This document discusses cardiovascular drugs and diseases. It describes the functional components and structure of the heart. The main diseases covered are hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias. For each disease, the document discusses the pathophysiology and drugs used to treat it. These include diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other classes of antihypertensive and cardiac drugs.
Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of gastric or duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer formation. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the ulcer, or eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. Common classes of drugs include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, sucralfate, bismuth subcitrate, and multi-drug regimens for H. pylori. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting by inhibiting vitamin K, which is necessary for the production of various clotting factors. It is commonly used to prevent potentially life-threatening conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke. As an oral coumarin anticoagulant, warfarin works by antagonizing vitamin K to control and prevent thromboembolic disorders.
This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It describes the mechanisms and clinical uses of different classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, sympatholytics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also covers drugs used for hypertensive emergencies like sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, and labetalol.
The document discusses drugs used for the urinary system. It covers several categories of drugs including diuretics, antidiuretics, urinary antiseptics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, acidifiers and alkalinizers. It specifically discusses four urinary antiseptic drugs - nitrofurantoin, mehenamine, nalidixic acid and phenazopyridine. For each drug, it provides information on composition, action, dosage, route of administration, indications, contraindications, drug interactions, side effects and the role of nurses. The drugs work by inhibiting bacterial growth in the urine to treat urinary tract infections.
Atenolol is a beta blocker commonly used to treat hypertension. It works by blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart to slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure. It has fewer side effects than older beta blockers as it is selective for cardiac beta receptors over pulmonary receptors. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold extremities. Atenolol is generally well tolerated but requires monitoring in patients with asthma or diabetes.
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs, which increase the contractility of the cardiac muscle without increasing oxygen demand. It focuses on two main types - cardiac glycosides like digoxin, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Digoxin increases calcium levels in cardiac cells, strengthening contractions. It has a positive inotropic effect and is used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, dosing, interactions, toxicity and nursing considerations for digoxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
This document discusses cardiovascular drugs and diseases. It describes the functional components and structure of the heart. The main diseases covered are hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias. For each disease, the document discusses the pathophysiology and drugs used to treat it. These include diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other classes of antihypertensive and cardiac drugs.
Peptic ulcers are caused by a loss of gastric or duodenal mucosa leading to ulcer formation. Drugs used to treat peptic ulcers work by reducing acid secretion, neutralizing acid, protecting the ulcer, or eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. Common classes of drugs include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, sucralfate, bismuth subcitrate, and multi-drug regimens for H. pylori. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of these various drug classes.
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting by inhibiting vitamin K, which is necessary for the production of various clotting factors. It is commonly used to prevent potentially life-threatening conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke. As an oral coumarin anticoagulant, warfarin works by antagonizing vitamin K to control and prevent thromboembolic disorders.
This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It describes the mechanisms and clinical uses of different classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, sympatholytics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also covers drugs used for hypertensive emergencies like sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, and labetalol.
The document discusses drugs used for the urinary system. It covers several categories of drugs including diuretics, antidiuretics, urinary antiseptics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, acidifiers and alkalinizers. It specifically discusses four urinary antiseptic drugs - nitrofurantoin, mehenamine, nalidixic acid and phenazopyridine. For each drug, it provides information on composition, action, dosage, route of administration, indications, contraindications, drug interactions, side effects and the role of nurses. The drugs work by inhibiting bacterial growth in the urine to treat urinary tract infections.
Atenolol is a beta blocker commonly used to treat hypertension. It works by blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart to slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure. It has fewer side effects than older beta blockers as it is selective for cardiac beta receptors over pulmonary receptors. Common side effects include fatigue, dizziness, and cold extremities. Atenolol is generally well tolerated but requires monitoring in patients with asthma or diabetes.
