This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, outlines the subdivisions of each, and describes the structural organization of the human body from the chemical level to organ systems. Key concepts covered include homeostasis, control of homeostasis through feedback loops, anatomical position and terminology, body cavities and membranes, clinical imaging techniques, and Greek and Latin root words used in medical terminology.

1. ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. DERICK N AWAMBENG. M.D
( Dr. D.N.A)
Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Course code: ANA111

2. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE
AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
• PLAN
 Definitions
 Levels of structural organisation
 Basic anatomical terminology
 Medical imagine
 Homeosatsis
 History of medicine

3. DEFINITIONS
 ANATOMY
Ana = up;
tomy= act of cutting
Study of structures and the
relations btween them
Embroylogy, cell biology, histology,
pathologic anatomy, surface
anatomy, radiographic anatomy,
gross anatomy, regional anatomy.
 PHYSIOLOGY
Physio= nature
Logy= study of
Study of functions of body
parts
Neurophysiology, endocrinology,
cardiovascular physiology,
renal physiology,exercise
physiology, imunology,
pathophysiology

4. SUB-DIVISIONS
Branches of anatomy
 Gross anatomy
 Microscopic anatomy
 Cytology
 Histology
 Developmental
anatomy
 Embryology
 Comparative anatomy
Branches of physiology
 Neurophysiology,
 endocrinology,
 cardiovascular
physiology,
 renal physiology,
 exercise physiology,
 imunology,
pathophysiology

5. Structural Organization of Matter
1. Chemical Level
a. Atoms
(Proton, Neutron, electrons)
b. Molecules
(Two or more atoms joined
together by either covalent or
ionic bonds)
Four biologically important
organic molecules in the
human body
a. Proteins which are made
from 20 different Amino
Acids

6. Structural Organization of Matter
Four Biologically-Important
Organic molecules:
b. Complex Carbohydrates
made from simple sugars
c. Nucleic Acids made for
nucleotides
d. Lipids made from fatty
acids and glycerol
2. Cells
(Smallest structural and
functional units of the human
body)

7. Structural Organization of Matter
3. Tissues
(group of cells and the
materials surrounding them
that work together to perform
a particular function)
4. Organs
(composed of two or more
tissues work together to
provide specific functions and
they usually have specific
shapes)

8. Structural Organization of Matter
5. Organ systems
consist of two or more
organs that provide a
common function.
Examples:
a. Integumentary system
b. Skeletal system
c. Muscular system
d. Nervous system

9. An Introduction to the Organ Systems
• Integumentary system
• Nervous system
• Skeletal system
• Endocrine system
• Muscular system
• Cardiovascular system
• Lymphatic system
• Urinary system
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Reproductive system

22. Basic Life Processes
1. Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical processes
of cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems
2. Responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to
changes in the internal and
external environment
3. Movement
Occurs at the intracellular,
cellular, organ levels
4. Growth
Increase in number of cells, size of
cells, tissues, organs, and the body.
Single cell to multicellular complex
organism
5. Differentiation
Process a cell undergoes to develop
from a unspecialized to a specialized
cell
6. Reproduction
formation of new cells for growth,
repair, or replacement, or the
production of a new individual.

23. Basic Life Processes
Homeostasis
Equilibrium of the body’s internal
environment produced by the
interaction of organ systems and
regulatory processes (feedback
systems).
Homeostasis is a dynamic condition
in response to changing conditions.
The two body systems that largely
control the body’s homeostatic state:
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system

24. Control of Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by
– external stimuli
• intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
– internal stimuli
• psychological stresses
• exercise
• Disruptions are usually mild & temporary
• If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result

25. CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS
 Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the
external or internal environments.
 Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and
endocrine system, acting together or independently.
 The nervous system detects changes and sends
nerve impulses to counteract the disruption.
 The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by
secreting hormones.
 Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones
usually work more slowly.
 Examples: CO2, O2, temperature, pH, blood pressure, …

26. Example of Homeostasis
Fluid balance in the Body
• Compartmen
ts for Body
Fluids:
1. Intracellular
1. Extracellular
a. Interstitial
b. Plasma

27. Components of Feedback Loop
• Receptor
–monitors a controlled
condition
• Control center
–determines next action
• Effector
–receives directions from
the control center
–produces a response that
changes the controlled
condition

28. Basic Components of
a Negative Feedback
System

29. Basic Components of a
Positive Feedback System

30. Homeostatic Imbalances
 Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and
death.
 Disorder is a general term for any change or
abnormality of function.
 Disease is a more specific term for an illness
characterized by a recognizable set of signs and
symptoms.
A local disease is one that affects one part
or a limited region of the body.
A systemic disease affects either the
entire body or several parts.

