2. Study of the structural organization of
the human body in relation to health
Is the foundation of the medical
knowledge
Comes from
Greek word
anatome– body cutting
4. Subspecialties of anatomy
Gross anatomy
As seen with a naked eye
Histology
Studies tissues using microscopy
Cell biology
Studies cells using microscopy etc
Neuroanatomy
Studies nervous tissues
Embryology
Study of embryo development
5. Gross anatomy
Also known as macroscopic anatomy studied
by dissecting the cadaver.
The dissection is guided a manual.
Can be
Regional approach
Systemic approach
6. Regional approach
Studies the boundaries, contents, structures
etc. in a particular region
Including:
bones, joints, muscles, fasciae, blood vessels,
lymphatic drainage, nerves.
7. Systemic approach
Divides the body into various systems
e.g. Osteology- bones
Myology- muscles
Arthrology- joints
Angiology- blood vessels
Neurology– nerves
Digestive system
Urinary system,
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
8. Methods of study of Gross Anatomy
Dissection and observation (cadaver)
Radiography
Ultrasonography/Ultrasound
Computed tomography (CT),
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Angiography
Endoscopy
Surface anatomy
9. Cell biology
Is studied by using:
Light microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Electron microscopy
Immunocytochemistry
Flow cytometry
Molecular techniques
Fluoresent in situ hybridization (FISH)
10. Histology
Is basically studied by light and electron
microscopy
Developmental anatomy
Developmental anatomy deals with the
development of a baby from fertilization to
birth.
Neuroanatomy/Neurology
Is the study of the brain spinal cord and nerves
11. Structural organization from
simplest to most complex
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and
function
Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing
specific function
Organ system – group of organs acting together
to perform specific function
Human organism
13. ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY
Elements of
Osteology
Myology
Arthrology
Angiology
Neurology
14. The language of anatomy
Anatomy has special terminology
Comes from Latin/Greek
e.g.
Lavator - elevate/raise
Labium - lip
Pollicis - Pollex/thumb
Peri - around
Halucis halux - big toe
15. Anatomical position
Standing erect,
Feet together,
Arms by the side;
Head, eyes, palms facing forward.
16. Anatomical Position
The anatomical position is a standardized
method of observing or imaging the body that
allows precise and consistent anatomical
references.
When in the anatomical position, the subject
stands (Figure 1.5).
standing upright
facing the observer, head level
eyes facing forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at the sides
palms turned forward (ventral)
22. Body Planes
Median plane
A back to front vertical plane through the
midline.
Divides the body into equal right and left
halves.
Sagittal plane
Any plane parallel to the median plane
Median is a form of sagittal planes
Paramedian are typical sagittal planes
23. Frontal plane
Any vertical plane at right angles to the
median plane.
Also called coronal plane.
Transverse plane
Any horizontal plane at right angles to
both the sagittal and frontal planes.
24. Terms of relationship
Superior and inferior
A structure closer to the head than the other is
superior structure away from the head is inferior.
In embryology the term cranial replaces superior
whereas caudal replaces inferior.
Anterior and posterior
A structure nearer the front of the body is anterior;
whereas the one nearer the back is posterior.
In embryology ventral replaces anterior; and
dorsal replaces posterior.
25. Medial and lateral
A structure closer to the median plane is medial
A structure away from the median plane is ;lateral
A structure exactly in the midline is median.
Proximal and distal
This is applied mainly to the limbs.
A structure nearer to the point of attachment of the limb
is proximal, a structure away from the attachment is
distal.
26. Supine and prone
Supine refers to the body lying on its back
Prone refers to the body lying on its face.
Superficial and deep/profundus
A structure nearer to the surface than the other is
superficial.
A structure away from the surface is deep or
profundus.
28. Terms of movement
Flexion
Movement that decreases the angle of a joint.
Extension
Movement that increase the angle
Abduction
Movement away from the median plane
Abduction of the fingers refers to
spreading the fingers
29. Adduction
Movement towards the median plane of the body
Opposition
Specific movement where the thumb tip touches
another finger tip
e.g. when holds a pen, grasp a cup handle etc
Reposition
Is when the thumb returns to its anatomical position
30. Protraction
Movement forward as in moving the jaw
forward
Retraction
Movement backward as in moving the jaws
backward or in drawing the shoulders
backward.
Elevation
Moving a part superiorly example the
shoulders are elevated when raising the
upper limb above.
31. Depression
Opposite of elevation
Circumduction
A combination of flexion, abduction,
extension, adduction and rotation.
Eversion:
The plantar surface of the foot is
turned away from the median plane
32. Inversion:
The opposite of eversion; plantar
surface is turned medially
Supination
Rotation of the forearm laterally
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm medially
33. Body cavities and membranes
Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral
Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs)
divided into two main cavities
Thoracic cavity
2 lateral pleural cavities
Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous
membranes (serosa):
Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ
Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints
36. Directional Terms Used to Describe
the Position of one Structure to
Another
Superior/Inferior
(Cephalic/Caudal)
Anterior/Posterior
(Ventral/Dorsal)
Medial/Lateral
Intermediate: Between
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep