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This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body function. It describes the subdivisions of anatomy, including gross anatomy, regional anatomy, and microscopic anatomy. It also covers the subdivisions of physiology, which include organ system physiology and cellular/molecular physiology. Finally, it states that anatomy and physiology are interrelated and that structure determines function.
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Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. It involves investigating organs, bones, structures, and cells at both the macro and microscopic level. The human body consists of 11 organ systems that work together, including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, urinary, and digestive systems. Anatomy uses specific anatomical terminology to describe body positions, planes, directions, and individual structures like bones. Bones can be classified based on their composition, shape, and location in the body.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY for nurses and mid
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. The human body is made up of highly complex systems that work interdependently. The body has six levels of structural organization from chemical to cellular to tissue to organ to system to the whole organism. Key anatomical terms are introduced to describe body positions and regions. The major body cavities, including the cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities, are outlined along with the structures and linings contained within each.
Introductory physiology lecture notes (1).pdf
This document provides an introduction to physiology by discussing what physiology is, its importance for medical students, and how it relates to other biological sciences. It defines physiology as the scientific study of normal function in living systems. Key points made include:
- Physiology is a branch of biology that focuses on functions and mechanisms in living systems.
- Understanding physiology provides the foundation for medicine and improves comprehension of pathology.
- Physiology is closely related to and informs fields like anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and ecology.
- The document outlines the major human body systems and cellular organization of tissues before discussing cellular physiology and structure.
1. Introduction to human body.pptx
Anatomy is defined as the study of structures in the human body, focusing on form and macroscopic structures like organs and organ systems. Physiology studies the function of structures and how they work together. The scope of anatomy and physiology includes understanding homeostasis, diagnosing disease, treating disease, differentiating physiology from pathology, understanding drug mechanisms, and prohibiting certain drugs. The human body has different levels of structural organization from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The basic body systems include the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, reproductive, and endocrine systems. The basic life processes are movement, reproduction, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, respiration, and
1. Introduction to human body.pptx
Anatomy is defined as the study of structures in the human body, focusing on form and macroscopic structures like organs and organ systems. Physiology studies the function of structures and how they work together. The scope of anatomy and physiology includes understanding homeostasis, diagnosing disease, treating disease, differentiating physiology from pathology, understanding drug mechanisms, and prohibiting certain drugs. The human body has different levels of structural organization from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The basic body systems include the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, reproductive, and endocrine systems. The basic life processes are movement, reproduction, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, respiration, and
Human body intro+cavities(1)
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body function. Anatomy can be studied regionally, systemically, or at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Physiology considers how organ systems and individual organs function, often at the cellular or molecular level. Homeostasis and the interaction between structure and function are also discussed. Various anatomical planes, directions, and body cavities are defined.
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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS
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Introduction to human body Explain the gross morphology, structure and functi...
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8.6
Common joint injuries include cartilage tears, ligament sprains, and dislocations. Cartilage tears can cause locking or binding of the joint and are repaired through arthroscopic surgery. Ligament sprains occur when ligaments are stretched or torn, and require immobilization or surgical repair. Dislocations involve bones being forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains and inflammation.
Inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions include bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis. Bursitis and tendonitis involve inflammation of the bursa and tendon sheaths, usually from overuse. Arthritis encompasses over 100 diseases that damage joints, with osteoarthritis being the most common and involving breakdown of cartilage
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
8.3
Cartilaginous joints unite bones through cartilage and have little movement. There are two types: synchondroses unite bones through a hyaline cartilage plate and are immovable, examples include epiphyseal plates in children; symphyses unite bones through fibrocartilage and allow some movement, examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
8.2
Fibrous joints are immovable joints joined by dense connective tissue fibers. There are three types: sutures which are rigid interlocking skull joints that allow growth; syndesmoses where bones are connected by ligaments of varying fiber length, allowing some movement; and gomphoses which are peg-in-socket joints like teeth in sockets held by the periodontal ligament.
8.1
Joints are where two or more bones meet, giving mobility to the skeleton while holding it together. There are two main classifications of joints - structural and functional. Structurally, joints are classified into three types based on the material binding them and whether a cavity is present: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The document will focus on the clearer structural classifications.
8.5 no vids
The document describes several synovial joints: the knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. The shoulder has the most freedom of movement but lacks stability. The elbow acts as a hinge joint for flexion/extension. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint with the spherical femoral head fitting into the deep acetabulum.
8.5
The document describes several synovial joints, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. It provides details on:
- The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. It allows flexion/extension and some rotation. Cruciate ligaments and menisci help stabilize the joint.
- The shoulder joint is the most freely moving but least stable joint, with a large humeral head fitting into a shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps brachii provide stability.
- The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the tro
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
6.7
Fractures occur when bones break. There are three classifications of fractures based on the position of bone ends, completeness of the break, and whether the skin is penetrated. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone ends through closed or open reduction and immobilizing the bone to heal. Bone repair occurs in four stages - hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling to reconstruct the original bone structure.
6.6
Bone remodeling occurs continuously as old bone is removed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts. Approximately 5-7% of bone mass is remodeled each week, with spongy bone being replaced about every 3-4 years and compact bone every 10 years. Bone remodeling is regulated by two control loops - hormonal control of blood calcium levels including PTH and calcitonin, and response to mechanical stress based on Wolff's law where bones remodel in response to stresses placed upon them.
6.5
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
6.4
Bones have a complex structure at multiple levels:
- Gross level includes compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside, with membranes like the periosteum covering bones. Long bones have a shaft and ends.
- Microscopic level shows bone is made of osteons containing concentric lamellae, with canals containing blood vessels. Bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in formation and breakdown.
- Chemical level consists of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts to give bone its strength.
6.8
The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
6.3
The document summarizes the classification of bones in the human skeleton. It is divided into two parts:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
2) Bones are also classified by their shape into four categories: long bones are longer than wide and found in the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped in the wrist and ankle, flat bones are thin and curved like those in the skull, and irregular bones have complicated shapes like the vertebrae and hip bones.
6.2
Bones have seven key functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, serve as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy, and help regulate hormones through the production of osteocalcin.
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1.1
- 1. Human Anatomy and Physiology II Eastern WV Chapter 1 Section 1.1
- 2. 1.1 Form and Function of Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy – Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another • Physiology – Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life- sustaining activities
- 3. Topics of Anatomy • Subdivisions of anatomy: – Gross or macroscopic anatomy is the study of large, visible structures • Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body • System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.) • Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
- 4. Topics of Anatomy (cont.) • Subdivisions (cont.) – Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen by naked eye • Cytology: microscopic study of cells • Histology: microscopic study of tissues – Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life • Embryology: study of developments before birth • To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terminology and be able to observe, manipulate, palpate, and auscultate © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 5. Topics of Physiology • Subdivisions of physiology – Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology) – Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body • Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells • To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement) as well as basic chemical principles © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 6. Complementarity of Structure and Function • Anatomy and physiology are inseparable – Function always reflects structure – What a structure can do depends on its specific form – Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.