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5.2 brick and stone MASONRY.pptx
1. MASONRY
• Masonry is defined as the construction of building units called
masonry units (like bricks, stones or concrete blocks) bonded
together with mortar.
• Masonry is usually used for the construction of foundations,
walls, columns and other similar components.
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2. Brick
• Manufactured from clay
• Based on manufacturing process
– Sun-dried or unburnt
– Burnt bricks
• First class bricks
• Second class bricks
• Third class bricks
• Fourth class bricks
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3. Identification of quality of bricks at
construction site
• Colour- bright and uniform cherry red and copper
colour
• Well burned having smooth surfaces and sharp edges
• Thermal conductivity of bricks should be less and
should be sound proof
• Should not absorb more than 20% by weight when
soaked in water
• Should produce ringing sound when two bricks are
struck
• Should not break when dropped from a height of 1m
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4. • There should not be any scratch left on the
brick when scratched with our finger nail
• There should not be any white deposits on
brick, when soaked it in water for 24 hrs
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5. Brick Masonry
• Made of brick units bonded together with mortar.
• Two essential components are bricks and mortar.
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6. Basic Terms in Masonry
Course:
Horizontal layer of masonry units
Thickness of units in single course is equal, also thickness
of mortar joint is equal
Header:
Bricks so laid that the length of units is perpendicular to the
direction of the wall
Stretcher:
Bricks so laid that length of units is parallel to the direction
of the wall
Header course:
Course of brick in which all the bricks are laid as headers.
Stretcher course:
Course of brick in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers.
8. Lap:
horizontal distance between the vertical joints of the
successive courses of bricks.
Bat:
Portion of brick cut across the width.
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9. Closer:
portion of brick cut in such manner that one long face remains uncut
Helps in preventing the joints of successive courses to come in a
vertical line.
may be of various types.
Queen closer:
portion of brick obtained by cutting a brick length wise into two
portions.
11. Half bat:
If the length of the bat is equal to half the length of the original brick,
it is known as half bat.
Three quarter bat:
It is a form of brick bat having its length equal to three quarter of the
length of a full brick.
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12. Bonds in brick work
• Method of arranging the bricks in courses so that individual
bricks are locked together.
• Various types of bonds are distinguished by their elevation or
face appearance.
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13. Why is bond necessary?
• Eliminates continuous vertical joints.
• Imparts strength to the masonry.
• Defective arrangement reduces strength of masonry.
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14. Rules for bonding
• The bricks should be uniform.
• Uses of bricks bats should be minimum. Should be used only at special
locations.
• The vertical joints in the alternate courses should lie in the same perpend.
• Stretchers should be used only in the facing not in hearting. Always
headers are to be used in hearting.
• In alternate courses, the centre line of header should coincide with the
centre line of the stretcher in the course below or above it.
• The lap distance should be minimum ¼ brick along the length of the wall
and ½ brick across the thickness of the wall.
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For getting good bonding, following rules should be observed:
15. Types of bonds
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond
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16. 1. Stretcher bond
• In this, all the bricks are laid as stretchers on the face of
the walls.
• Length of the bricks are thus along the direction of wall.
• Overlap is equal to half the length of a brick.
• Adopted for partition and cavity walls where thickness is
only half brick.
• Not possible for larger thickness.
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19. 2. Header bond
• In this, all the bricks are laid as headers on the face
of the walls.
• Width of the bricks are thus along the direction of
wall.
• Suitable for partition walls.
• Made when thickness of wall is equal to one brick.
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21. 3. English bond
• Headers and stretchers are laid in alternate courses.
• Each alternate header is centrally supported over a stretcher.
• A queen closer is put next to the quoin header to develop the face lap.
• No continuous vertical joints in the structure.
• If the wall thickness is an even multiple of half brick, the same course shows
headers or stretchers in both the back and front elevations. But if the wall
thickness is an uneven multiple of half brick, a course showing stretcher on
the face shows header on the back and vice versa.
• Strongest of the types of bonds.
• Used for all types of construction.
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25. 4. Flemish bond
• Each course consist of alternate headers and stretchers.
• A queen closer is put next to a quoin header in alternate
courses to develop face lap.
• Every header is centrally supported over a stretcher
below it.
• Two types : Double Flemish bond & Single Flemish bond.
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26. Double Flemish bond
• Stretchers and headers are laid alternately in both facing and
backing.
