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Hybridization
1. The document discusses orbital hybridization and bonding in methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. It explains how orbital hybridization of the carbon atoms' orbitals allows them to form the observed bonding arrangements in a way consistent with electron configuration. 2. Specifically, it describes how sp3 hybridization of carbon in methane results in four equivalent orbitals that form tetrahedral bonding. Sp3 hybridization is also used to explain the bonding in ethane. 3. Sp2 hybridization is used to explain the planar structure and bonding of ethylene, including the σ and π bonds of the carbon-carbon double bond. 4. Acetylene is described using sp
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Hybridization
- 1. 1.15 Bonding in Methaneand Orbital Hybridization
- 2. Structure of Methane Structureof Methane tetrahedral bond angles = 109.5° bond distances = 110 pm but structure seems inconsistent with electron configuration of carbon
- 3. Electron configuration ofcarbon Electron configuration of carbon only two unpaired electrons 2p should form σ bonds to only two hydrogen atoms 2s bonds should be at right angles to one another
- 4. sp33Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p Promote an electron from the 2s to the 2p orbital 2s
- 5. sp33Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p 2p 2s 2s
- 6. sp33Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals 2s
- 7. sp33Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p 2 sp3 4 equivalent half-filled orbitals are consistent with four bonds and tetrahedral geometry 2s
- 8. Shapes of orbitals Shapesof orbitals p s
- 9. Nodal properties oforbitals Nodal properties of orbitals p + s – +
- 10. Shape of sp33hybridorbitals Shape of sp hybrid orbitals p + – take the s orbital and place it on top of the p orbital s +
- 11. Shape of sp33hybridorbitals Shape of sp hybrid orbitals s+p + + – reinforcement of electron wave in regions where sign is the same destructive interference in regions of opposite sign
- 12. Shape of sp33hybridorbitals Shape of sp hybrid orbitals sp hybrid + – orbital shown is sp hybrid analogous procedure using three s orbitals and one p orbital gives sp3 hybrid shape of sp3 hybrid is similar
- 13. Shape of sp33hybridorbitals Shape of sp hybrid orbitals sp hybrid + – hybrid orbital is not symmetrical higher probability of finding an electron on one side of the nucleus than the other leads to stronger bonds
- 14. The C—H σBond in Methane The C—H σ Bond in Methane In-phase overlap of a half-filled 1s orbital of hydrogen with a half-filled sp3 hybrid orbital of carbon: + H s + gives a σ bond. + H—C σ H C– C– sp3
- 15. Justification for OrbitalHybridization Justification for Orbital Hybridization consistent with structure of methane allows for formation of 4 bonds rather than 2 bonds involving sp3 hybrid orbitals are stronger than those involving s-s overlap or p-p overlap
- 16. 1.16 sp3 Hybridization and Bondingin Ethane
- 17. Structure of Ethane Structureof Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 tetrahedral geometry at each carbon C—H bond distance = 110 pm C—C bond distance = 153 pm
- 18. The C—C σBond in Ethane The C—C σ Bond in Ethane In-phase overlap of half-filled sp3 hybrid orbital of one carbon with half-filled sp3 hybrid orbital of another. Overlap is along internuclear axis to give a σ bond.
- 19. The C—C σBond in Ethane The C—C σ Bond in Ethane In-phase overlap of half-filled sp3 hybrid orbital of one carbon with half-filled sp3 hybrid orbital of another. Overlap is along internuclear axis to give a σ bond.
- 20. 1.17 sp2 Hybridization and Bondingin Ethylene
- 21. Structure of Ethylene Structureof Ethylene C2H4 H2C=CH2 planar bond angles: close to 120° bond distances: C—H = 110 pm C=C = 134 pm
- 22. sp22Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p Promote an electron from the 2s to the 2p orbital 2s
- 23. sp22Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p 2p 2s 2s
- 24. sp22Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital and two of the three 2p orbitals 2s
- 25. sp22Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization 2p 2 sp2 3 equivalent half-filled sp2 hybrid orbitals plus 1 p orbital left unhybridized 2s
- 26. sp22Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization p 2 sp2 2 of the 3 sp2 orbitals are involved in σ bonds to hydrogens; the other is involved in a σ bond to carbon
- 27. sp22Orbital Hybridization sp OrbitalHybridization σ p 2 sp2 σ σ σ σ
- 28. π Bonding inEthylene π Bonding in Ethylene p 2 sp2 the unhybridized p orbital of carbon is involved in π bonding to the other carbon
- 29. π Bonding inEthylene π Bonding in Ethylene p 2 sp2 each carbon has an unhybridized 2p orbital axis of orbital is perpendicular to the plane of the σ bonds
- 30. π Bonding inEthylene π Bonding in Ethylene p 2 sp2 side-by-side overlap of half-filled p orbitals gives a π bond double bond in ethylene has a σ component and a π component
- 31. 1.18 sp Hybridization and Bondingin Acetylene
- 32. Structure of Acetylene Structureof Acetylene C2H2 HC CH linear bond angles: 180° bond distances: C—H = 106 pm CC = 120 pm
- 33. sp Orbital Hybridization spOrbital Hybridization 2p Promote an electron from the 2s to the 2p orbital 2s
- 34. sp Orbital Hybridization spOrbital Hybridization 2p 2p 2s 2s
- 35. sp Orbital Hybridization spOrbital Hybridization 2p Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital and one of the three 2p orbitals 2s
- 36. sp Orbital Hybridization spOrbital Hybridization 2p 2p 2 sp2 2 equivalent half-filled sp hybrid orbitals plus 2 p orbitals left unhybridized 2s
- 37. sp Orbital Hybridization spOrbital Hybridization 2p 2 sp2 1 of the 2 sp orbitals is involved in a σ bond to hydrogen; the other is involved in a σ bond to carbon
- 38. sp Orbital Hybridization spOrbital Hybridization σ 2p σ 2 sp2 σ
- 39. π Bonding inAcetylene π Bonding in Acetylene 2p 2 sp2 the unhybridized p orbitals of carbon are involved in separate π bonds to the other carbon
- 40. π Bonding inAcetylene π Bonding in Acetylene 2p 2 sp2 one π bond involves one of the p orbitals on each carbon there is a second π bond perpendicular to this one
- 41. π Bonding inAcetylene π Bonding in Acetylene 2p 2 sp2
- 42. π Bonding inAcetylene π Bonding in Acetylene 2p 2 sp2
- 43. 1.19 Which Theory of ChemicalBonding is Best?
- 44. Three Models Three Models Lewis mostfamiliar—easiest to apply Valence-Bond (Orbital Hybridization) provides more insight than Lewis model ability to connect structure and reactivity to hybridization develops with practice Molecular Orbital potentially the most powerful method but is the most abstract requires the most experience to use effectively
Editor's Notes
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