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Brain models of the mind
- 1. Brain Models of the Mind Presenter : Dr. Amit Chail Moderator : Dr. Amitabh Saha 1
- 2. Overview • Aim • Introduction • Mind – Brain relation • Localization and distribution of function • Feelings and Limbic System • Attitude • Aspects of conscious experience • Current and Future trends • Conclusion • Take home message • References 2
- 3. Aim • Overview of the Mind and minding processes • Understanding the psycho-philosophical and neurobiological theories of mind-brain relations • Discuss the evolving concepts of brain functional areas • Concept of connectome 3
- 4. What is mind? • Mind: Represents and is recognised by a set of unique human experiences – Consciousness – Perception – Emotions – Thought – Memory – Self- reflection
- 5. Introduction • Gilbert Ryle: • Mind- comes from minding/paying attention. • Minding is the function of the whole organism • Brain: An organ, part of CNS • Scrambled brains result in scrambled minds- -Karl Pribram 5 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 6. Utilitarian Concept of ‘Manas’ • ‘Manas’: Single indivisible whole of 3 constituents working simultaneously & synchronously – Mood – Intellect – Thought (M.I.T.) • Interface between the Manas and the self is a bodily function of awareness called consciousness (Thirunavukarasu M. A utilitarian concept of manas and mental health. Indian J Psychiatry 2011;53:99-110)
- 7. Why should we mind about the ‘mind’ ? – Psychiatry deals with mental, first person experiences – ‘Descriptive psychopathology is the study of products of a disordered mind- abnormal experience, cognition and behaviour’ – Femi Oyebode, Sims’ Symptoms In The Mind, 5 Edn (2015) – ‘What the soul is, is of no concern for us to know: what it is like, what its manifestations are, is of very great importance’ -Juan Luis Vives (1538)
- 8. Mind – Brain Relation • Major schools of thought: – Dualism: Mind exists independently of the brain – Materialism: Mental phenomena are equal to neuronal phenomena – Idealism: Only mental phenomena exist
- 9. Mind – Brain Relation • Cartesian Dualism: Rene Descartes (1641) –Mind-body separation –Spiritual v/s corporeal –Immortal v/s mortal –non-organic (or functional) v/s Organic –Psychiatry v/s neurology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- 10. Mind-Brain Relation • Early 19 century: Francis J Gall – Phrenology – Studying skull shapes and contours and correlating them with brain functions/pathologies – Brain - 27 separate "organs“ – Each “organ” corresponds to a discrete human faculty 10 http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html
- 12. Freudian theories • Topographical model of the mind: – Conscious: perceptions -aware – Preconscious: brought into awareness by focusing attention – Unconscious: outside the range of awareness Morgan, CT and King R A, Introduction to Psychology, 7 Edn Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 13. Freudian theories • Repression- memory motives pushed deep into the unconscious. • Memory motives – programmes located in core areas of the brain and through their cortical connections they may come to consciousness and voluntary control (deep and surface processing) 13 Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 14. Freudian theories • Basal ganglia: involved with motivational attitudes and reward pathways (localisation of function) 14 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 15. 15 Topographical models of the mind Deep and surface processing Localization of function Is Freud the transition from philosophical to neuro-anatomical models of the Mind?