31. Homeostatic Imbalances
 Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a
recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
 Signs are objective changes that a clinician can
observe and measure; e.g., fever or rash.
 Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions
that are not apparent to an observer; e.g., headache
or nausea.
 Diagnosis is the art of distinguishing one disease from another
or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally
arrived at after the taking of a medical history and the
administration of a physical examination.

32. Anatomical Position
 The anatomical position is a
standardized method of observing or
imaging the body that allows precise
and consistent anatomical references.
 When in the anatomical position, the
subject stands (Figure 1.5).
 standing upright
 facing the observer, head level
 eyes facing forward
 feet flat on the floor
 arms at the sides
 palms turned forward (ventral)

33. Basic
Anatomical
Terminology

34. Basic
Anatomical
Terminology

35.  The anatomical position
 Directional and regional terms
Anterior/
Posterior
Superior/
Inferior
Medial/
Lateral
Proximal/
Distal
Superficial/
Deep
Cephalic/
Vertebral
Ipsilateral/
contralateral
Brachial
Lumbar

36. Basic body
planes or
sections
These terms are used
for planes or sections
that cut the body,
organs, tissues, or cells

37. Body Cavities
• Body cavities are internal chambers holding
vital organs
–Cavities protect vital organs
–Cavities allow organs to change in shape and
size
• Two body cavities
–Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity
and the spinal cavity
–Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic
cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

39. 1.Thoracic Cavities
• The thoracic cavity contains the heart and
lungs.
• The thoracic cavity is subdivided into:
–Left and right pleural cavities (each pleural
cavity contains one lung) lined by the visceral
and parietal pleura
–The mediastinum contains the pericardium
(pericardial cavity), another serous
membrane that surrounds the heart

40. 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
• The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by
the peritoneum
–The abdominal cavity extends from the
diaphragm to the superior margins of
the pelvis
• liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large
intestine

41. Abdominopelvic Cavity cont..
–The pelvic cavity is bordered by the
pelvis, with a floor of muscle
•reproductive organs, urinary bladder
and the final portion of the large
intestine

42. Serosa

43. 1.) parietal or
visceral
2.) pericardial,
pleural, or
peritoneal*
Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives:
Parietal serosa forms the
outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the
visceral organ
*The 2nd adjective can
become a noun:
pericardium, pleura,
peritoneum
Pericardial: heart
Pleural: lungs
Peritoneal: abdominal

45. Methods of dividing the Abdominopelvic cavity
4 quadrants ; 9 abdominal regions

46. Methods of dividing the Abdominopelvic cavity
4 quadrants ; 9 abdominal regions

47. Clinical technology allows many different
views of the body
• X-rays
• Computerized tomography (CT) scans
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
• Ultrasound images
• Spiral CT scans
• Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

48. X-rays

49. Common scanning techniques

50. Special Scanning Methods

51. Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes
 Acro- extremity. Acrophobia is a fear of heights.
Adeno- gland. Adenoid is a lymph gland found in the
nasopharynx.
Alba- white. Albinsm is the white appearance of skin
lacking melanin.
Algia- pain. Neuroalgia is a pain following the course of a
nerve.
Angi- vessel. Angioplasty is the repair of a blood vessel.
Arthro- joint. Arthritis is the inflammation of skeletal
joints.
Auto- self. Autolysis is the destruction of body cells by
bodily enzymes.
Bio- living. Biology is the study of living organisms.
Blast- germ, bud. Osteoblast is the germ of a bone cell.

52. Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes
Blephar- eyelid. A blepharoplasty is eyelid surgery.
Brachi- arm. The brachialis muscle moves the arm.
Broncho- trachea, windpipe. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the
respiratory system.
Bucc- cheek. The buccinator muscle is in the cheek.
Capit- head. De-capitate means "Off With the Head!"
Carcin- cancer. A carcinogen is a substance which triggers cancer formation.
Cardia- heart. Cardiologist is a heart specialist.
Cephal- head. Cephalon is another term for the brain. (see capit-)
Cerebro- brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is fluid circulating within the brain
and spinal cord.

53. Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes
Chole- bile, gall. Cholecestectomy is removal of the
gallbladder.
Chondro- cartilage. A chondrocyte is a cartilage cell.
Chroma- color. Chromosomes are so named because they
took color easily when dye is added to a cell.
Cili- eyelash. Supercilia are eyebrows -- the hairs above the
eyelashes.
Corpus- body. Corpus albicans is the white body inside an
ovary.
Corona Crown. Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
muscle run along the heart, encircling it like a crown.The
coronary ligaments of the liver (which encircle the liver like
a crown), the coronal suture and the corona of the glans
penis, all structures which encircle something (like a

54. Cysti- sac, bladder.
Cyto- cell. Cytology is the study of cells.
Dactyl- digits. Polydactylism is the presence of more
fingers than is normal.
Derma- skin. Dermatologists are skin specialists. (see
cut-)
Dura- tough, hard. Dura mater is the tough covering
around the brain and spinal cord.
Entero- intestine. Enteritis is inflammation of the
intestines.
Erythro- red. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
Galacto- milk.Galactose-Milk Sugur; Galactosemia is the
lack of ability to digest one of milk's sugars

