1) The document discusses emotional and social development in children ages 1-3, including temper tantrums, negativism, making friends, setting limits, and encouraging independence. 2) As children develop independence between ages 1-3, guidance techniques should focus on reasoning, praise, and consistency to help children learn self-discipline. 3) Both emotional and social skills are shaped through a child's relationships, with caregivers playing an important role in developing a positive self-concept and healthy adjustment.

1. Chapter 11

Emotional and Social Development from
One to Three

2. 
Temper Tantrum

3. FCS Standards and Learning
Objectives

Learning Objectives: Students will
understand general patterns of social and
emotional development for the 1-3 year
old. Students will also examine effective
guidance techniques for the 1-3 year old.

FCS Standards: 4.B, 06-12.5.1, 5.A, 5.B,
5.C

4. Emotional Development
18 month old

Self-centered: they think about their own needs and wants, not
those of others.


Why? All of their needs have been met immediately during infancy, now
they have to adjust to a change.
Negativism: doing the opposite of what others want. Why?
Wanting to be independent.
 Frustration.
 Realizing they are a separate person.


How to deal with negativism.




Give choices. Keep it narrowed to 2.
Redirect the child. Distract them from what is upsetting.
Encourage talking.
Temper tantrums: a release of anger or frustration by screaming,
crying, kicking, pounding, and sometimes holding their breath.

5. Emotional Development
2 years old

Speech and motor skills have improved which
relieves some of the frustration.

Are able to understand more and can wait
longer.

Express love and affection freely and seeks
approval and praise.

Emotional outbursts are fewer and less intense.

6. Emotional Development
2 ½ years old

Immaturity and a powerful need for independence clashes.

Children this age my feel overwhelmed by how much they are
learning and what their bodies are able to do and not do.

They aren’t as easily distracted.

Moods can change rapidly.

Routines are important at this age.

This age requires patience and flexibility from the caregivers/parents.

7. Emotional Development
3 years old

Become more willing to take direction from others.

Will modify behavior to win praise and affection.

Have fewer temper tantrums.

Less frustrated, as they are more physically capable.

They like to talk and are better able to express
themselves this way.

8. Emotional Development
3 ½ years old

Fears become common-the dark, strangers, imaginary
monsters, loud noises.

Tension may be released in a physical way-they may
start thumb sucking or nail biting.

Try to feel more secure by controlling their own
environment.

9. Differences Among Children in their
Emotional Development

Even though children show similar patterns in their
emotional development, each child is unique and
develops in their own way.

These differences are a result of variations in experience
and temperament.

It’s important for parents to adjust accordingly to these
differences. Can each child in a family be parented the
same way? Why or why not?

10. The Development of Self-Concept

Self-concept: how a person sees themselves.

Self-concept is developing at this age and
parents and care-givers play an enormous role in
how a child feels about themselves. They
believe what you tell them.

It’s also important to allow them and encourage
them to develop their skills, which leads to
confidence and a positive self-concept.

11. Evaluating Emotional Adjustment

Signs of healthy emotional development can
largely be determined by their relationship with
their primary caregiver or parent.

Signs of positive emotional development.
 Seeks
approval and praise.
 Turns to parents for comfort and help.
 Tells parents about significant events.
 Accepts limits and discipline without too much
resistance.

Relationships with siblings is also a sign of
emotional adjustment.

12. Activity…

Parenting Q & A
 With
a partner, you will be assigned a
question a parent has about their child.
 Take the role of an expert, and write a
response to their questions.
 Use pages 343-360.

13. General Social Patterns

Socialization: The process of learning social skills in
order to get along with family members and others.

18 Months




Closest relationships are still with the family, however its
important for children to have opportunities to interact with others
outside the family.
Parallel Play: children play near, but not actually with, other
children.
Conflicts may occur which can lead to hitting, biting, screaming,
etc.
They can understand their actions toward others have
consequences, but only those that happen immediately.

14. General Social Patterns

2 Years





Still engage in parallel play.
Are beginning to understand how to share and take turns.
Become good at interacting with others, especially their main
caregivers.
Want to please others, especially an adult.
2 ½ Years




Negativism affects their socialization.
Begin to learn about the rights of others.
Begin to understand fairness, but are most concerned about what
is fair to them.
Parallel play still occurs and works best with only 2 children.