- 17. Basic Question • How do mind and brain interact or correlate ? • How do mental phenomena like language, hunger etc correspond to neurological processes?? 17
- 18. Mind-Brain Relation • Information processing and Homomorphism – IP relates material brain to minding – Conscious and unconscious processes – Brain processes in specific brain areas are homomorphic with mental processes. • E.g word processing system in computer • Transformations – encoding and decoding 18 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
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- 20. Mind-Brain Relation at Neuronal Level 20 Neurochemical states at the synaptodendritic level state of consciousness Content of consciousness MINDING Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 21. Mind-Brain Relation Minding Processes • Connection between states and content of consciousness is mediated by minding processes:- – Attention - control of sensory input – Intention -control of motor output – Thought - control of remembering 21 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
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- 23. Localisation and Distribution of brain function Two basic models: 1. Localised Model 2. Mass Action View 23 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 24. Localized Models • Korbinian Brodmann (1908) : – based on the cyto-architectural organization of neurons in the cerebral cortex – 52 cortical areas 25 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 25. Localized models • Criticism : which brain system brought these faculties into a single conscious self (integrative function)? • The unity of being—the soul of mankind —was challenged by breaking human mentation into a mere collection of faculties • Karl Pribram and D. N. Robinson 26 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 26. Mass Action View •Karl Lashley and Karl Pribram: • Mental functions are related to brain processes that are distributed throughout the brain. • Sensory and motor equivalence can’t be explained even by duplication of neuronal pathways. 27 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 27. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF MIND AND CORRESPONDING BRAIN AREAS 28
- 29. Memory
- 30. Awareness • Reticular formation in the midbrain controls arousal and consciousness Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 31. Limbic System • Paul Broca- Cortex- 2 types –Eu-cortex- 6 layered , most of cerebrum –Allocortex- 3 layered, rim around the internal edge of cerebral hemisphere. (limbic lobe) •JW Papez- described the limbic circuit – seat of emotion. •Paul MacLean- – Limbic system = Broca’s cortex and Papez’z circuit 32 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 32. Limbic System 33
- 33. Limbic System •Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy –Taming of monkeys by excision of parts of temporal lobe. –Result- AMYGDALA- taming, fighting, feeling and sex. •Stimulation of Amygdala- evoked reactions- fear, sexual arousal/flirting and anger. 35 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 35. Limbic System • Eugene Sokolov: – Neuronal model of brain stimulation. – Habituation- Amygdala 37 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 36. Habituation . Normally: Change in pattern of visual or auditory input - changes in HR, BP & RR • Habituation- Waning of these body responses with repetitive patterns and familiarization • Amygdala processes what is novel during habituation, Hippocampus processes the context in which habituation is happening and what is already familiar. -Karl Pribram 38 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 37. Drives & Hypothalamus • Hypothalamus is linked with regulation of hunger, satiety, thirst, sex drives, temperature and emotions. • Also controls endocrine system via the pituitary gland Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 38. Motivation and Attitude • Freud: Motivations are prospective aspects of memories. • Basal ganglia involved with motivational attitudes and reward pathways Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 39. Conscious Experience: Sensory and motor cortex
- 40. Conscious Experience: Sensory and motor cortex •Sensory and motor cortices lie close to each other (Extrinsic) •Cortical Homunculus- Wilder Penfield •Intrinsic = association areas : closely linked to the sensory and motor areas 42 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 41. Conscious Experience: Association areas- intelligence
- 42. Corpus Callosum: Unity of hemispheres and conscious experience
- 43. Corpus Callosum: Unity of hemispheres and conscious experience • When Corpus Callosum was cut (U/L epilepsy) – To prevent the involvement of healthy hemisphere • Right hemispheric experiences- non-verbally • Left hemisphere – appeared ignorant 45 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 44. Contents of conscious experience Narrative “I” Objective “Me” Linguistic Empathy stringing episodes - story Aggregating the individual episodes into experiences Understanding words Imitation and empathy Autobiographical narrative - sequence Ego-centric and allo-centric reality (Me and others ) Linguistic and semantic processing Language- Left fronto-limbic forebrain Right Posterior cerebral convexity Left Posterior cerebral Convexity Right fronto- limbic forebrain 46 Kaplan and Saddock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9 edn
- 45. Recent Trends Human Connectome Project • The Human Connectome Project (HCP) is a project to construct a map of the complete structural and functional neural connections in vivo within and across individuals. • 2009, 5 year project. • Connectome – map of neural connections 47 http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/about/
