The document provides an overview of the world's oceans, including:
- The ocean covers 70.8% of the Earth's surface and is contained in three main basins: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
- Ocean depths were originally measured with weighted lines but are now mapped in detail using echo sounders. The deepest point is the Mariana Trench at nearly 11km deep.
- Ocean water circulation is driven by surface currents from wind and thermal gradients, as well as deep water circulation from density differences. This drives global ocean conveyor belts.
- Other ocean phenomena discussed include waves, tides, coastal environments, and changing sea levels from glacial and climate influences.
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
AS Level Physical Geography - Hydrology and Fluvial GeomorphologyArm Punyathorn
Water is an agent of change in the atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere. In this chapter we will try to understand the passage of water as it changes states.We will also look at how the forces of river can shape land forms as well as civilization
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the basic characteristics of the submarine canyons, their origin, and their distribution in various major oceans of the world.
Detailed information about the morphological conditions, sedimentology and marine life of the submarine canyons will also be understood.
It describes about the formation of Islands,about the formation of coral reef. It describes about the ocean currents, their origin and all other concepts related to oceanography.
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
AS Level Physical Geography - Hydrology and Fluvial GeomorphologyArm Punyathorn
Water is an agent of change in the atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere. In this chapter we will try to understand the passage of water as it changes states.We will also look at how the forces of river can shape land forms as well as civilization
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the basic characteristics of the submarine canyons, their origin, and their distribution in various major oceans of the world.
Detailed information about the morphological conditions, sedimentology and marine life of the submarine canyons will also be understood.
It describes about the formation of Islands,about the formation of coral reef. It describes about the ocean currents, their origin and all other concepts related to oceanography.
Introduces Oceanography: oceanic plates, continental shelf, abyssal plain, trenches, hydrothermal vents, black smoke, temperature stratification, water masses and circulation, coriolis effect, el nino, larvae and larval ecology.
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Outline
• Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Ocean Circulation
• Ocean Waves
• Ocean Tides
• Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Changing Sea Levels
3. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Seawater covers 70.8% of Earth’s surface
• Land comprising the remaining 29.2% is
unevenly distributed between the northern
and southern hemispheres
• Most of the water is contained in three
interconnected basins; Pacific, Atlantic
and Indian Oceans that, along with the
Southern Ocean, make up the “world
ocean”
6. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Before the 20th century, not much was
known about the depth of the ocean
• Water depths were made with a
weighted line lowered from a ship
– Not very efficient!
• In the 1920s echo sounders began to
be used, generating a pulse of sound
that measured how long it took for the
echo bouncing off the seafloor to return
to the instrument
7. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Thanks to echo sounders, the
topography of the seafloor and depth of
overlying water are known in great detail
for most of the ocean basins
– The Mariana Trench near Guam is the
greatest ocean depth measured at 10,924
m
• Recent satellite measurements reveal
the average depth of the sea is 3970 m,
and the average height of land above
sea level is 840 m
8. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• As far back as the oldest sedimentary rocks,
more than 4 Ga, Earth has had liquid water
on its surface
– Oxygen isotopes in zircons suggest that the ocean
may be 4.4 billion years old
• Where the water came from is still uncertain
– Carbonaceous chondrites contain water as
hydrous minerals, suggesting some water
originated from accretion and volcanic steam
– Icy comets bombarded early Earth, bringing with
them frozen water
9. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• About 3.5% of average seawater consists of
dissolved salts
– If these precipitated, they would form a layer about
56 m thick on the seafloor
• Average salinity is 33 to 37 per mil
– Principally sodium, chlorine and six other ions
derived from
• Dissolved load in streams
• Volcanic volatiles carried by atmospheric water
• Submarine volcanism
• Aeolian dust
