the presentation gives basic information about COVID-19

1. NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY 2020
“WOMEN IN SCIENCE”
NETRA PRASAD NEUPANE
17BPH080
B. Pharm 6th semester
Shalom Institute Of Health And
Allied Sciences.
History, General Features, Mode Of Transmission,
And Prevention Of COVID-19

2. Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background
General Characteristics
Incubation Period
Route of Transmission
Sign and Symptoms
Prevention

3. Introduction:
Corona virus is named for the crown like spikes on their surface. Previous researches had
shown that corona virus invade the cells by spike but the spike protein shape is different
among corona viruses. Determination of shape of spike protein is key step to target corona
virus and its vaccine development.
Fig 1: Diagram of spike protein
Corona virus belongs to Family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales, is divided into four
genera: alpha, beta, delta and gamma corona virus. COVID19 belong to beta corona virus

4. There are 7 different types of corona virus till present;
Common human coronaviruses:
1. 229E (alpha corona virus)
2. NL63 (alpha corona virus)
3. OC43 (beta corona virus)
4. HKU1 (beta corona virus)
Other human Coronaviruses:
5. MERS-CoV (the beta corona virus that caused Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.)
6. SARS-CoV (Beta corona virus that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS)
7.SARS-CoV-2 (the novel corona virus that caused corona virus disease 2019, or COVID-
19.)
Mutated form of above mentioned corona viruses that are infectious and lethal to
humans are 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV.

5. • COVID-19 are a large group of viruses that are common among animals. These
viruses are zoonotic in nature that means they can be transmitted from animal to
human. COVID-19 is previously also known as 2019 novel corona viruses (CoVs).
• In February 11, 2019 novel corona virus was named COVID-19;
“CO” means Corona
“VI” means Virus
“D” means Disease
“19” means outbreak year 2019
• In February 12 maximum number of corona virus cases were reported in china till
the date. Thousands of cases are reported and 2,858 are already dead. Maximum
number of death are on mainland China.

6.  Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. In one study
carried out in Canada in 2001, more than 500 patients presented with flu-like symptoms.
Virology department analysis cleared that 3.6% of patients had suffered from HCoV-NL63
strain. Until 2002, corona virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus;
however, an outbreak in 2002–2003 in Guangdong province in China, which resulted in
outspread to many other countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and
Singapore caused SARS with high mortality rate(10%).
 Similar type of virus was also identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The typical virus have
symptoms which include fever, cough, shortness of breathe, and pneumonia (common
but not always). The mortality rate of MERS-CoV was 35%.
Background:

7.  The new Chinese COVID-19, is supposed to come from bat to humans due to genetic
similarities with bat.
 A cousin of the SARS and MERS virus, had infected thousands since the outbreak began in
Wuhan, China, on 31st December 2019. Scientist Leo Pool first decoded as corona virus and
said it causes pneumonia, and respiratory syndrome. Mortality rate is lower than SARS and
MERS.
 On 7th January Chinese health authorities identified the 2019-nCoV.
 On 10th January WHO confirmed the 2019-novel Coronavirus.
 On 12 and 13 January full genomic sequence of 2019-nov coronavirus was released with
82% homology with SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SARS-like coronavirus.
 On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a global
health emergency.

8. General Features:
Corona virus virions are spherical to pleomorphic enveloped particles (Fig. 2). The
envelope is studded with projecting glycoproteins, and surrounds a core consisting of
matrix protein enclosed within which is a single strand of positive-sense RNA (Mr 6 ×
106) associated with nucleoprotein. The envelope glycoproteins are responsible for
attachment to the host cell and also carry the main antigenic epitopes, particularly the
epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies.