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs, which increase the contractility of the cardiac muscle without increasing oxygen demand. It focuses on two main types - cardiac glycosides like digoxin, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Digoxin increases calcium levels in cardiac cells, strengthening contractions. It has a positive inotropic effect and is used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, dosing, interactions, toxicity and nursing considerations for digoxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
Atorvastatin is a statin drug used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular events. It works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver to decrease cholesterol production. It is well absorbed orally but has low bioavailability. The liver metabolizes atorvastatin through CYP3A4 enzymes and excretes it primarily in bile. Grapefruit juice and certain other drugs can interact with atorvastatin metabolism. Its medical uses include treating various dyslipidemias and preventing heart attacks and strokes in those with risk factors like diabetes. Side effects may include muscle pain or weakness.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies these drugs into 10 categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha-beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action how each lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels or reducing cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Adverse effects like hypotension and cough are also mentioned.
Captopril is a drug used to treat hypertension and heart failure. It works by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor developed based on studying peptides from snake venom that inhibit ACE. It binds to the active site of ACE through interactions between its thiol group, carbonyl group, and carboxylate group with zinc and histidine residues on the enzyme. Captopril is well absorbed orally and has a short half-life of around 2 hours.
Pharmacological Classification, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, Administration Routes, Dosing for Adults and Pediatrics, Pharmacokinetics, Dose Adjustments, Patient Counseling, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, Contraindications, Personal Experience with Ondansetron, Future Clinical Uses of Ondansetron
Metformin A Pharmacological PreespectiveDr. AsadUllah
This document discusses metformin, a first-line oral therapy for treating hyperglycemia. It is prescribed to over 120 million people worldwide. Metformin works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption. It also has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The document outlines metformin's mechanisms of action, pharmacological actions including its effects on weight, lipids, and insulin sensitivity, as well as its indications for treating conditions like diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. Potential side effects and contraindications are also presented. The document concludes by discussing metformin's potential role in cancer prevention and its novel therapeutic applications.
This document discusses digitalis, a drug derived from foxglove plants that increases heart contraction and decreases heart rate. It focuses on digoxin and digitoxin, two cardiac glycosides used to treat heart conditions like congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Digoxin is the preferred drug due to its longer half-life, while digitoxin is rarely used now. Both work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps, increasing intracellular calcium levels and strengthening heart muscle contractions. The document also covers digitalis toxicity treatment using digoxin immune fab antibody fragments.
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs. It discusses the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and different causes of chest pain. It then describes various classes of antianginal drugs including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and other drugs. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of treatment approaches for angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease.
The document discusses calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which are a class of antihypertensive drugs. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels, thereby relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. They are classified into phenylalkylamines, dihydropyridines, and benzothiazepines. CCBs are effective antihypertensives and are also used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing oxygen demand of the heart. Their adverse effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension. CCBs are contraindicated in conditions like heart failure and bradycardia.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention caused by conditions like heart failure and liver disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases sodium and water excretion through urine. Common brands include Lasix. It has a fast onset of 30-60 minutes when taken orally and a duration of action of 6-8 hours. Adverse effects can include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, so caution is needed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Drug interactions can occur with other diuretics, NSAIDs, and some antibiotics.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
The document discusses various anticoagulants and their mechanisms of action, including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors. It also covers fibrinolytic agents and their role in dissolving blood clots. The key mechanisms discussed are how heparin activates antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin and factor Xa, how warfarin inhibits vitamin K to decrease production of coagulation factors, and how fibrinolytic agents activate plasminogen to break down fibrin clots. Monitoring and clinical uses of these drug classes are also summarized.
This document discusses mucolytic drugs, which are used to thin mucus in the respiratory tract. It classifies common mucolytics - bromhexine, ambroxol, and acetylcysteine. It describes their mechanisms of action, dosages, and nursing responsibilities when administering them. Mucolytics work by breaking down mucus polymers to decrease viscosity and make mucus easier to cough up or suction out of the airways. Nurses should prepare for suctioning, encourage fluid intake, and maintain patients' airways when using mucolytics to treat respiratory disorders associated with excessive mucus production.
This document presents information on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), including their classifications, examples of each type, mechanisms of action, and details on specific CCBs amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem. It discusses how CCBs work by disrupting calcium movement through calcium channels, their uses in treating hypertension and angina, their mechanisms and side effects. Nursing considerations are provided for monitoring patients taking these medications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential for treating IDDM and sometimes needed for NIDDM. Oral hypoglycemic drugs like sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are also used to treat NIDDM by stimulating insulin secretion or improving insulin sensitivity. Both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse reaction if not used properly.