• Pollutants
10. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Salinity of ocean water is related to
latitude, but also
– Evaporation
– Precipitation of rain and snow
– Inflow of fresh river water
– Freezing of sea ice
12. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• The ocean differs from land in the
amount of heat it can store, for a given
amount of heat, water has a lower rise
in temperature than land
– Has a high heat capacity
– Low total and seasonal temperature range
– Ocean temperatures affect the climate over
ocean and land, which in turn controls
distribution of plants and animals
14. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Physical properties of seawater vary
with depth: ocean is vertically stratified
– Seawater becomes denser as temperature
decreases and as salinity increases
– Gravity pulls denser water down
– Drives deep ocean circulation
– Three major depth zones
• Surface zone: 100-500 m (mixed layer)
• Thermocline, halocline or pynocline
• Deep zone: contains 80% of ocean water
16. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Biotic zones
– Plants and animals living in the uppermost
water occupy the pelagic zone
– Benthonic organisms live on or within the
bottom sediment
– Floating organisms are planktonic
– Plant life is restricted to the photic zone
– Free swimmers (reptiles, fish, squid,
marine mammals, etc.) are restricted only
by their own locomotion
17. Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Oceanic sediment is dominated by
skeletal remains of single-celled
planktonic and benthonic animals, when
more than 30% of bottom sediment
consists of these remains it is called
– Calcareous ooze (carbonate-based)
– Siliceous ooze (silica-based)
• Lithic sediment, consisting of rock
fragments, mantles continental shelves
and slopes
19. Outline
• Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Ocean Circulation
• Ocean Waves
• Ocean Tides
• Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Changing Sea Levels
20. Ocean Circulation
• Surface ocean currents are broad, slow
drifts of surface water caused by friction
between the ocean and air flowing over
it
– 50-100 m deep
– Solar radiation provides heat energy, non
uniform heating generates winds, which
drive the movement of surface ocean water
• Ocean current direction is also
influenced by the Coriolis force
22. Ocean Circulation
• Ekman transport
– The balance of the wind on surface water
and Coriolis force at depth
– Generates a spiraling current pattern
– Results in a net direction of water
movement about 90˚ to the wind direction
– Near coasts this leads to vertical
movement of ocean water
• Upwelling if net transport is away from land
• Downwelling if net transport is toward land
25. Ocean Circulation
• With geography, ocean current drivers
set up the major surface current
systems in the world ocean
• Each major ocean current is part of a
large subcircular current system called
a gyre
– 2 in the Pacific
– 2 in the Atlantic
– 2 in the Indian
27. Ocean Circulation
• On either side of the equator, ocean
regions are dominated by westward-
flowing North and South Equatorial
currents
• Along the equator is the eastward-
flowing Equatorical Countercurrent
• Near 60˚ latitude, the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current circles the globe
28. Ocean Circulation
• North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
originates at the surface of the north
Atlantic, flows downward, and spreads
southward to the south Atlantic
• Flowing beneath this is the colder,
denser Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
• The sinking of dense, cold, saline
surface water propels a global
thermohaline circulation system
33. Outline
• Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Ocean Circulation
• Ocean Waves
• Ocean Tides
• Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Changing Sea Levels
34. Ocean Waves
• Surface waves receive their energy from wind
– The size of a wave is determined by wind speed,
duration, and fetch (distance)
– Important wave dimensions are the height (from
crest to trough) and wavelength (from crest to
crest or crest to trough)
– As waves move, each parcel of water revolves in
a loop, returning nearly to its former position once
the wave has passed
– At a depth of half the wavelength, water motion is
negligible, this is the wave base
36. Ocean Waves
• Toward land, as water depth becomes
less than L/2, the circular motion of the
deepest water parcels is restricted by the
shallow seafloor, flattening the loop
• As depth decreases, the wave’s shape is
distorted; height increases, wavelength
shortens, and the wave front grows
steeper, eventually collapsing (breaking)
– This is turbulent surf
38. Ocean Waves
• Approaching shore, waves become
refracted to parallel the bottom contours
• The path of an incoming wave can be
resolved in two directional components
– Parallel to the shore: longshore current
– Perpendicular to the shore: surf
40. Ocean Waves
• Tsunami
– Technically a seismic sea wave