15. General Social Patterns

3 Years





Family is still important, but children of this age seek friends on
their own.
Begin Cooperative Play: Children playing with one another.
Can work together with a small group during play.
Want to please, which leads to helping, sharing, doing things
another person’s way.
3 ½ Years




Play becomes more complex-involves more conversation.
Realize the importance of sharing-disagreements occur less
often.
Develop several strategies to resolve conflict.
Increased ability to evaluate friendships.

16. Making Friends

Contact with others, especially other children is
important to a child’s social development.
 What
do you think happens when most or all of a
child’s contact is with adults?

Difficulty making friends might need some adult
intervention.

Adult intervention during conflict is not always
necessary. If harm is being done, it’s important
to intervene.

17. Imaginary Friends







Can appear as early at age 2
Most common at ages 3-4.
Can last for several months to a year.
Imaginary friends can be a helpful way for a child to experiment with
different feelings. Might be a way for the child to work through
negative feelings.
The child may talk to adults about how the imaginary friend feels
about certain experiences.
Usually fade away.
No reason for adults to be concerned, unless imaginary friends
continues into adolescence.

18. Guiding Children

Guiding children doesn’t simply mean “making them
behave”.

It involves teaching them how to handle their own feelings,
how to get along with others, achieving self-discipline, and
promoting security and positive feelings about themselves.

Self-discipline: the ability of children to control their own
behavior.

Guidance also helps a child develop morally.


Children go from understanding right from wrong in terms of being
scolded to developing a conscience.
As they get older they will use this in other situations.

19. Effective Guidance

12-15 months
 Distracting
and physically removing them from a
forbidden activity works best.

15 months-2 years
 Spoken
restrictions, along with distraction and
removal.

20. Effective Guidance

2-3 years
 Children
are beginning to grasp reasoning.
 Explain reasons for not being able to do something,
instead of just using commands.

3 years
 Children
are willing to please the caregiver. Praise
them for positive choices.
 Be consistent. Make clear rules and apply them the
same way to every situation.

21. Setting Limits



Setting limits is a way to guide a child.
Limits should be clear and spoken in a direct
and calm tone of voice.
Includes 4 steps:
 1.
Show an understanding of the child’s desires.
 2. Set the limit and explain it.
 3. Acknowledge the child’s feelings.
 4. Give alternatives.

Limits need to be consistently set and a parent
should not give in when children want their own
way.

22. Setting Limits
1.
Show an understanding of the child’s desires.

1.
Set the limit and explain it.

1.
“But you may not draw on the wall because it’s hard to clean
crayon marks off the wall.”
Acknowledge the child’s feelings.

1.
“I know you think it’s fun to draw on the wall.”
“I know you like drawing on the wall, but walls are not for
drawing.”
Give alternatives.

“If you want to draw, you may draw on this paper, or you can
play with your blocks. Which would you like to do?”

23. Encouraging Independence

Autonomy: independence.

Promoting autonomy
 Consider
what a child can realistically do.
 Allow them to feed themselves.
 Allow them to dress themselves-pick clothing that is
easy to get on and off.
 Allow them to take care of their own hygiene. Provide
them with their own toothbrush, towel, comb,
washcloth.
 Allow them to start doing simple household chores.
 Be patient and let go of the fact that they may not do it
“perfectly”.

24. Promoting Sharing

Provide activities that require them to share. Ideas?

Limit materials available so they have to share.

Have them take turns handing out snacks.

Make it clear what you are encouraging-call it “sharing”
or “taking turns”.

25. Possible Behavioral Problems


There is usually a reason behind negative behavior.
Finding the reason is an important step in changing the
behavior.
Biting


Occurs at different ages and for different reasons, from teething to
wanting their way. It’s important for caregivers to step in and
handle the situation.
Hitting


Model using words instead of being physically aggressive.
Understand that children hit because they have poor impulse
control, are self-centered, and haven’t developed appropriate
ways to manage anger. This does not give them the excuse to
hit, but helps the caregiver understand why they do it. Adult
intervention is important when this behavior is occurring.