This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of structures of the human body, both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The key points covered are: 1. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy. 2. The major body systems studied in anatomy are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. 3. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions and involves negative and positive feedback mechanisms. 4. Anatomical position, directional terms, regional terms

1. ANATOMY
NU/MEDICINE YEAR 1/ 2016
NAME: YTER CHAMRANE

2. INTODUCTION OF ANATOMY
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3. objective
• After this slide you may know some basic of anatomy .
• You will be able to describe and understand the what is anatomy?

4. Content
1. General anatomy
2. Subdivisions
3. Physiology
4. Structure level of the body
5. Systems of the body
6. Homeostasis
7. Anatomical position
8. Medical terms
9. Directional terms Regional terms
10. Body planes and sections
11. Terms of motion
12. Body cavity

5. 1.Generality of anatomy
• The word ( anatomy) is derived from Greek root
that mean “ to cut up” or “to dissect” or “to
separate”.
• To study of human anatomy in its early stage was
adequately defined by this term for anatomy dealt
only with structures that could be displayed by
dissection and that were visible to the naked eye,
what we now call “ gross anatomy”.

6. What is anatomy?
• Anatomy include to the structures that can be seen grossly (without
the aid of magnification) and microscopically (with the aid of
magnification).

7. 2.Subdivisions
• Anatomy divide into 4 spheres:
 Gross anatomy (by eye)
 Neuro anatomy (brain + Spine)
 Microscopic anatomy ( histology)
 Development anatomy or embryology

8. Macroscopic (gross) Anatomy
• Studies of the body parts and their relationship.
( e.g : heart, lung, kidney..etc)
• Can be further divided into:
1. Regional Anatomy
- all structures in one particular region.
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9. Macroscopic (gross) Anatomy
2. Systemic Anatomy
- system by system
3. Surface Anatomy
-study of external body structures
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10. Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes.
1. cytology:
- study of body cell
2. Histology:
- study of body tissues
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11. Developmental Anatomy
• Structural changes to the body throughout lifespan.
1. Embryology
- Development which occur before birth
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12. NeuroAnatomy
• The study of the anatomy and serotyped organization of nervous
system.
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13. 3.Physiology
• Study of the body function.
1. System Physiology
- study of body system’s function.
2. Comparative Physiology
- study of various characteristic of living organisms.
3. Medical physiology
- Study of physiological dysfunction and diseases.
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14. 4.Structural level of the body
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15. 5.System of the body
• Integumentary system
- external cover of the body(Skin)
- protects deeper tissue from injury
- Site of cutaneous, receptors, sweet and oil glands.
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16. System of the body
• Skeletal System
- bones
- Protects and supports body organs
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17. System of the body
• Muscular System
- Muscles
- produce body movement
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18. System of the body
• Nervous System
- Consist of brain, sensory receptor, nerves, spinal cord.
- Control homeostasis by stimulating particular muscles
contraction and gland secretion.
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19. System of the body
• Endocrine System
- Hormones secretion to Regulate body processes.
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20. System of the body
• Cardiovascular System
- transport blood to the body.
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21. System of the body
• Lymphatic / Immune System
- Protect the body by attacking from foreign substances entering
body system.
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22. System of the body
• Respiratory System
- Supply blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
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23. System of the body
• Digestive System
- Break down the food for absorption
- Indigestible food will be removed as faces
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24. System of the body
• Urinary System
- Regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance
in the body.
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25. System of the body
• Reproductive System
- Production of babies
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26. 6.Homeostasis
• Body’s ability to maintain relativity stable internal conditions although
the external environment keep changing..
• 3 components:
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27. Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback Mechanism
-Restoring back the body to its original state.
-Cut-off the original stimulus and reduce the intensity
-Make up most of the homeostasis control mechanism
-Avoid sudden and harmful changes to our body
Eg: Insulin will be secreted if the glucose level in blood is
too high.
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29. Homeostasis
• Positive Feedback Mechanism
-Triggering an enhance action from the original stimulus.
- Commonly for the activity that do not need further
adjustment.
Eg: Blood clotting where platelets will pile up and clot at
the injured side.
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31. 7.Anatomical Position
• Standing position with the body erect facing forward, feet slightly apart,
arms hanging and palms also facing forward.
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32. 8.Directional Terms
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33. 9.Directional terms
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34. 10.Regional terms
• Axial Region
-Axis of our body
- Comprise of three parts:
head, neck and trunk
• Perpendicular Region
-limbs, or appendages
-body parts that attached to the axis.
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35. 11.Body Planes And Sections
• Sagittal Plane
- Vertical plane divide body into right and left
- Sagittal plane that exactly cut in the middle called
midsagittal plane or median plane.
- Sagittal plane that offset from median line called
Parasagittal plane.
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36. Body Planes And Sections
• Frontal Plane( coronal plane)
- vertical line that divide the body to anterior and posterior
parts.
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37. Body Planes And Sections
• Transverse Plane( Horizontal Plane )
- Horizontal plane which divide body into Superior and
inferior.
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38. Body Planes And Section
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39. Body Planes And Section
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40. Body Planes And Section
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41. 12.Terms of motion
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42. Terms of motion
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43. 13.Body cavities
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• Dorsal Cavity: protects nervous system
 Two subdivisions:
1. Cranial cavity – brain
2. Spinal cavity – spinal cord
• Ventral Cavity: house visceral organs
 Two subdivisions:
1. Thoracic cavity – pleura(lung), mediastinum (heart,
esophagus, trachea, etc…)
2. Abdominal cavity – abdominal (liver, stomach..) and
pelvic(bladder, reproductive system, rectum).

44. Body cavities
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