This document summarizes the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of α-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α-blockers). It discusses non-selective α-blockers that block both α1 and α2 receptors like phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, as well as selective α1-blockers like prazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and selective α2-blockers like yohimbine. The major uses of α-blockers include treatment of pheochromocytoma, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, migraine, and congestive heart failure. Common side effects include hypotension
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)Sanaullah Aslam
Digoxin is a drug derived from foxglove that increases the strength of heart contractions and regulates heart rhythm. It is used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. Digoxin works by increasing the amount of calcium available to heart muscles to improve contraction. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and heart palpitations. In cases of toxicity, treatment includes administering digoxin immune fab to remove digoxin from the bloodstream.
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels. It is used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing the workload on the heart. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually as a tablet or spray for
This document discusses bronchodilators, which are drugs that relax and open the airways to ease breathing. It covers the pathology of bronchospasm in asthma and different classes of bronchodilators including sympathomimetics like salbutamol and terbutaline, methylxanthine derivatives like aminophylline and theophylline, and anticholinergics like ipratropium and tiotropium. It provides dosing information for various drug formulations and delivery devices used to treat asthma such as metered dose inhalers and nebulizers.
The document discusses hypoglycemic agents, which are drugs used to lower blood sugar levels and treat diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a condition characterized by hyperglycemia and glucosuria due to abnormal carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The main types of hypoglycemic agents discussed are insulin, sulfonylureas like chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, biguanides like phenformin, and their mechanisms of action, formulations, and uses in treating diabetes.
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
In this Survey, I have discussed different Atorvastatin brands present in Butwal. Further, I also surveyed about the highest-selling brand of Atorvastatin In Butwal.
Indian Herb Traders is a cultivator, distributor, and importer/exporter of herbal products including essential oils, raw materials, traditional herbs for food and medicine, and extracts. It specializes in rare herbs, botanicals, seeds, barks, and roots. The company is located in Delhi, India and can be contacted by phone or email. It promotes a future vision of sustainable agricultural production and distribution of herbal medicines.
Atorvastatin is a statin drug used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular events. It works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver to decrease cholesterol production. It is well absorbed orally but has low bioavailability. The liver metabolizes atorvastatin through CYP3A4 enzymes and excretes it primarily in bile. Grapefruit juice and certain other drugs can interact with atorvastatin metabolism. Its medical uses include treating various dyslipidemias and preventing heart attacks and strokes in those with risk factors like diabetes. Side effects may include muscle pain or weakness.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies these drugs into 10 categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha-beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action how each lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels or reducing cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Adverse effects like hypotension and cough are also mentioned.
Captopril is a drug used to treat hypertension and heart failure. It works by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor developed based on studying peptides from snake venom that inhibit ACE. It binds to the active site of ACE through interactions between its thiol group, carbonyl group, and carboxylate group with zinc and histidine residues on the enzyme. Captopril is well absorbed orally and has a short half-life of around 2 hours.
Pharmacological Classification, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, Administration Routes, Dosing for Adults and Pediatrics, Pharmacokinetics, Dose Adjustments, Patient Counseling, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, Contraindications, Personal Experience with Ondansetron, Future Clinical Uses of Ondansetron
Metformin A Pharmacological PreespectiveDr. AsadUllah
This document discusses metformin, a first-line oral therapy for treating hyperglycemia. It is prescribed to over 120 million people worldwide. Metformin works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption. It also has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The document outlines metformin's mechanisms of action, pharmacological actions including its effects on weight, lipids, and insulin sensitivity, as well as its indications for treating conditions like diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. Potential side effects and contraindications are also presented. The document concludes by discussing metformin's potential role in cancer prevention and its novel therapeutic applications.
This document discusses digitalis, a drug derived from foxglove plants that increases heart contraction and decreases heart rate. It focuses on digoxin and digitoxin, two cardiac glycosides used to treat heart conditions like congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Digoxin is the preferred drug due to its longer half-life, while digitoxin is rarely used now. Both work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps, increasing intracellular calcium levels and strengthening heart muscle contractions. The document also covers digitalis toxicity treatment using digoxin immune fab antibody fragments.
