Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the common cold and more severe diseases like Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The document discusses the history, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and treatment of coronaviruses. It provides details on the origins and spread of the recent COVID-19 outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms like cough and fever. While there is no vaccine, prevention focuses on hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

2. Context
 Introduction
 What is coronavirus?
 History
 Types
 Causes
 Symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Transmission
 Prevention
 Treatment
 Conclusion
 Reference

3. Introduction
 Coronavirus are comes under a broad family of virus
that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the
common cold, according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC).
 The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin
‘corona’ and the Greek "κορώνη" (korone, "garland,
wrealth"), meaning crown or halo.
 Corona virus are comes under a broad group of viruses
that belonging to the nidovirales order,

4. which includes coronaviridae, arteriviridae and
roniviridae families.
 In the four groups of coronaviridae are further
subdivided like alpha, beta, gamma and delta corona
viruses.
This virus causes respiratory infections in humans,
which are hourly mild but are potentially lethal. In
some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory
tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
 These viruses are responsible for between 15 and 30
percent of common colds. Over the last 70 years,
scientists have found that corona viruses can infect
mice, rats, dogs, cats, turkeys, horses, pigs, and cattle.

5. What is Corona Virus?
Coranavirus are a group of viruses that cause diseases in
mammals and birds.
In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract
infections that are typically mild, such as the common
cold.
As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature,
coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and
people.

6. Coronavirus Origin
 The novel coronavirus (nCOV) is said to have
originated from a seafood market in China's Wuhan
where wildlife was reportedly sold illegally.
 It is not known yet which animals are responsible
though many reports suggest it to be snakes.

7. History
 Coronaviruses were first identify in the 1960s.
 Human corona virus 229E and
 Human corona virus OC43
 This two viruses are form the nasal cavities of human
patients with the common cold.
 SARS-CoV IN 2003
 HCoV- NL63 in 2004
 HKU1 in 2005

8. MERS-CoV in 2012
A novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) was identified as the
causative virus by Chinese authorities on 7 January.
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, started in
December 2019.
 It was first identified in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei,
China.
As of 27 February 2020, 82,589 cases have been
confirmed, including in all provinces of China and
nearly fifty other countries.

9. Types
The human corona viruses are currently six recognized
types that can infect humans.
They are;
1. 229E (alpha coronavirus)
2. NL63 (alpha coronavirus)
3. OC43 (beta coronavirus)
4. HKU1 (beta coronavirus)
5. MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory
SyndromeCoronavirus)
6. SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory
SyndromeCoronavirus)

10.  MERS and SARS this two are more dangerous types
MERS
MERS-CoV, which causes Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS), was first recognized in 2012.
This severe respiratory illness first surfaced in Saudi
Arabia and, since then, has spread to other countries.
Symptoms include fever, breathlessness, and
coughing.

11. SARS
SARS-CoV, which causes Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS),
It typically led to a life-threatening form of
pneumonia. SARS-CoV is unique.
 It can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract
and can also cause gastroenteritis.

12. HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES
There are seven known strains of human corona viruses;
01. Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
02.Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
03. Human coronavirus HKU1
04. SARS-CoV
05. Human coronavirus NL63 (HcoV-NL63, New Haven
coronavirus)
06. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-
CoV), previously known as novel coronavirus
2012 and HCoV-EMC.
07. Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)/ COVID19

13. COVID-19
 On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization
(WHO) announced the official name of the illness
that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak.
 The illness is now called COVID-19. “COVI” for
coronavirus, “D” for “disease,” and “19” for the year
when it was identified.
 The virus itself is now called SARS-CoV-2.

14. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related
to the SARS virus
 It is primarily spread between people by small
droplets from infected individuals when they breathe
or cough.

15. Causes
 Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory
and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds.
 Seven different currently known strains of
coronaviruses infect humans.
 Coronaviruses can even cause pneumonia, either
direct viral pneumonia or a secondary bacterial
pneumonia.

16.  The most recently publicized human coronavirus,
SARS-CoV which causes SARS, has a unique
pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower
respiratory tract infections and can also cause
gastroenteritis.

17. Sign and Symptoms
 Common signs of Corona virus are refers that:
infection include respiratory symptoms,
• Cough,
• Fever,
• Breathing difficulties
• Shortness of breath.

18.  In more acute cases, kidney failure, severe acute
respiratory syndrome, infection can causes
pneumonia and even death.
 The symptoms of corona virus typically contain:
 Sneezing
 A cough
 Fatigue
 Fever
 A runny nose and a sore throat,
 Exacerbated asthma.

19. Diagnosis
Laboratory tests:
 Respiratory specimens
 Serum (part of your blood) to detect human corona
viruses.
ELISA
Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay that are more
practical and available commercially

20. Virus isolation in cell culture
Serological testing for antibodies to human
coronavirus
Nose and throat swabs are best specimens
Serological testing requires collection of blood
specimens

21. Transmission
 Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are
transmitted between animals and people.
 Coronaviruses can spread in the following ways:
 Coughing and sneezing without covering the mouth
Touching or shaking hands with a person
 Making contact with a surface or object that has the
virus and thentouching your nose, eyes or mouth.

22.  Researchers found that 22 percent had direct
exposure to the meat market, and 32 percent had
contact with people who had a fever or respiratory
disease.

23. Prevention
 There are currently no vaccines available to protect
you against human coronavirus infection.
 We may be able to reduce risk of infection by:-
 Washing our hands often with soap and water
 Not touching our your eyes, nose or mouth with
contaminated hand
 Avoiding close contact with people who are sick

24. Staying home while we are sick
 Avoiding close contact with infected person
 Covering mouth and nose with a tissue when we
cough or sneeze
Keeping objects and surfaces clean and disinfected

25. Treatment
 There is no vaccines or antiviral drugs that are
approved for prevention or treatment and no specific
treatments for corona viruses, but symptoms can be
treated.
 The main treatment is
 Supportive care
 Getting enough oxygen,
Using a ventilator to push air into the lungs if
necessary. (Dr. Vaishampayan said)

26.  Scientists, researchers and doctors are working on
studying the virus also known as 2019-CoV; however,
there is no vaccine that can treat Coronavirus, since
this is a new strain that had previously not been
identified in humans.

27. Conclusion
Basic hand hygiene
Respiratory hygiene
To protect yourself against a potential animal source
Covering mouth and nose with a tissue when we cough
or sneeze
 Both the MERS-CoV and H5N1 virus have panc emic
risk potential which remains unpredictable

28. Reference
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