This document provides a history of medical microbiology from its early discovery era to the modern era. It discusses key figures like Van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under microscope, Spallanzani who disproved spontaneous generation through experiments, and Pasteur who conclusively disproved spontaneous generation and developed techniques like pasteurization and sterilization. It also summarizes contributions of other important scientists like Lister who pioneered antiseptic surgery, Koch who proposed criteria to prove causative agents of disease, Ehrlich who developed chemotherapeutic agents, and Fleming who discovered penicillin.

1. MEDICALMICROBIOLOGY
By Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Assistant Professor, Microbiology

3. Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa Viruses

5. History of MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

6. Microbiology
Discovery Era Transition Era Golden Era Modern Era

7. DISCOVERY ERA
• Varo & Columella -
(Animalia minuta)
• Aristotle (384-322)
Rogen Bacon
“seed” or “germ”.
• Girolamo Fracastorius [1546]: (contagium vivum)

8. ANTONYVAN LEEUWENHOEK
50-300X
magnification.
• Father of Bacteriology &
protozoology
(Animalcules)
microbe Sedillot
in 1878.

10. • Robert Hook compound microscope

11. some forms of life could arise from “vital forces”
nonliving or decomposing matter
organisms can arise form non-living matter.
Aristotle proposed
spontaneous generation

12. • Francesco Redi’s Experiments (1668-Against)
• Disproved spontaneous generation
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13. LOUIS JABLOT
a
heated container that was closed
to the air a heated container
that was freely open to the air
Only the open vessel developed
microorganisms. This further
helped to disprove abiogenesis

14. • John Needham’s Experiments (1745-supported)
•John Needham (1713 – 1781)
•Lazzaro spallanzai (1729 – 1799) (1768-Against)

15. The Controversy Over Spontaneous Generation
John Needham & Lazzaro Spallanzani
The Question:
What causes tiny living things to appear in decaying broth?
Needham’s Hypothesis: Spontaneous generation.
Spallazani’s Hypothesis: Microbes come from the air. Boiling will kill them.
Needham >
Spallazani >
1713 - 1781
1729 - 1799

16. • Spallanzani’s Experiments
•Lazzaro spallanzai (1729 – 1799)
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17. Edward Jenner
smallpox

18. Contributions

19. LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 - 1895)
• Disproved spontaneous
generation of microbes
The Golden ERA of Microbiology

20. PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT
trapped airborne organisms in cotton; he also heated the necks of flasks, drawing
them out into long curves, sterilized the media, and left the flasks open to the air.
In this way Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

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22. Rabies

23. Contribution of Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur - (1822- 1895)

24. •Solved the problem of spontaneous generation (1859) i.e. swan necked
flask.
Introduce the techniques of Pasteurization
62.80C for 30 min  Holder method
720C for 20 sec  Flash method
•Introduced techniques of sterilization, developed steam sterilizer, hot air
oven & autoclave.
•Development of methods & techniques for cultivation of
microorganisms.
•Conclusive evidence for microorganisms in disease production.
•He worked on diseases like – anthrax, chicken cholera & hydrophobia.
•Discovered the process of attenuation & development of vaccine. He
developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies.

25. JOHN TYNDALL (1820 – 1893)
Heat sensitive
Heat resistant
Sterilization Tyndallization

26. Lord Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
antiseptic surgery.

28. Robert Koch (1893-1910)

29. Bacterium 1
Bacterium 2
Bacterium 3
Bacterium 4
Bacterium 5
Bacterium 6 Bacterium 7
Bacterium 8
Bacterium 9
Bacterium 10
Bacterium 11
Bacterium 12

30. Robert Koch (1893-1910)

31. Koch’s Postulates:

33. Paul Ehrlich

35. ALEXANDER FLEMING
Fungus colony
(Penicillium)
Zone of inhibition
Bacterial colonies
(Staphylococcus)

38. Important mcqs questions
Joseph Lister
Edward Janner
Louis Pasteur
Metnichkoff
Penicillin
Tyndallization