology and Microosmanolow
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence.
Hypersensitivity can be defined as a state of altered immune response against an antigen characterized by hyper reactivity leading to immunopathology
Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Hyper sensitivity reaction type I and type II
1. HYPERSENSITIVITY
REACTION(TYPE I and TYPE II)
BY: JEGANATHAN C
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
E.Mail : jeganathanbms@gmail.com
Cell.no: 9626307988
2. INTRODUCTION
• Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity
reaction or intolerance) is a set of undesirable
reactions produced by the normal immune
system, including allergies and autoimmunity.
• Inflammatory response can have deleterious
effects ,resulting in significant tissue damage
or even death. this appropriate immune
response is termed hypersensitivity or allergy.
5. IgE mediated hypersensitivity
• Type 1 reaction also called as immediate
hypersensitivity reaction
• It is induced by certain types of antigen ,referred
to as allergens
• The allergen induces a humoral antibody
response
• IgE binds with high affinity to Fc receptors on the
surface of tissue mast and basophils
• Such IgE- coated mast cells and basophils are
sensitized
6. Continuous………
• A later exposure to the same allergen cross-
links the membrane- bound IgE on sensitized
mast cells and basophils, causing
degranulation of these cells
• The pharmacologically active mediators
released from the granules act on the
surrounding tissues
7.
8. COMMON ALLERGEN ASSOCIATED
WITH TYPE 1 REACTION
• Proteins-foreign serum , vaccines
• Plant pollens-rye grass ,ragweed, timothy
grass,birch trees
• Drugs- penicillin, sulfonamides, local
anesthetics,salicylates
• Foods-nuts, seafood,eggs,peas,beans,milk
• Insect products-bee venom, wasp venom,ant
venom,cockroach calyx,dust mites
• Mold spores , animal hair and dander
9. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Receptor cross linkage
• Intracellular events leading to mast-cell
degranulation
14. NON IgE ANTIBODY-RELATED INITIATORS
OF TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY
Complement Activation Products:
C3a, C4a, C5a
"Anaphylotoxins"
Various Drugs: ACTH, Codeine,
Morphine, Penicillin
16. Mediators of Type I Hypersensitivity:
Stored in Mast Cell Granules
Histamine, Heparin and Serotonin
Increased vascular
permeability;
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Chemotactic Factors for
Eosinophils and Neutrophils Attract Eosinophils & Neutrophils
Proteases Degrade Basement membranes of blood vessels;
Activate bronchial mucous secretions;
Activate Complement
17. Secondary Mediators of Type I Hypersensitivity:
Synthesized and Released After Mast Cell Activation
Platelet Activating Factor Platelet Aggregation&
Degranulation;
Smooth muscle contraction
Prostaglandins Vasodilation; Smooth muscle contraction
Leukotrienes (SRS-A)* Increased vascular permeability;
Pulmonary smooth muscle contraction
(*SRS-A : Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis)
Bradykinin Increased vascular permeability;
Smooth muscle contraction
Cytokines: Systemic Anaphylaxis;
(IL1 & TNF-a; Others*) Altered Cell adhesion
* See Slide 42
18. Detection of type I hypersensitivity
• Radioimmunosorbent test (RIST)- Quantify
Nano gram amounts of total serum IgE
• Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)-Quantify
Nano gram amounts of serum IgE specific for a
particular allergen
19. To Treat Type I Immediate Hypersensitivity Based on
the Underlying Mechanisms
• Block Effects of Primary Mediators on Target
Cells (e.g. respiratory smooth muscles or vascular
endothelium) : Antihistamines; Cortisone
• Block Calcium Ion Influx: Cromolyn
• Block the Effects of Calcium Ion Influx
a. Keep cyclic AMP (cAMP) from Falling
Theophylline
• Increase production of cAMP:
Adrenaline(epinephrine)
20.
21. ANTIBODY – MEDIATED CYTOTOXIC
HYPERSENSITIVITY
• Type II hypersensitivity reaction involve
antibody- mediated destruction of cells
• This type is best exemplified by blood –
transfusion reactions, in which host antibodies
react with foreign antigens on the
incompatible transfused blood cells and
mediate destruction of these cells
22. Type II Hypersensitivity
• Results when Ig or IgM bind to cell surface
Ag’s
– Activating Complement
– Binding Fc receptors on Tc cells promoting ADCC
• Both processes result in lysis of the Ab-coated
cell
23. • Clinical examples of Type II responses include:
– Certain autoimmune diseases where Ab’s produced
vs membrane Ag’s
• Grave’s Disease – Ab’s produced vs thyroid hormone
receptor
• Myasthenia Gravis – Ab’s produced vs acetylcholine
receptors
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia – Ab’s produced vs RBC
membrane Ag’s
– Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
– Hyperacute graft rejection
• Blood Transfusion
• Graft rejection
24. Type II Hypersensitivity:
Produced by mismatched blood
types
Destroys foreign RBC by
complement-mediated lysis
triggered by IgG
Produces fever, intravascular
clots, lower back pain, Hgb in
urine
Free Hgb produced has 2 fates:
passes to the kidneys –
hemoglobinuria
Breaks down to bilirubin. Can
be toxic
25. Type II Hypersensitivity:
Hemolytic Disease of the
Newborn
• Occurs via maternal IgG Ab’s crossing the placenta
• In severe cases causes erythroblastosis fetalis
– Most commonly develops in Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus
– Exposure to Rh+ fetal RBC’s stimulates prod of
memory/plasma
– Activation of memory cells in subsequent pregnancy IgG
Ab’s which can cross the placenta
– mild-severe hemolytic anemia ensues along with bilirubin
which affects the brain/CNS
26. • Treatment centers on anti-Rh antibodies (Rhogam)
• Mothers can be tested for anti-Rh antibodies to
check for a rise in titer
• Isolated fetal RBC’s can be checked for anti-Rh IgG w/
Coombs test
28. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
• Drugs such as aspirin and antibiotics can bind
to the surfaces of RBC’s
• These interactions act similar to hapten-
carrier conj.
• Such complexes can trigger Ab-mediated cell
lysis by complement activation