This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines human anatomy as the scientific study of the structure of the human body, and discusses its main branches: gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and special branches like pathological anatomy. Gross anatomy looks at macroscopic structures, microscopic anatomy relies on microscopes, and developmental anatomy studies changes from fertilization to maturity. The document also defines human physiology as the study of the body's functional systems and classifies it into general, systemic, comparative, and medical physiology.
Introduction in human anatomy
2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
3. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like
Introduction to HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYabhay joshi
THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDE THE INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. IT INCLUDE DEFINITATION, STRUCTURAL LEVEL ORGANIZATION, BASIC LIFE PROCESSES AND BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
Definition of human anatomy, various terms used in anatomy, planes of human body, various positions of human body, subdivisions of human anatomy, body cavities and regions of human body, conclusion .
Introduction in human anatomy
2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
3. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like
Introduction to HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYabhay joshi
THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDE THE INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. IT INCLUDE DEFINITATION, STRUCTURAL LEVEL ORGANIZATION, BASIC LIFE PROCESSES AND BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
Definition of human anatomy, various terms used in anatomy, planes of human body, various positions of human body, subdivisions of human anatomy, body cavities and regions of human body, conclusion .
Introduction to human body Explain the gross morphology, structure and functi...Rajshri Ghogare
First Year Ist sem BP101T Unit I Introduction to human body Including ,
CO101.1. Explain the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
The Differences and Similarities Between Anatomy & Physiologyoilviadavis
The study of living things is called anatomy. The other important subject in the field is physiology. Anatomy and physiology are essential to both biology and medicine, which can be better understood by attending anatomy and physiology classes.
The Differences and Similarities Between Anatomy & Physiologyoilviadavis
The study of living things is called anatomy. The other important subject in the field is physiology. Anatomy and physiology are essential to both biology and medicine, which can be better understood by attending anatomy and physiology classes.
Human Anatomy and Physiology are the branches of biology that concerns with forms (structures) and functions of human body. ANATOMY- Study of structure of whole body and individual parts (organs) and their correlation with each other.
INTRODUCTION
‘Cell’ means a small room or chamber, cells are the
structural and functional units of all living organisms. The
major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The electron microscope allowed classification of cells
into two major groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
based on the presence and absence of the true nucleus.
Eukaryotes
ï Eukaryotes have nucleus which is covered by
nuclear membrane. (Greek: Eue = true, karyon =
nucleus). Animals, plants and fungi belong to the
eukaryotes.
ï Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotes.
ï Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a variety of
other membrane-bound organelles (subcellular
elements) in their cytoplasm, including:
This presentation is useful for all the paramedic students, especially for nursing students for clear idea about Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses,
Presentation contains all the below subtopics:
Father of Anatomy
Meaning of Anatomy
Meaning of Physiology
Subdivision of Anatomy
Subdivision of Physiology
Branches of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Neuro anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Division of anatomy and physiology into major body system
Twelve major body systems of Anatomy and Physiology
The Compatibility can be determined by matching the different blood group systems, such as ABO and Rh system, and/or by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against a sample of donor tissues or blood.
The main purpose of this test is to distinguish the appearance of antibodies in the recipient against the red blood cells of the donor. These antibodies can be found on the surface of red blood cells of the donor after transfusion.
The human body is a biological machine made of body systems groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life. A human body systems is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organ so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body. Twelve major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary ,reproductive, skin and appendages and blood immune system.
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
1. PRESENTED BY
D. JASMINE PRIYA, B.Sc., DCA., M.Sc., PGDCLT.
DR. NGP ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
COIMBATORE
2. HUMAN ANATOMY
What is human anatomy ?
• Human anatomy is the scientific study of human body structures.
• Anatomy deals with human parts, including molecules, cells, tissues,
organs, systems, and the way they interact. It also deals with outward
characteristics, such as shape, structure, pattern, color, and composition.
• Study of the body parts and their relationships to one another.
• Anatomy is an Greek word.
• Ana + tome = cutting up.
3. BRANACHES IN ANATOMY
Gross anatomy Microscopic
anatomy
Developmental
anatomy
Special branches of
anatomy
1. Pathological
anatomy
2. Radiographic
anatomy
3. Molecular biology
4. 1. GROSS ANATOMY
• Gross anatomy is the most important branch of human anatomy It deals with the study of the gross
structure of the human body.
• It concerned with macroscopic details of human body structure, so it does not require the aid of any
instrument.
• It is generally done by naked eyes on dead bodies therefore it is also known as cadaveric anatomy.
• Gross anatomy has two approaches for its study:-
1. Systemic Approach
2. Regional Approach.
• In systemic approach, different human body systems are studied. And in a regional approach, Different
regions of the human body are studied and this approach is important for the surgery.
5. Examples of human gross anatomy
Human digestive system Human large intestine Human heart Human gall bladder
6. 2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
• Microscopic anatomy (micro; small) is a branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to
examine the smallest structures of the body tissues, cells, and molecules.
• The extent to which microscopic anatomy can be examined is limited by the equipment available.
• Through a simple dissecting microscope, tissues can be viewed, organized and described. This is known
as histology.
• More powerful microscopes can examine smaller structures found within tissues, namely
cells. Cytology has been expanded to include the sub-cellular components of cells (known as organelles),
and even the molecules that make up these organelles.
• Extremely powerful electron microscopes are required to see the structures at the molecular scale.
8. 3. DEVELOPMENTALANATOMY
• The branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity.
• The field of EMBRYOLOGY concerned with the changes that cells, tissues, organs, and the body
• as a whole undergo from a germ cell of each parent to the resulting offspring; it includes both prenatal and
postnatal development.
• Also known as embryology.
• It referes to the study of development body from one cell stage to the period of growth and development
before birth.
10. 4. SPECIAL BRANCHES IN ANATOMY
Pathological anatomy
• a branch of anatomy concerned with structural changes accompanying disease.
Radiographic anatomy
• Study of internal structures visualized by X-Ray, CT scan, MRI.
Molecular biology
• Study of anatomical structures at a sub- cellular level.
• DNA / RNA / Protein synthesis.
11. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
What is human physiology ?
• Physiology is a branch of natural science and biology which includes the study of the complete
functioning system of a body.
• It is further classified into:
General
physiology
Systemic
physiology
Comparative
physiology
Medical
physiology
12. 1. General physiology
the term refers to the general concepts and principles that are the functions of all the system.
2. Systemic physiology
It deals with the functioning of different systems of the body.
(e.g) respiratory physiology includes different physiological aspects of respiration.
3. Comparative physiology
It refers to the study and comparing of various characteristics of living organisms.
4. Medical physiology
It deals with thr study of physiological dysfunction and disease of organs and system.