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs. It discusses the pathophysiology of angina pectoris and different causes of chest pain. It then describes various classes of antianginal drugs including nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and other drugs. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of treatment approaches for angina pectoris and ischemic heart disease.
The document discusses calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which are a class of antihypertensive drugs. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels, thereby relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. They are classified into phenylalkylamines, dihydropyridines, and benzothiazepines. CCBs are effective antihypertensives and are also used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing oxygen demand of the heart. Their adverse effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension. CCBs are contraindicated in conditions like heart failure and bradycardia.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention caused by conditions like heart failure and liver disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases sodium and water excretion through urine. Common brands include Lasix. It has a fast onset of 30-60 minutes when taken orally and a duration of action of 6-8 hours. Adverse effects can include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, so caution is needed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Drug interactions can occur with other diuretics, NSAIDs, and some antibiotics.
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
The document discusses various anticoagulants and their mechanisms of action, including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors. It also covers fibrinolytic agents and their role in dissolving blood clots. The key mechanisms discussed are how heparin activates antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin and factor Xa, how warfarin inhibits vitamin K to decrease production of coagulation factors, and how fibrinolytic agents activate plasminogen to break down fibrin clots. Monitoring and clinical uses of these drug classes are also summarized.
This document discusses mucolytic drugs, which are used to thin mucus in the respiratory tract. It classifies common mucolytics - bromhexine, ambroxol, and acetylcysteine. It describes their mechanisms of action, dosages, and nursing responsibilities when administering them. Mucolytics work by breaking down mucus polymers to decrease viscosity and make mucus easier to cough up or suction out of the airways. Nurses should prepare for suctioning, encourage fluid intake, and maintain patients' airways when using mucolytics to treat respiratory disorders associated with excessive mucus production.
This document presents information on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), including their classifications, examples of each type, mechanisms of action, and details on specific CCBs amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem. It discusses how CCBs work by disrupting calcium movement through calcium channels, their uses in treating hypertension and angina, their mechanisms and side effects. Nursing considerations are provided for monitoring patients taking these medications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. There are two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential for treating IDDM and sometimes needed for NIDDM. Oral hypoglycemic drugs like sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones are also used to treat NIDDM by stimulating insulin secretion or improving insulin sensitivity. Both insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs can cause hypoglycemia as an adverse reaction if not used properly.
This document summarizes the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical uses of α-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α-blockers). It discusses non-selective α-blockers that block both α1 and α2 receptors like phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, as well as selective α1-blockers like prazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and selective α2-blockers like yohimbine. The major uses of α-blockers include treatment of pheochromocytoma, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, migraine, and congestive heart failure. Common side effects include hypotension
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)Sanaullah Aslam
Digoxin is a drug derived from foxglove that increases the strength of heart contractions and regulates heart rhythm. It is used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. Digoxin works by increasing the amount of calcium available to heart muscles to improve contraction. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and heart palpitations. In cases of toxicity, treatment includes administering digoxin immune fab to remove digoxin from the bloodstream.
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels. It is used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing the workload on the heart. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually as a tablet or spray for
This document discusses bronchodilators, which are drugs that relax and open the airways to ease breathing. It covers the pathology of bronchospasm in asthma and different classes of bronchodilators including sympathomimetics like salbutamol and terbutaline, methylxanthine derivatives like aminophylline and theophylline, and anticholinergics like ipratropium and tiotropium. It provides dosing information for various drug formulations and delivery devices used to treat asthma such as metered dose inhalers and nebulizers.
The document discusses hypoglycemic agents, which are drugs used to lower blood sugar levels and treat diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a condition characterized by hyperglycemia and glucosuria due to abnormal carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The main types of hypoglycemic agents discussed are insulin, sulfonylureas like chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, biguanides like phenformin, and their mechanisms of action, formulations, and uses in treating diabetes.
