The document summarizes key information about coronaviruses and COVID-19. It discusses the origins of the 2019 outbreak in Wuhan, China. It describes coronaviruses and their structures. It provides histories of past coronavirus outbreaks like SARS and MERS. It also covers transmission methods of COVID-19, symptoms, testing, variants that have emerged, vaccines developed, and prevention methods.

2. In December 2019, There was a cluster of pneumonia cases in the city of wuhan in china. Some of the
early cases had visited or working in a seafood and live animal. Investigations found the disease was
caused by a newly discovered CORONA VIRUS . The disease was subsequently known as COVID-19
and that is rapidly evolving and might change in future. Coronaviruses belong in the subfamily
coronavirinae of the coronaviridae family, in the order of nidovirales.
SO WHAT IS A CORONA VIRUS
ACTUALLY
Corona virus is a large group of viruses, they
consist of core genetic material surrounded by a
lipid envelope with protein spikes, this gives it the
appearance of CROWN and thats in latin is
CORONA. And thats how the virus got their name.

3. History of corona virus -
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- 2002)
• Guang Dong Province of china
• Beta Corona Virus
• Transmitted from bats to civets to humans
• Began in February 2003 and out break lasted until July 2003.
• More than 8000 total cases,774 deaths, fatality rate 9.6%
MERS ( Middle East Respiratory Syndrome- 2012)
• Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
• Beta Coroa Virus
• Transmitted from camel to humans.
• More than 2400 cases, 858 deaths, fatality rate 34.4%.
SARS COV-2 ( Novel Corona Virus 2019)
• Wuhan, Hubei Province of China
• Seventh Corona Virus found to cause illness in human.
• Novel Beta Coroa Virus
• Transmitted more like through Bats.
• Fatality Rate - 1.4%

4. What happens when Corona Virus enters a body ?

5. Transmission -
As recently determined , COVID -19 transmission has been identified to originate from bats but may have been transmitted
to humans through other intermediate animals potentially sourced from the local seafood market in Wuhan city, Hubei
province, China . A study performed by Xiao et al. mentioned that for SARS-CoV-2 to transmit to humans, an intermediate
host must always be present, as bat-derived CoVs rarely infect humans. The study also reported that Chinese and Malayan
wild pangolins were tested for SARS-CoV-2-like coronaviruses, with a majority testing positive. It is important to highlight
that after thorough analysis, a single receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein of the Pangolin-CoV was found to
have a minor difference in only one amino acid from that of SARS-CoV-2. These data further indicated that the SARS-CoV-2
may have potentially originated from the viral recombination between Pangolin-CoV and Bat-nCoV before transmitting to
humans .
Although multiple reports have been mentioned that a carrier must be present for SARS COV 2 to transmit ,there are
additional forms of viral transmissionsthat have been observed through pandemic.
1. Transmission via aerosols.
2. Nosocomial-Related Infection.
3. Maternal Transmissions.

6. Variants
ALPHA
VARIANT
• B.1.1.7
• UK VARIANT
DELTA VARIANT
Viruses are very small , They are basically just a shell of
protein surrounding some genetic material either DNA
or RNA, That genetic material is made up of molecules
that can be represented by a series of letters, Each part
of this code contains instructions for how to make one
specific protein that allows the virus to function .
A virus has one goal , to make more of itself . Every time
a virus infects a person , it uses their cells to make
copies of itself , replicating this complex code again and
again but eventually it makes a mistake. Sometimes it
deletes or adds a letter and sometimes it flips them
around , That mistake is called MUTATION , it slightly
changes the instructions for making a virus and that
slightly altered virus is a VARIANT .
GAMMA VARIANT
• B.1.351
• SOUTH AFRICA VARIANT
• B.1.617
• DOUBLE MUTANT
BETA VARIANT
• P .1
• BRAZIL VARIANT

7. Symptoms
Covid 19 affects different
people in different ways.
Most infected people will
develop mild to moderate
illness and recover without
hosoitalization.
Symptoms may appear
between 2 and 14 days after
exposure to the virus.
Children have similar, but
usually milder , symptoms
than adults . Other adults and
people who have severe
underlying medical conditions
like heart or lung disease or
diabetes are at higher risk of
more serious complication
from COVID -19.

8. 1 . REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION - BASED TESTING
2 . Radiological Testing
3 . SEROLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSAYS
4 . CRISPR BASED DETECTION TECHNIQUES
5 . COVID -19 TESTING KITS

9. PREVENTION AND CONTROL -
• Avoid touching your eyes , nose and
mouth
• Avoid close contact with people who
are sick
• Use face masks at outside
• Maintain physical distancing
• Perform hand hygiene with soap and
water or use alcohol based hand rub
• When coughing or sneezing ,cover your
face with a tissue , then dispose it
properly.
• Stay at home when feel sick.
IPC PROPERTIES : COVID - 19
1. Rapid Identification of suspect cases
2. Immediate Isolation and Refferal for
Testing
3. Safe clinical Management
4. Appropriate use of PPE kit

10. - m RNA
Nucleoside Modified
m RNA
mRNA Nucleoside
Modified
90 - 94 % US
Viral Vector [Human
Adeno Virus]
70 - 85 % US BELGIUM
Viral Vector
[Modified
chimpanzee Virus]
70 - 90 % UK SWEDEN
Viral Vector
[Modified Adeno
Virus]
85 - 90 % RUSSIA
Inactivated Virus 67 - 75 % CHINA
Protein Based 85 -89 % US
Inactivated Virus 70 - 80 % INDIA
VACCINES TYPES SHOTS EFFICACY COUNTRY
PFIZER- Bio N Tech
MODERNA
JOHNSON & JOHNSON
ASTRAZENECA
Or
COVISHIELD
SPUTNIK - V
SINOVAC
CORONAVAC
NOVAVAX
COVAXIN
2
2
2
US - PFIZER
GERMANY
BioNTech
1
2
2
2
2
After publication of the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) genetic sequence on
January 11, 2020, research and
collaboration among scientists and
biopharmaceutical manufacturers
quickly followed.
Various methods are used for vaccine
discovery and manufacturing. As of
August 13, 2021, The New York Times
Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker lists 8
vaccines authorized for emergency use.
Several other vaccines are in phase 3
clinical trials globally. Numerous
antiviral medications and
immunotherapies are under
investigation for coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19).
90 - 94 %

12. The novel coronavirus spread so rapidly that it has changed the rhythm of the globe.
Whether from the perspective of a single country or multilateral levels, the solidity of
international relations has been put under test. The most obvious consequences include
economic recession, a crisis of global governance, trade protectionism and increasing
isolationist sentiment. People-to-people, cultural and travel exchanges have all been restricted.
Nonetheless, this is just a tip of the iceberg.
But our world has made numerous advancements in the medical fields that led to cost
effective vaccines, mass production of vaccines. Which are basic needs in the time of a
pandemic.
It's time to give up conventional thinking based on stereotypes and finally start acting from a
moral perspective. After all, our best bet is a happy future for all who live on Earth, our
common home .

13. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Faculty members and my project supervisor DR. MD. ZAKIR
HOSSAIN for helping me in doing the review paper a lot . secondly I am also thankful for my SENIORS and FRIENDS, who
helped me a lot in finishing this project .
THANK YOU SO MUCH EVERYONE !
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1 . Statistics Reference