• A queen closer is put next to a quoin header in alternate
courses.
• Every header is centrally supported over a stretcher below it.
• Give better appearance than English bond but not so strong
as English bond.
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30. Single Flemish bond
• Face elevation is of Flemish bond while filling as
well as backing are of an English bond.
• Bond appears as Flemish bond but provides the
strength of English bond.
• To construct this, minimum 1 ½ brick thickness
is required.
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32. Comparison of English bond & Flemish bond
Sl No English bond Flemish Bond
1
Headers & stretchers are laid in
alternate courses
Headers & stretchers are laid
alternately in each course
2 Strongest of all types
Comparatively less strong for walls
more than 300mm thick
3 Rough appearance Good appearance
4 Absence of vertical joints Partly continuous joints appear
5 No skilled labour required Skilled labour required
6 Progress of work is fast Progress of work is slow
7 Costly since no brick bats are used Economical since brick bats are used
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33. Stone Masonry
• The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is
termed as stone masonry where the stones are available in a
abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper
shape, they provide an economical material for the
construction of various building components such as walls,
columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc.
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34. Types of stone masonry
Basically classified into two types:
1. Rubble masonry – Blocks of stones which are
undressed or roughly dressed are used.
2. Ashlar masonry – Regular and finely dressed
stones are used.
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35. 1. Rubble Masonry
a) Random rubble masonry
i. Uncoursed
ii. Built into courses
b) Square rubble masonry
i. Uncoursed
ii. Built into courses
c) Dry rubble masonry
d) Polygonal rubble masonry
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36. a) i. Random rubble masonry - Uncoursed
• This is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of stone masonry.
• Courses are not maintained.
• The stones used in this type of masonry very much vary in their
shape and size and are directly obtained from quarry.
• Stones are so arranged such that vertical joints are staggered.
• The weak corners and edges are removed with mason’s hammer.
• Generally, bigger stone blocks are employed at quoins to increase
the strength of masonry.
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38. a) ii. Random rubble masonry – Built into courses
• Method of construction is same as previous except that the
work is roughly levelled up to form courses varying from 30
to 45 cm thick.
• All the Courses are not of the same height.
• For the construction of this type, quoins are built first and
string is stretched between the top of quoins. The
intervening walling is then brought up to this level by using
different size of stones.
• Better than uncoursed random rubble masonry.
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40. b) i. Square rubble masonry - Uncoursed
• Stones are usually squared and hammer dressed or straight cut
finished.
• Stones with straight edges and sides are available in different sizes
(heights). They are arranged on face in several irregular pattern.
• Good appearance can be achieved by using risers (large stone,
generally through stone), leveller (thinner stone) and sneck or
check (small stone) in a pattern, having their depths in the ratio of
3:2:1 respectively. This prevents occurrence of long continuous
joints.
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42. b) ii. Square rubble masonry – Built to courses
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• Uses the same stones used for uncoursed type.
• Here the work is levelled up to courses of varying
depth.
• All the Courses are not of the same height.
• Each course may consist of quoins and through stones
of same height, with smaller stones built in between
them up to the height of the large stone, to complete
the course.
44. c) Dry rubble masonry
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• In this rubble masonry, stones are laid without using any
mortar.
• Cheapest & requires more skill in construction.
• Used for non load bearing walls such as compound wall.
• To achieve better stability, sometimes the two courses at the
top and about 50cm length at the ends are built in mortar.
46. d) Polygonal rubble masonry
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• In this type of masonry the stones are roughly dressed to an
irregular polygonal shape.
• The stones should be so arranged as to avoid long vertical
joints in face work and to break joints as much as possible.
Thus the face joints are seen running in an irregular shape in
all directions.
48. Comparison of Stone masonry & Brick masonry
Sl No Stone Masonry Brick Masonry
1 Stone are natural materials Bricks are artificially made
2
Labour cost is more since it requires
skilled labour
Labour cost is less since it requires
less skilled labour
3 Dressing of stone is required Dressing is not required
4 Poor bonding, but more strength Good bonding, but less strength
5 Thinner walls not possible Thinner walls are possible
6 Irregular and continuous joints Regular joints and rarely continuous
7 More quantity of mortar is required Less quantity of mortar is required
8 Plastering is not necessary Plastering is necessary
9 Dead weight is more Dead weight is less
10 Difficult to lift & place Easy to lift & place
11 Stone are more water tight
Bricks are less water tight compared
to stones
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