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
In this Survey, I have discussed different Atorvastatin brands present in Butwal. Further, I also surveyed about the highest-selling brand of Atorvastatin In Butwal.
Indian Herb Traders is a cultivator, distributor, and importer/exporter of herbal products including essential oils, raw materials, traditional herbs for food and medicine, and extracts. It specializes in rare herbs, botanicals, seeds, barks, and roots. The company is located in Delhi, India and can be contacted by phone or email. It promotes a future vision of sustainable agricultural production and distribution of herbal medicines.
Trends Kingdom is a leading manufacturers, exporters and wholesale suppliers of aluminium bowls, brass chirag, brass jug & glass set, brass water jug, copper mugs, copper glass and lots more. for more information please visit our website: https://www.exportersindia.com/trends-kingdom/.
Pharmacy Dropship India is a leading manufacturers, exporters and wholesale suppliers of lorazepam we are providing many types of medical services like pharmacy drop shipping service, generic medicine drop shippers, worldwide dropshiping services, drop shipping services, generic dropshiping services and lots more. for more details about our products and services please visit our website: https://www.exportersindia.com/pharmacydropshipindia/.
Taj pharmaceuticals limited, a fully integrated pharmaceutical companyShantanu Singh
Taj Pharmaceuticals Limited is located at outskirts of the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat State, India in eco friendly and pollution free green environment. It shares its presence with fellow foremost top notch excellence driven pharmaceutical producers, engaged in manufacturing, marketing and exports of several therapeutic molecules.
Paracetamol 10mg per ml solution for infusion pil, taj pharmaceuticals.Taj Pharma
Paracetamol 10mg/ml Solution for Infusion, Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Paracetamol Dosage & Rx Info | Paracetamol Uses, Side Effects – Antifungal/ Antibacterial, Paracetamol 10mg/ml Solution for Infusion: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Paracetamol - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Paracetamol dose Taj pharmaceuticals Paracetamol interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Paracetamol contraindications, Paracetamol price, Paracetamol , Taj Pharma Paracetamol 10mg/ml Solution for Infusion, - Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Paracetamol Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad. Patient Information Leaflets, PIL.
Atorvastatin 40 mg film coated tablets smpc- taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Atorvastatin 40mg Tablets Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Atorvastatin Dosage & Rx Info | Atorvastatin Uses, Side Effects - Atorvastatin : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Atorvastatin - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Atorvastatin dose Taj pharmaceuticals Atorvastatin interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Atorvastatin contraindications, Atorvastatin price, Atorvastatin Taj Pharma anti-arrhythmics Atorvastatin 40 mg film-coated tablets SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Atorvastatin Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
Ramipril Tablets BP 5mg, 10mg Taj Pharma PILTajPharmaQC
Ramipril Tablets BP 5mg, 10mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ramipril Dosage & Rx Info | Ramipril Uses, Side Effects Ramipril: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ramipril-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Ramipril dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ramipril interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ramipril contraindications, Ramipril price, Ramipril Taj Pharma Ramipril SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Ramipril Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SMPC.
Crizotinib Capsules 200mg, 250mg Taj Pharma PILTajPharmaQC
Crizotinib 200mg/250mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Crizotinib Dosage & Rx Info | Crizotinib Uses, Side Effects Crizotinib: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Crizotinib -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Crizotinib dose Taj pharmaceuticals Crizotinib interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Crizotinib contraindications, Crizotinib price, Crizotinib Taj Pharma Crizotinib SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Crizotinib Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SMPC.
Wholesaling, trading and supplying a wide assortment of Medicines. These are widely acknowledged for their purity, effectiveness, long shelf life and accurate composition Aclasta, Aclasta India, Aclasta 5MG Injection, Avastin Vial 100mg, Avastin Vial, Avastin,...