55. Gastro- stomach, belly. Gastric juices are produced in the
stomach.
Glosso- tongue. Hypoglossal means "below the tongue".
Glyco- sugar. Glycosuria is sugar in the urine.
Hema- blood. Hemaglobin is a large molecule of the red
blood cell.
Hepato- liver. The hepatic vein drains blood away from the
liver.
Hyster- uterus. Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus.
Ileo- ileum. Part of the small intestine.
Ilio- ilium. Part of the hip bone.
Lachry- tears. Lacrimal glands secrete tears.
Leuko- white. Leukocytes are white cells of the blood. (see
alba-)
Lingua- tongue. Sublingual glands are beneath the tongue.
(see glosso-)

56. Lingua- tongue. Sublingual glands are beneath the tongue. (see glosso-)
Lipo- fat. Liposuction is the removal of fat by suction tube.
Lith- stone. Shock wave lithotripsy is a treatment for breaking up kidney
stones.
Lumbo- lower back. Lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back.
Macul- spot, blotch. The macula lutea is a spot on the retina of an
eyeball.
Mamm- breast. Mammogram is a picture of a breast, usually a female
breast.
Mast- breast. Aren't we showing our obsession with breasts?
Meningo- membrane. Meninges are the coverings of the brain and
spinal cord.
Metro- uterus. Endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. (see
hystero-)
Morpho- shape. Endomorphs are people whose physical shape extends
to the limits of human dimension.
Myelo- spinal cord. Poliomyelitis is inflammation of the grey matter of
the spinal cord.

57. Myo- muscle. Myo-cardiac infarction is a problem with the
heart muscle.
Necro- death. Necrosis is death of cell tissue.
Nephro- kidney. Nephrons are the functional units of a
kidney.
Neuro- nerve. Neurons are individual nerve cells.
Oculo- eye. An oculist supplies eyeglasses.
Odont- tooth. Othodontics refers to repair of teeth.
Onco- tumour. Oncology is not doctors wearing pagers; it is
the study of cancerous tumours.
Ophthalm- eye. Ophthalmology is the study of eye and its
diseases.

58. Oro- mouth. The oral cavity is the other name for the mouth
Orchido- testicle. Orchidectomy is removal of a testicle.
Osse-, Osteo- bone. Osteoporosis is porosity of bone.
Oto- ear. Otosclerosis is the formation of bone in the
ear.Otomycosis-fungal infection in ear
Patho- disease. Pathogens are agents which cause disease.
Peps- digestion. Pepsin is an enzyme found in the digestive
system.
Phago- eat. Phagocytes are cells (cyto-) which eat foreign
material.
Philo- love, to have an affinity for. Hydrophilic molecules are
attracted to water (hydro-)

59. Myo- muscle. Myo-cardiac infarction is a problem with the heart muscle.
Necro- death. Necrosis is death of cell tissue.
Nephro- kidney. Nephrons are the functional units of a kidney.
Neuro- nerve. Neurons are individual nerve cells.
Oculo- eye. An oculist supplies eyeglasses.
Odont- tooth. Othodontics refers to repair of teeth.
Onco- tumour. Oncology is not doctors wearing pagers; it is the study of cancerous tumours.
Ophthalm- eye. Ophthalmology is the study of eye and its diseases.
Oro- mouth. The oral cavity is the other name for the mouth.
Orchido- testicle. Orchidectomy is removal of a testicle.
Osse-, Osteo- bone. Osteoporosis is porosity of bone.
Oto- ear. Otosclerosis is the formation of bone in the ear.Otomycosis-fungal infection in ear
Patho- disease. Pathogens are agents which cause disease.
Peps- digestion. Pepsin is an enzyme found in the digestive system.
Phago- eat. Phagocytes are cells (cyto-) which eat foreign material.
Philo- love, to have an affinity for. Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water (hydro-)
Phleb- vein. Phlebitis is inflammation of the veins.
Phren- diaphragm. Phrenic refers to a diaphragm.
Pneumo- lung. Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs.
Pulmo- lung. Are lungs related to breasts?
Pyo- pus. Pyruria is pus in the urine.
Ren- kidney. Renal artery supplies blood to the kidney.
Rhin- nose. Rhinoplasty is a nose job
Scler- hard. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. (see dura-)
Stasis- stand still. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining constant conditions within the body.
Thromb- clot, lump. Thrombosis refers to a clot in the heart or blood vessel.
Trich- hair. Trichosis is a disease of the hair.
Vas- vessel, duct. Vas deferens is the vessel which carries sperm from the epididymus.
Viscer- organ. Visceral refers to organs.
Zoo- animal. Zoology refers to the study of animals.