house construction

Amity School of Engineering & Technology, AUR
Presentation
on
house construction
submitted by-
Abhinav saha
B.Tech CIVIL Vth sem
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• Excavating ground reveals critical knowledge about the soil and therefore
dictates the design of foundation. For example, for reclaimed land (i.e. ones
that originally hosted lake and were filled with sand), soil tends to be soft
and therefore chances of further strengthening the foundation to avoid it
from setting-in. In some cases, ground may be full of rocks and therefore
can take longer to excavate.
• Trick they use with excavation is to excavate about 6-inch and then
thoroughly soak ground with water. This makes excavation extremely easy.
For all load bearing areas excavation is done for 4-feet and column area are
excavated for 6-feet. This building is small-enough that all excavation is
done manually itself.
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Foundation plan
• Foundation masonry - Cement building blocks that are about 38cm tall, 15cm wide
and 15cm deep are the foundation of the building. They are "stuck" together with
cement concrete masonry. It is recommended that anti-termite treatment be done
twice - once before placing any cement blocks and next after placing all layers of
cement blocks.
• Rain water tank-It was decided to go with what seems like a good size rainwater
(RWH) tank - 60,000 litres.
• Columns - Four columns need a bit of special work to get set up. They would
essentially setup iron columns in those areas and put concrete around them. Once
columns come up to the plinth level, they would be connected to the rest of the
house via plinth beam .There are 4 columns to bear the load of the first floor
balcony and the family room areas. Excavation for columns is about 1500mm. Base
of the column is filled with mortar. Then a steel column of about 3000mm is
erected. Rings are tied approx 150mm from each other to hold the column together.
Finally, they'd pour cement concrete around it to create the actual column structure.
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• Cement building blocks that are about 38cm tall, 15cm wide
and 15cm deep are the foundation of the building. They are
"stuck" together with cement concrete masonry.
• anti-termite treatment be done twice - once before placing
any cement blocks and next after placing all layers of cement
blocks.
• Mixing ratio – 1 part of cement, 4 part of sand, and 8 part of
aggregate.
• In my case, ground level at living room side is about 6 to 12
inches higher than that on the guest bedroom side. Hence,
they'd do more layers at latter so plinth beam will be at even
level.
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• Four columns need a bit of special work to get set up. They would
essentially setup iron columns in those areas and put concrete
around them. Once columns come up to the plinth level, they would
be connected to the rest of the house via plinth beam.
• Foundation around load bearing walls will be done first followed by
columns and finally by RWH tank structure. Once each component
is built they will be joined together through plinth beam. Our
expectation is plinth beam will be about 2.5 feet above the natural
ground level. This so as to keep house safe from flooding as well as
provide appropriate elevation.
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Plinth beam
• Plinth beam is the horizontal cement beam across the house periphery laid
on top of foundation.
• PURPOSE
1. Prevent leaking of water into foundation
2. Provides support for walls
3. Holds house together.
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Basic process to construct plinth beam is as follows:
• Mark-up width - Usually width of plinth is half that of the foundation. In this
case, foundation is about 45cm wide and so plinth is 23cm aligning with the
outer edge of the foundation. Inner 23cm of foundation meshes into the floor
level of the house.
• Lay down the steel beam - As the adjacent picture shows beams are the
core of the plinth beam. Beams have a loop every 16cm that holds it
together.
• Setup reinforcement - Before concrete is poured, reinforcement has to be
established to provide rectangular shape to the beam. This takes majority of
effort as planks have to be nailed properly in place and once concrete is
poured they need to be removed.
• Pour the concrete - Next step is to pour the concrete. As concrete is poured,
mason ensures that it is evenly spread and smoothens out any edges. He
also needs to ensure the height of the beam is consistent throughout the
periphery.
• Remove reinforcement - Concrete turns solid within 24-hour and final step is
to remove the planks leaving the beam intact. 11

Planning of exposed brick walls
• Niches - Position, height and width of each niche that would be
placed in the wall.
• Electrical layout - If any ducts have to pass through this wall these
need to be planned and performed while these walls come up.
(Note: From aesthetics perspective, it is advisable to not have any
electrical points in the brick wall itself.)
• Brick patterns - To avoid monotonous look, border brick patterns
can be added on a wall. Typically, these are added a few rows
above the lintel. These have to be decided and upfront planned with
mason. Some times, masons may not know how to lay patterns
(especially if they tend to be difficult) and it is wise to allow time for
these.
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Type of brick used
Wire cut bricks
•Dimension : 230*105*75MM (Length*Width*Thickness)
•Compressive Strength : 300 Kg/Cm2, or 12 N/MM2
•Water Absorption : 6% of Total Weight
•Quantity Bricks : 10000 Bricks/Truck
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Lintel beam
• lintel beam serves the purpose of binding various spaces in the
house together as well as providing foundation to host brick layers
extending to roof. Lintel beam is placed typically on top of window
and door spaces.
• Put reinforcement in the form of wooden sticks. Then, lay wooden
sheets on top of window or door space.
• Do the form work (i.e. lay-down the steel rods that provides the core
of the beam).
• Provide shape by reinforcing wooden planks on both sides. Pour the
concrete and allow it to dry for a few days.
• Remove the wooden planks on the side as well as wooden sticks
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First Class Brick Work 1:7
•Brick walls constructed with cement sand mortar in the
ratio of 1:7 means 1 part of cement and 7 parts of sand.
This mortar is low in strength and is recommended for
following works.
•Toe walls
•Single storey buildings
•Temporary structures
•Light weight walls having no load of beams etc.
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Plastering
•The joints of the brick work shall raked out to a depth of 12 mm and the surface
of the wall washed and clean and kept wet for the two days before plastering. The
material of mortar should be of standard specification.
•The thickness of the plastering shall be of 12mm to ensure uniform thickness
of plaster; patches of 15 cm shall be applied first at about 2 m apart to act as
guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then
brought to a true smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel
•Wall plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor,. Ceiling
plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster.
•All corner and edge shall be rounded. The plastered surface shall be kept wet for
10days the surface should be protected from rain, sun, frost, etc.
•For wall plastering 1:5 cement mortar and for ceiling plastering 1:3 cement
mortar with coarse sand is used.
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25 cm Cement Concrete floor
•The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 cement shall be fresh Portland cement
of standard specification. The coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 3cm gauge,
well graded and free from dust, dirt, etc. the sand shall be coarse of 5mm maximum size
and down, well graded, clean and free from dust, direct and organic matters.
•The floor shall be leveled and divided into panels or bays of maximums size or
1.2mx1.2m and the sides of the panels shall be bounded with teak wood battens 2. cm
thick and 5 cm wide or flat iron of same thickness and fixed with weak mortar, or with
nails or hooks. Required camber or slope should be given in floor for draining wash
water.
•Mixing of concrete shall be down by measuring with boxes to have the required
proportion as specified. First cement and sand mixed dry and the dry mix of cement and
sand mixed with ballast dry, and the mixed by adding water slowly and gradually to the
required quantity, and mixed thoroughly to have a uniform plastic mix.
•In ground floor the c.c. floor shall be laid on a 7.5cm base of weak cement concrete as
per standard specifications.
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house construction

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