- 47. Future Directions • Delineated 180 areas per hemisphere bounded by sharp changes in cortical architecture, function, connectivity, and/or topography • 97 new areas and 83 areas previously reported • Glasser, Matthew. A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature, Jul 16 (in advance) 49
- 48. Future Directions (contd) • Methodology: – Using multi-modal MRI images from the HCP – post-mortem microscopy or other specialized study- specific approaches. • Merit: Improve neuroanatomical precision for studies of the structural and functional organization of human cerebral cortex and its variation across individuals and in development, aging, and disease 50 Glasser, Matthew. A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature, Jul 16 (in advance)
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- 51. What should be our approach? • Psycho-philosophical approach: interpretive (psychoanalytical and existential theories) brainless mind • Biological approach: experimental (neurobiological theories) mindless brain • Complementary rather than competitive • Need for an integrated approach for better understanding of the individual patient as well as the entire field (Kuruvilla K. Need of the hour: An integration of the brain and the mind. Indian J Psychiatry, 1995, 37:153-154)
- 52. Conclusion • Structural and functional aspects of the human brain are not fully understood and the knowledge about the same is still evolving • Mind and Brain are inseparable • Knowledge of aspects of both is essential to understand the psychopathology and deciding the therapeutic strategy 55
- 53. Take Home Message • Mind-Brain relation is best explained by -integrated (Biological + Psycho-philosophical) approach • Transformation of mental and brain processes through encoding and decoding results in both being homomorphic • Mass action view explains the integrative aspects of the brain and mental processes i.e. evolution of a single conscious self • Connectome and delineation of newer brain areas will enhance our understanding of the brain functions. 56
- 54. References • Pribram, K.H. (1995), Brain Models of the Mind. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Williams & Wilkens, NY, pp 328-335 • Kuruvilla K. Need of the hour: An integration of the brain and the mind. Indian J Psychiatry, 1995, 37:153-154 • Pribram, K.H. (2009), Brain Models of the Mind; Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Kaplan and Saddock, 9th edn, 2009, pp 1421-1429 • Morgan, CT and King R A, Introduction to Psychology, 7 Edn • Thirunavukarasu M. A utilitarian concept of manas and mental health. Indian J Psychiatry 2011;53:99-110 • Femi Oyebode, Sims’ Symptoms In The Mind, 5 Edn (2015) • Glasser, Mathew: A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex, (Nature, 20 Jul 16) • Http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org
- 55. Its all in the mind
Editor's Notes
- Good afternoon everyone.
- I will be presenting the topic under the following headings
- The aim of the presentation is to have a basic overview of the concept of mind and minding processes. We will try to understand the psycho-philosophical and neurobiological theoris of mind-brain relations. We will also discuss the evolving trends and concepts of the functional areas of brain and the connectome.
- Minding is the function of the organism interacting with the environment. It involves our sensory and motor organs, neural pathways and the brain. Brain is just a part of the CNS. But its the most imp part in minding as its the relay centre or the CPU. Recognising its importance in the minding processes, karl Pribram has said that Scrambled brains result in scrambled minds.
- Substance dualism is a type of dualism concept given by René Descartes, which states that there are two kinds of foundation/phenomena: mental and body.[6] This philosophy states that the mind can exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think. It was understood as the separation of spiritual from corporeal, immortal mind from mortal body/brain. Further evolution of this school of thought resulted in diseases being classified as functional and organic diseases. That formed the basis of psychiatry (study of non-organic or functional) and neurology being the study of organic brain diseases
- First attempt to study mind- brain relation practically or empericall was done by Francis J Gall ij early 19 century. His methodology is known as Phrenology. – studying the shapes and contours of the human skull and correlating it with brain pathologies and functions.
- Any discussion of the human mind or psyche is incomplete without reference to sigmund freud. According to him the human psyche operates at three levels which are horizontally split. These are conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious levels. We are aware about our conscious phenomena and perceptions. The preconscious phenomena are brought to into awareness by the process of attention. The unconscious phenomena operate outside the range of our awareness
- Repression is the process by which memory-motive structures are pushed into deeper layers where the individual is no longer aware of them. memory-motive structures are neural programs that are located in the core portions of the brain. These programs access awareness by their connections to cortex. Here he gave the concept of deep and surface processing i.e. deep/core areas of the brain process the unconscious and preconscious phenomena while the surface areas relate to the conscious phenomena
- According to freud, the basal ganglia are involved in the motivational and reward pathways. Thereby touching upon the concept of localisation of functions of the human brain – neuro-anatomical approach
- This bring us to the basic question that how do mind and brain interact with each other?? Or how to neural phenomena correspond with the mental phenomena like language or hunger. As irrespective of the language spoken or the food eaten , the neurological phenomena i.e. the neurotransmitters released are the same.