On Sep 13th 2019, the FDA released a statement about the common heartburn medicine ranitidine it might contain low levels of cancer-causing substance NDMA. They said it is not recalled yet and we are still doing tests.
this is the story of how it happened and where is it now
the product samadine - palestine
How to do work in sultanate of oman as a registered pharmacistNiraj Bartaula
This document provides instructions for registered pharmacists in Sultanate of Oman to work there. It outlines the requirements including a Pharm-D/B-Pharmacy degree plus three years of experience, attesting qualifications with the Oman embassy, processing documents through the Oman Medical Speciality Board (OMSB) system including fees, preparing for and passing the Prometric OMSB exam, finding job sponsorship through online sites, or applying independently after passing the exam and fulfilling training requirements. It provides details on the two-part licensing exam process, required training, fees and attempts allowed. It also provides study materials recommended for passing the exams.
Shree Venkatesh International Limited is an ISO 9001:2008 certified firm engaged in manufacturing, supplying and exporting Pharmaceutical Drugs. These drugs are widely demanded in clinics, nursing homes and hospitals.Female Viagra - Clitoris 100mg, Female Viagra - Lovegra 100mg, Generic Clomid - Terpafen 50mg, Generic Nolvadex - Tamoxifen 20mg,
This document describes the design of a bilayer tablet containing atorvastatin and aspirin for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The bilayer tablet contains an immediate release layer of atorvastatin and an enteric-coated pulsatile release layer of aspirin. Four formulations of each layer were developed with different concentrations of excipients. The pulsatile aspirin layers were coated with Eudragit S100 to protect the drug from the acidic environment of the stomach. Evaluation of the bilayer tablets showed acceptable physicochemical properties and drug release profiles. Formulation F3 was found to be the best with one layer providing immediate release of atorvastatin to lower cholesterol and the other layer delivering aspirin at the
Similar to Atorvastatin- Cholesterol lowering drug (20)
This document provides information about cancer and diabetes. It defines cancer as a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, and notes the four main types: carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas. Environmental factors that can lead to cancer include tobacco, obesity, pollution, and lack of exercise. The document also outlines diabetes, defining the two main types, symptoms, and the National Diabetes Control Programme in India. It concludes that cancer and diabetes are chronic diseases prevalent in obese populations, and can be prevented by controlling diet, exercise, smoking and drinking.
The document contains multiple choice questions that test identification of places, flags, and players. For places, the correct answers identified are Amritsar, Jaipur, Lumbini, and Niagara Falls. The flags section identifies the correct answers as European Union, Nepal, and World Health Organization. In the players section, the document identifies Sandeep Lamichhane as a renowned Nepali cricketer, Sunil Chhetri as an Indian footballer, Paulo Dybala as an Argentine footballer, and T. Natarajan as an Indian cricketer.
This document contains a 40 question quiz covering various topics in chemistry and science. The questions test knowledge of states of matter, atomic structure, discoveries of scientists, properties of materials, and other foundational science concepts. Some example questions include identifying the state change from liquid to gas as evaporation, knowing protons are positively charged particles located in the atom's nucleus, and recognizing carbon dioxide as the gas released from burning fuel. The quiz covers a wide breadth of scientific topics to assess fundamental chemistry and science understanding.
This document provides an overview of instrument validation and calibration techniques. It discusses the definitions of calibration and validation, highlighting that calibration demonstrates an instrument produces results within specified limits compared to a reference standard, while validation establishes that an analytical procedure meets requirements for intended use. The need for regular calibration of instruments is explained, including after installation, time periods, shocks, or questionable observations. Methods for calibrating an infrared spectrophotometer are presented, including verifying wave numbers and resolution performance against tolerance limits. Applications of infrared spectroscopy like structure determination and identification are also mentioned.
Affinity chromatography is a technique that separates proteins based on a reversible interaction between a protein and a ligand coupled to a chromatography matrix. It offers high selectivity and purification. The document discusses the definition, principles, components, steps, applications, advantages and disadvantages of affinity chromatography. Key terms like matrix, spacer arm, ligand, binding, elution and wash are explained. Common applications include immunoglobulin purification, recombinant tagged proteins, and separation of enzyme substrates. Advantages are high specificity and yield, while disadvantages include time consumption and solvent use.
The document provides information on various topics presented to Dr. Vikas Kumar including psychiatry, rheumatology, nuclear pharmacy, and therapeutic planning skills. Psychiatry involves diagnosing and treating mental disorders. Rheumatology focuses on treating joint diseases and conditions that affect connective tissues. Nuclear pharmacy prepares radioactive materials for medical procedures. Therapeutic planning involves developing treatment plans that set goals, identify issues, choose appropriate techniques, and estimate time needed.