9. They are round and sometimes pleomorphic with an diameter of 80-120 nm.
The corona virus genome is approximately 31 kb, making these viruses the largest known
RNA viruses yet identified.
Fig 2: Diagram of COVID19

10. There is no confirm information about incubation time of corona virus. However
WHO estimate that the incubation time is 5-6 days but this can vary from 0 to 14
days.(WHO website)
Incubation Period:

11. COVID-19 spreads primarily via respiratory
droplets;
Little blobs of liquid released as someone coughs,
sneezes, or talks. Viruses present in these droplets
can infect other people via the eyes, nose, or
mouth-either when they land directly on
somebody’s face or when they’re transferred there
by people touching their face with contaminated
hands.
Respiratory droplets are too heavy to remain
suspended in the air, direct person-to-person
transmission normally only happens when people
are in close contact-within about six feet.
Route of transmission

12. Indian Government Steps Towards Corona Virus:
• Health desks are set up at International airport terminals with thermal scanners( scans
the inflammation induced by unknown causes, elevated body temperature.)

13. • Different hospital with quarantine facilities are brought into work. If any
suspicious patients are found, their cough samples are sent to virology
laboratory, Pune. If symptoms of COVID-19 are observed and report from
virology laboratory is also positive then patients are send for 14 days
quarantine.
• Awareness programme were organized in different areas.
• Three patients (from Kerala) suspected to be infected from COVID-19 were
quarantine initially but all of them are now unaffected and safe.
• At present India is COVID-19 free.

14. The novel COVID-19 is affecting 50 countries; highest in mainland china and secondly in south korea.
Total number of death till today
Is 2,817 all around the globe.
COVID19 Update till 27th February:
S.N. Country Deaths S.N. Country Deaths
1. China 2,747 13. Thailand -
2. Iran 26 14. Bahrain -
3. Italy 17 15. Germany -
4. S. Korea 13 16. Australia -
5. Japan 4 17. Malaysia -
Diamond princess 4 18. U.A.E -
6. Hong Kong 2 19. Vietnam -
7. France 2 20. Spain -
8. Taiwan 1 21. U.K. -
9. Philippines 1 22. Canada -
10. Singapore - 23. Macao -
11. U S A - 24. Oman -
12. Kuwait - 25. Switzerland -

15. S.N Country Deaths S.N. Country Deaths
26. Iraq - 38. Algeria -
27. Austria - 39. Belgium -
28. Croatia - 40. Brazil -
29. Greece - 41. Cambodia -
30. India - 42. Denmark -
31. Israel - 43. Egypt -
32. Finland - 44. Estonia -
33. Lebanon - 45. Georgia -
34. Pakistan - 46. North Macedonia -
35. Russia - 47. Nepal -
36. Sweden - 48. Norway -
37. Afghanistan - 49. Romania -
50. Sri Lanka -

16. Common sign and symptoms:
1. Respiratory symptoms
2. Fever
3. cough
4. shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.
Severe Sign and symptoms:
1. pneumonia
2. severe acute respiratory syndrome
3. kidney failure and even death.
Signs and Symptoms:

17. Standard recommendations of WHO to prevent the spread of infection include regular
hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly
cooking meat and eggs, avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of
respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.
Prevention:

18. Conclusion:
COVID-19 is a deadly virus which has already taken thousands of life across the globe. Till
today only two antiviral drug- Remdesivir and Favilavir are effective against COVID-19 while
vaccines are under the process of development. Different pharmaceutical companies are
claiming to make vaccine till April. In a single day more than 100 peoples are dying and the
spread is very high in thousands. COVID-19 is taking lives of patients who have weak immune
system due to pre existing diseases, smokers, older, and infant population. Continuous
exposure to COVID-19 without proper care may take the life of heathy individual as well so,
proper preventive measures must be strictly followed.

19. References:
1. Hui, D S C. “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Epidemiology and Clinical
Features.” Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 80, no. 945, Jan. 2004, pp. 373–381.,
doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.020263.
2. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-
coronavirus-(mers-cov)
3. Yu, Fei, et al. “Measures for Diagnosing and Treating Infections by a Novel Coronavirus
Responsible for a Pneumonia Outbreak Originating in Wuhan, China.” Microbes and
Infection, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003.
4. Al-Osail, Aisha M., and Marwan J. Al-Wazzah. “The History and Epidemiology of Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus.” Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, vol.
12, no. 1, 2017, doi:10.4081/mrm.2017.246.

20. 5. WHO website for daily update: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-
coronavirus-2019
6. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

21. Thank you!!!