- The brain correlates with mind through the phenomenon of Information processing, whic brings about homomorphism between the two types of phenomena i.e. Mental and neurological or synapto-dendritic processes. The IP operates in a variety of conscious and unconscious mental processes that are correlate with brain processes occurring in various brain systems. At some level descriptions of brain processes and descriptions of mental processes become homomorphic A word processor is used by typing English words and sentences. The word processing system, by virtue of an operating system converts the keyboard input to binary, which is the “language” of the computer. There is nothing in the description of English and that of binary machine language that appears to be similar. Despite this, by virtue of the transformations produced in the encoding and decoding operations of the various stages leading from typescript to binary, the information of the typescript is preserved in the binary language of the operation of the computing machine. In a similar fashion, there is little in conscious experience that resembles the operations of the neural apparatus with which it has such a special relation. The neurons communicate with each others in terms of Ach, NE, Serotonin or glutamate. They don’t talk in terms of our languages or abstractions. But across human species the languages are interpreted in the same areas and by release of the same NT. The NT for Japanese and Tamil are same. However, detailed encoding and decoding results in transformation energy and preservation of information from the mental processes to the neural language. That is, they become homomorphic.
- 1. Neurochemical states operating in the synaptodendritic level determine states of consciousness. i.e. presence and absence and levels of NT and their receptors in the synapse determine our states of consciousness e.g catechol and indole amines acting in specified brain locations to produce states of consciousness such as wakefulness and sleep, depression and elation etc. 2. We are also aware of the relation of relative concentrations of blood glucose and can affect our state of consciousness i.e. Hunger or satiety. 3. –a--When one is hungry one tends to see restaurant signs,; and -b- walking past the fresh aromas emanating from a bakery or restaurant increases the appetite
- This connection between states and the contents of consciousness is mediated by minding processes. e.g. Sate of consciousness (Hunger) can affect the content of what we perceive by selective attention to the signs of restaurants or cafetarias. It may also affect our intention (motor action) in terms of procuring food or eatables. It may also affect our thought process as may remember that there is a “good” restaurant nearby which
- There are some models of brain organization that are crucial for determining the organization of minding. First is the issue of localization of function.
- As described by Karl Pribram and D. N. Robinson, the unity of being—the soul of mankind —was challenged by breaking human mentation into a mere collection of faculties
- Once an associated reaction has been established (e.g., a positive reaction to a visual pattern), the same reaction will be elicited by the excitation of sensory cells which were never stimulated in that way during training. Similarly, motor acts (e.g., opening a latch box) once acquired, may be executed immediately with motor organs which were not associated with the act during training
- As per eugene sokolov any stimulus results in a model or representation being created in the brain. If the stimulus is new or unknown the brain would create a large body response like change in HR, BP or sweating (overall perception may be of fear or excitement). But when the same stimulus or pattern of stimulus is repeated again and again, the existing neuronal model exerts an inhibitory effect on the body responses like change in HR, BP “neuronal model” of the pattern of stimulation—was constructed during familiarization. When exposed to visual or auditory displays in which a change in pattern of the display was made, body responses (changes in heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure) were activated. These responses waned with repetition; as the patterns became familiar, the responses habituated.
- When Corpus Callosum was cut (U/L epilepsy) to prevent the involvement of healthy hemisphere, it was found that what was experienced by the right hemisphere could only be expressed non-verbally by the same. The Left (verbal) hemisphere appeared ignorant of what had occurred.
- The contents of conscious experience were shown to fall into four categories: (1) the construction of egocentric and allocentric reality by processing systems of the right posterior cerebral convexity; (2) semantic, linguistic processing by systems of the left posterior convexity; (3) construction of an autobiographical narrative composed of episodes and eventualities by processing systems of the left frontolimbic forebrain; and (4) an imitating and empathic process enabled by processing systems of the right frontolimbic forebrain.
- Isnt the human brain unique , it can study itself.