History, general features, mode of transmission and prevention of COVID-19SIHAS
The document provides information about COVID-19 including its history, characteristics, transmission, signs and symptoms, and prevention. It discusses that COVID-19 is a new strain of coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It is transmitted primarily via respiratory droplets when people cough, sneeze or talk. Common signs include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Prevention includes frequent hand washing, coughing etiquette and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. As of February 2020, over 2,800 deaths had been reported globally mainly in China.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions about various topics in pharmacology and medicine. The questions cover topics like the actions of drugs like atropine and glycyrrhiza, routes of drug administration, adverse effects, treatment of diseases, and the structures of compounds like morphine, mannose, dopamine, and glucuronic acid. The answers to each question are also provided.
This document presents information on the health benefits of chicory. Chicory is a perennial herb with a fleshy taproot that is used as a nutraceutical. As a nutraceutical, chicory can be used as a heart, digestive, stomach, and liver tonic as well as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. It may also stimulate appetite. Typical doses of chicory include an infusion of 2-4g or a powder of 3g. Potential side effects include skin reactions and occupational allergies. Some marketed chicory products include chicory root powder and leaves powder. Further research on chicory may help cure many diseases and disorders.
This document presents specimen labels for different drug schedules according to Indian pharmaceutical regulations. It defines what a label is and outlines general labeling requirements, including displaying the drug name, net contents, active ingredients, manufacturer information, and batch details. Specimen labels are provided for Schedule G drugs (tablet and injection), Schedule H drugs (tablet and injection), and Schedule X drugs. The labels follow the legal requirements and include information like dosage, storage instructions, schedule classification, and warnings. In conclusion, the presentation covers pharmaceutical labeling requirements in India according to the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945.
The document is a report on leprosy written by Netra Prasad Neupane. It begins by thanking his teacher Dr. Pushparaj Gupta and HOD Dr. P. Malairajan for allowing him to complete a project on leprosy. It then provides background on leprosy, stating it is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, nerves, and respiratory tract. Leprosy can present in different forms depending on the immune response, and is generally curable with multidrug therapy.
A student's profile is provided. The student's name is Netra Prasad Neupane and their ID number is 17BPH080. No other details are given about the student in the short document.
The document defines and classifies different types of antimicrobial agents. It discusses disinfectants, antiseptics, and antibiotics. Disinfectants kill microbes on non-living surfaces and some common examples provided are chlorine, Dettol, and chlorhexidine gluconate. Antiseptics are applied to living tissue to reduce infection and examples given are lemon and honey. Antibiotics destroy microorganisms inside the body and examples provided include penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides. The mechanisms of action of some antimicrobials are also summarized, including oxidation, halogenation and protein precipitation. Specific antimicrobial agents like hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate
Isozymes are multiple forms of the same enzyme that catalyze the same chemical reaction but have different chemical and physical properties. Enzyme regulation can occur through various mechanisms, including changing enzyme production levels, compartmentalizing metabolic pathways in different cell locations, and post-translational modifications. Common regulatory mechanisms include cyclic phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins and allosteric regulation where binding of an effector molecule like an end product induces a conformational change that increases or decreases the enzyme's activity level.
This document evaluates suppositories for a student named Manish Yadav with ID number 17BPH041. It contains their name, ID number, and a brief expression of gratitude for evaluating the suppositories.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
1. PRESENTATION ON ATORVASTATIN A LIPID LOWERING DRUG
Presented By:
Mr. Netra Prasad Neupane
Potential Employee of Sun Pharma
Presented To:
Managers of Sun Pharmaceuticals
Industries Ltd.
2. INTRODUCTION:
• ATORVASTATIN BELONGS TO THE CLASS OF STATIN, THESE DRUG
LOWERS THE BLOOD LIPID LEVEL AND DECREASES THE ILLNESS AND
DISORDERS.