– Generated by sudden movements on the
seafloor
• Earthquake
• Submarine or coastal landslide
• Large volcanic eruption
– Sudden seafloor displacement causes
displacement in overlying water, when this
water falls back down it splits into two
oppositely moving components
42. Ocean Waves
• Tsunami
– Travel at speeds up to 950 km/h
– Have wavelengths measured in kilometers
– Wave height is only 1-2 meters
• Typically not seen or felt in the open ocean
– Periodicity can be from 20 min to 1 hr
– As the crest moves on shore, water can
pile up rapidly to heights of 30 meters and
travel great distances inland, as the trough
moves on shore, it causes drawdown
43. Outline
• Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Ocean Circulation
• Ocean Waves
• Ocean Tides
• Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Changing Sea Levels
44. Ocean Tides
• Rhythmic, twice-daily rise and fall of ocean water
along coastlines
• Caused by gravitational attraction between the
Earth and Moon, and to a lesser extent, the Sun
• Generates tidal bulges due to gravitational pull
and inertial force
– Highest and lowest tides when sun and moon are
aligned
– Least tidal range when sun and moon are not
47. Outline
• Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Ocean Circulation
• Ocean Waves
• Ocean Tides
• Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Changing Sea Levels
48. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Zones of dynamic activity marked by
erosion and the creation, transport, and
deposition of sediment
• At any given moment, the geometry of
the shoreline represents an
approximate equilibrium between
constructive and destructive forces
49. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Coastal deposits
– Beach: wave crashed sediment along a
coast, including the surf zone
– Spit: elongate ridges of sand or gravel that
project from land and end in open water
– Barrier island: long, narrow sandy islands
lying parallel to a coast
51. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Marine deltas
– Where surf and currents do not erode all
new sediment carried to sea by a stream
– Sediment builds outward in a fan shape,
size and shape dependent on the balance
between sedimentation and erosion
– Very fertile regions
53. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Estuaries
– Semienclosed marine embayment diluted
with fresh water entering by one or more
streams
– With associated coastal wetlands, they
offer important habitats for an array of
plants and animals
55. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Reefs
– Warm-water coastlines are characterized by
limestone reefs
• Colonies built by corals and other carbonate-
secreting organisms that generate intense
biologic productivity and diversity
– Three principal reef types
• Fringing reef: attached to or closely borders land
• Barrier reef: separated from land by a lagoon
• Atoll: roughly circular reef enclosing a lagoon
that forms when a volcanic island subsides
57. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Coastlines are classic examples of
systems in a state of dynamic equilibrium
• As soon as the local system becomes
unbalanced, a change in the shoreline
becomes apparent
• Coastal erosion tends to have significant
impacts on human interests
58. Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Responses to coastal erosion are of
three main categories
1. Hard stabilization: structural responses
– Jetties, breakwaters, seawalls
– May accelerate erosion in some areas
1. Soft stabilization: nonstructural approach
– Plantings, beach replenishment
1. Retreat: idea to limit human interference
– abandonment
59. Outline
• Ocean Basins and Ocean Water
• Ocean Circulation
• Ocean Waves
• Ocean Tides
• Where Land and Ocean Meet
• Changing Sea Levels
60. Changing Sea Level
• On most coasts the level of the sea is
changing with respect to the land
– Rapid changes due to tectonic or isostatic
movements of the crust
– Slow changes related to global warming
– Long time interval changes - eustatic - due
to waxing and waning of continental
glaciers and ocean-basin volume as
lithospheric plates shift position
61. Changing Sea Level
• Submergence is the rise of water level
relative to the land
– Nearly all coasts experienced this in the
last 10,000 years due to last ice age
• Emergence is a lowering of water level
relative to the land
• Cycles of emergence and submergence
are related to the buildup and decay of
vast ice-age glacier systems
63. Changing Sea Level
• Sea ice, land ice, and sea level
– With all the water locked up in the
cryosphere, it is estimated that global sea
level would be 65 to 80 m higher if the ice
sheets were to melt
– Melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet
alone could contribute 8 m sea level rise
64. Changing Sea Level
• The ocean and society
– The world marine fish catch is over 80
million tons per year
– Coastal sedimentary rocks host productive
oil-bearing deposits
– Travel and transport
– Energy
– Climate moderation