This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions of types I and II. It defines hypersensitivity as undesirable immune responses that can cause tissue damage or death. Type I reactions are immediate and IgE-mediated, involving mast cell degranulation. Common allergens are listed. Type II reactions are antibody-mediated and cytotoxic, destroying cells through complement activation or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Examples given include blood transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn. The mechanisms, mediators, treatments, and tests related to types I and II hypersensitivity are described in detail.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Cook your product better - Story map and no estimate is the new recipe. This presentation is a case study of how we solved problems and made team think more about the product. Collaboratively, we looked at the roadmap and decided what to ship next to our beta customers and later to the market. We did not estimate but identified smaller goals and the team focussed on those goals and delivered.
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic HypersensitivityAnup Bajracharya
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Cook your product better - Story map and no estimate is the new recipe. This presentation is a case study of how we solved problems and made team think more about the product. Collaboratively, we looked at the roadmap and decided what to ship next to our beta customers and later to the market. We did not estimate but identified smaller goals and the team focussed on those goals and delivered.
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Hypersensitivity Update .pdf Immunology and Microosmanolow
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence.
Hypersensitivity can be defined as a state of altered immune response against an antigen characterized by hyper reactivity leading to immunopathology
Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. HYPERSENSITIVITY
REACTION(TYPE I and TYPE II)
BY: JEGANATHAN C
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
E.Mail : jeganathanbms@gmail.com
Cell.no: 9626307988
2. INTRODUCTION
• Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity
reaction or intolerance) is a set of undesirable
reactions produced by the normal immune
system, including allergies and autoimmunity.
• Inflammatory response can have deleterious
effects ,resulting in significant tissue damage
or even death. this appropriate immune
response is termed hypersensitivity or allergy.
5. IgE mediated hypersensitivity
• Type 1 reaction also called as immediate
hypersensitivity reaction
• It is induced by certain types of antigen ,referred
to as allergens
• The allergen induces a humoral antibody
response
• IgE binds with high affinity to Fc receptors on the
surface of tissue mast and basophils
• Such IgE- coated mast cells and basophils are
sensitized
6. Continuous………
• A later exposure to the same allergen cross-
links the membrane- bound IgE on sensitized
mast cells and basophils, causing
degranulation of these cells
• The pharmacologically active mediators
released from the granules act on the
surrounding tissues
7.
8. COMMON ALLERGEN ASSOCIATED
WITH TYPE 1 REACTION
• Proteins-foreign serum , vaccines
• Plant pollens-rye grass ,ragweed, timothy
grass,birch trees
• Drugs- penicillin, sulfonamides, local
anesthetics,salicylates
• Foods-nuts, seafood,eggs,peas,beans,milk
• Insect products-bee venom, wasp venom,ant
venom,cockroach calyx,dust mites
• Mold spores , animal hair and dander
9. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Receptor cross linkage
• Intracellular events leading to mast-cell
degranulation
14. NON IgE ANTIBODY-RELATED INITIATORS
OF TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY
Complement Activation Products:
C3a, C4a, C5a
"Anaphylotoxins"
Various Drugs: ACTH, Codeine,
Morphine, Penicillin
16. Mediators of Type I Hypersensitivity:
Stored in Mast Cell Granules
Histamine, Heparin and Serotonin
Increased vascular
permeability;
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Chemotactic Factors for
Eosinophils and Neutrophils Attract Eosinophils & Neutrophils
Proteases Degrade Basement membranes of blood vessels;
Activate bronchial mucous secretions;
Activate Complement
17. Secondary Mediators of Type I Hypersensitivity:
Synthesized and Released After Mast Cell Activation
Platelet Activating Factor Platelet Aggregation&
Degranulation;
Smooth muscle contraction
Prostaglandins Vasodilation; Smooth muscle contraction
Leukotrienes (SRS-A)* Increased vascular permeability;
Pulmonary smooth muscle contraction
(*SRS-A : Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis)
Bradykinin Increased vascular permeability;
Smooth muscle contraction
Cytokines: Systemic Anaphylaxis;
(IL1 & TNF-a; Others*) Altered Cell adhesion
* See Slide 42
18. Detection of type I hypersensitivity
• Radioimmunosorbent test (RIST)- Quantify
Nano gram amounts of total serum IgE
• Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)-Quantify
Nano gram amounts of serum IgE specific for a
particular allergen
19. To Treat Type I Immediate Hypersensitivity Based on
the Underlying Mechanisms
• Block Effects of Primary Mediators on Target
Cells (e.g. respiratory smooth muscles or vascular
endothelium) : Antihistamines; Cortisone
• Block Calcium Ion Influx: Cromolyn
• Block the Effects of Calcium Ion Influx
a. Keep cyclic AMP (cAMP) from Falling
Theophylline
• Increase production of cAMP:
Adrenaline(epinephrine)
20.
21. ANTIBODY – MEDIATED CYTOTOXIC
HYPERSENSITIVITY
• Type II hypersensitivity reaction involve
antibody- mediated destruction of cells
• This type is best exemplified by blood –
transfusion reactions, in which host antibodies
react with foreign antigens on the
incompatible transfused blood cells and
mediate destruction of these cells
22. Type II Hypersensitivity
• Results when Ig or IgM bind to cell surface
Ag’s
– Activating Complement
– Binding Fc receptors on Tc cells promoting ADCC
• Both processes result in lysis of the Ab-coated
cell
23. • Clinical examples of Type II responses include:
– Certain autoimmune diseases where Ab’s produced
vs membrane Ag’s
• Grave’s Disease – Ab’s produced vs thyroid hormone
receptor
• Myasthenia Gravis – Ab’s produced vs acetylcholine
receptors
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia – Ab’s produced vs RBC
membrane Ag’s
– Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
– Hyperacute graft rejection
• Blood Transfusion
• Graft rejection
24. Type II Hypersensitivity:
Produced by mismatched blood
types
Destroys foreign RBC by
complement-mediated lysis
triggered by IgG
Produces fever, intravascular
clots, lower back pain, Hgb in
urine
Free Hgb produced has 2 fates:
passes to the kidneys –
hemoglobinuria
Breaks down to bilirubin. Can
be toxic
25. Type II Hypersensitivity:
Hemolytic Disease of the
Newborn
• Occurs via maternal IgG Ab’s crossing the placenta
• In severe cases causes erythroblastosis fetalis
– Most commonly develops in Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus
– Exposure to Rh+ fetal RBC’s stimulates prod of
memory/plasma
– Activation of memory cells in subsequent pregnancy IgG
Ab’s which can cross the placenta
– mild-severe hemolytic anemia ensues along with bilirubin
which affects the brain/CNS
26. • Treatment centers on anti-Rh antibodies (Rhogam)
• Mothers can be tested for anti-Rh antibodies to
check for a rise in titer
• Isolated fetal RBC’s can be checked for anti-Rh IgG w/
Coombs test
28. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
• Drugs such as aspirin and antibiotics can bind
to the surfaces of RBC’s
• These interactions act similar to hapten-
carrier conj.
• Such complexes can trigger Ab-mediated cell
lysis by complement activation