1. Major milestones in neuroscience research include discoveries around 4000 BC regarding the euphoriant effects of poppy plants by Sumerians, and acupuncture by Shen Nung in 2700 BC. 2. Key figures between 500 BC to 1500 AD included Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Herophilus, and Galen, who all contributed theories about the brain and nervous system. 3. The 1500-1600 period marked the anatomical period with advances like Leonardo da Vinci's wax casts of the ventricles in 1504 and Andreas Vesalius' work in 1543.