• ATORVASTATIN NOT ONLY DEALS WITH THE LOWERING THE
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL BUT ALSO DEALS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES; DECREASE THE RISK ASSOCIATED STROKE AND HEART
DISEASES.
• THESE DRUGS MAY HELP STABILIZE THE PLAQUES ON BLOOD VESSEL
WALLS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF CERTAIN BLOOD CLOTS.
3. Dose of Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin normally prescribed as 10 to 20 mg O.D.
In moderate cases, 40 mg of Atorvastatin O.D.
For severe cases 80 mg of Atorvastatin is prescribed O.D.
4. Mechanism of Action:
Atorvastatin belongs to a class of drugs called HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or
statins. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way.
These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.
This drug works by lowering your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad”
cholesterol and raising your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or “good”
cholesterol. Atorvastatin improves your body’s ability to get rid of LDL
cholesterol through your liver.
5. Side effects:
Cold symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and coughing
diarrhea
gas
heartburn
joint pain
forgetfulness
confusion
urinary tract infection (UTI)
6. Drug Interaction:
Atorvastatin oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs;
1. Clarithromycin
2. Erythromycin
3. Itraconazole
4. Ketoconazole
5. Gemfibrozil
6. medications that contain fibrate
7. Contraindication:
Atorvastatin may cause serious allergy reaction such as;
1. swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat
2. Pregnancy
3. trouble breathing
4. trouble swallowing
8. Atorvastatin Brand present in Narayangarh
Based on my survey at different retailer (Sevangali Pharm, Miracle Pharmacy, Mukundasen Pharmacy) and hospital
pharmacy (NPI, Everest, Star Pharmacy) of the Narayangarh. Atorvastatin brand are as follows;
1. Aztor by Sun Pharma 9. AVS by G.D Laboratories
2. Atorlip by Cipla 10. Anzitor by Square Pharmaceuticals
3. Astat by Quest Pharmaceuticals 11. Atorbest by Biogain Remedies
4. Statin by Magnus Pharma
5. Avas
6. Atchol
7. Ator
8. Liplow
9. Highest selling brand- Statin
• MRP: 20.50 NPR for 20 mg tablets.
• Highly selling brand of 3 pharmacy among
6 pharmacy that I have surveyed.
• A product by Magnus Pharmaceuticals
• It comes in 10, 20 and 40 mg.
10. ATOR- second highest selling Brand
• MRP: 20.60 NPR for 20 mg tablets.
• Product of Nepal Pharmaceuticals.
• Comes in 10 mg and 20 mg.
11. Aztor:
• MRP: 20.60 NPR for 20 mg tablets.
• A product by Sun Pharmaceuticals.
• Comes in 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg.
12. Avas:
• MRP: 20.60 NPR for 20 mg
tablets
• A product by Micro Labs Ltd.
• It comes in 5, 10, 20, 40,80 mg.
13. Atorlip:
• MRP: 20.59 NPR for 20 mg tablets.
• A product by Cipla Ltd.
• It comes in 5, 10, 20 mg.
14. Astat:
• MRP: 20.60 NPR for 20 mg of tablets
• A product of Quest Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
• It comes in 5, 10, 20, 40 mg.
15. Liplow:
• MRP: 20.60 NPR for 20 mg of tablets.
• A product of Time Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
• It comes in 5, 10 and 20 mg.
16. Atchol:
• MRP: 6.65 NPR for 20 mg of tablets.
• A product of Aristo Pharmaceuticals.
• It comes in 10 and 20 mg.
17. Conclusion:
My survey concluded that Statin and ATor are highly selling brand in different hospital of the
Narayangarh. Furthermore, Our Sun Pharma Aztor also comes among the top five highly selling brand.
In my survey, I found the Aristo drug cheaper as compare to other brand of Atorvastatin. Although, it is
one of the least selling drug in Narayangarh.
Moreover, Avas from Micro Labs and Aztor from Sun Pharmaceuticals comes in more dose range then
others brand of products.
In addition, Sun Pharmaceuticals can boost up Aztor easily as it has various dose ranges from slight
hyperlipidemic case (5 mg) to sever hyperlipidemic case (80 mg).