Anaerobic jar
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Anaerobic Culture Methods
This document discusses bacterial classification based on oxygen requirements and provides information on anaerobic infections and culture techniques. It describes four types of bacteria: obligate aerobes that require oxygen, obligate anaerobes that are killed by oxygen, facultative anaerobes that can grow with or without oxygen, and microaerophilic bacteria that grow best at low oxygen levels. It also lists signs of anaerobic infection and risk factors, suitable specimens for culture, transport methods, and culture techniques like using reducing agents or incubating away from oxygen.
Culture media
Culture media introduction, reasons, nutrients required for culture media, classification with description part covered
Gram stain by manoj
Hans Christian Gram, a Danish physician and bacteriologist, developed the Gram staining technique in 1884 to classify bacteria. The technique involves staining a smear of bacteria with crystal violet dye, washing with iodine to form a crystal violet-iodine complex within the cell wall, then decolorizing with alcohol or acetone. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet due to their thick peptidoglycan layer, appearing dark purple under the microscope. Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet during decolorization due to their thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane, appearing red with the counterstain. The Gram stain technique is a simple yet effective way to rapidly classify bacteria and guide
Spore staining
This document describes the process of spore staining to differentiate bacterial spores from vegetative cells. It explains that spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by bacteria during adverse environmental conditions for survival. The spore staining technique uses malachite green as the primary stain for spores and safranin as the counterstain for vegetative cells. Heat is applied to help the malachite green penetrate the spore walls. Vegetative cells are decolorized but spores retain the green stain. This allows spores and vegetative cells to be distinguished microscopically.
antibiotic susceptibility testing
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) determines the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. There are several methods for AST including disk diffusion, dilution methods, and E tests. Guidelines for AST are provided by CLSI and EUCAST. Mueller Hinton agar is the recommended medium for testing and inoculum preparation follows the 0.5 McFarland standard. Quality control using standard reference strains is important to ensure accurate and reproducible AST results.
Cultivation of virus
This document discusses techniques for cultivating viruses. It explains that viruses require living host cells to replicate and describes three main cultivation methods: animal inoculation, embryonated egg inoculation, and tissue culture. Animal inoculation involves infecting animals like mice to isolate and study viruses, but it is expensive and raises welfare issues. Embryonated egg inoculation is commonly used to grow viruses by inoculating eggs at specific sites, and it is cost-effective but each virus grows at different sites. Tissue culture uses cell monolayers and is versatile but requires specialized facilities and technicians. The document provides details on each technique's advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Capsule staining
This document discusses capsule staining, which is a technique used to identify the presence of bacterial capsules under a light microscope. It begins by defining bacterial capsules and explaining their functions, which include helping bacteria resist phagocytosis and providing protection. It then discusses the principle of capsule staining, which uses a negative stain to contrast the unstained capsule against stained bacterial cells. The procedure involves smearing a bacterial culture onto a slide with negative stain, staining with a counterstain like crystal violet, and examining under a microscope for unstained capsules surrounding stained cells. Examples of capsule-containing bacteria that can be identified this way include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus anthracis.
Identification of bacteria
1. Identification of unknown bacteria is an important task for microbiologists that involves determining what taxon the bacteria belongs to.
2. There are three main categories of identification methods - phenotypic/morphological analysis, immunological/serological techniques, and genetic/molecular methods.
3. Staining techniques like simple staining, gram staining, and acid-fast staining are used for morphological analysis and involve using dyes to distinguish cell structure and characteristics. Biochemical tests like IMViC are also used to identify bacteria based on enzymatic reactions and metabolite production.
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Anaerobic Culture Methods
This document discusses bacterial classification based on oxygen requirements and provides information on anaerobic infections and culture techniques. It describes four types of bacteria: obligate aerobes that require oxygen, obligate anaerobes that are killed by oxygen, facultative anaerobes that can grow with or without oxygen, and microaerophilic bacteria that grow best at low oxygen levels. It also lists signs of anaerobic infection and risk factors, suitable specimens for culture, transport methods, and culture techniques like using reducing agents or incubating away from oxygen.
Culture media
Culture media introduction, reasons, nutrients required for culture media, classification with description part covered
Gram stain by manoj
Hans Christian Gram, a Danish physician and bacteriologist, developed the Gram staining technique in 1884 to classify bacteria. The technique involves staining a smear of bacteria with crystal violet dye, washing with iodine to form a crystal violet-iodine complex within the cell wall, then decolorizing with alcohol or acetone. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet due to their thick peptidoglycan layer, appearing dark purple under the microscope. Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet during decolorization due to their thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane, appearing red with the counterstain. The Gram stain technique is a simple yet effective way to rapidly classify bacteria and guide
Spore staining
This document describes the process of spore staining to differentiate bacterial spores from vegetative cells. It explains that spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by bacteria during adverse environmental conditions for survival. The spore staining technique uses malachite green as the primary stain for spores and safranin as the counterstain for vegetative cells. Heat is applied to help the malachite green penetrate the spore walls. Vegetative cells are decolorized but spores retain the green stain. This allows spores and vegetative cells to be distinguished microscopically.
antibiotic susceptibility testing
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) determines the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. There are several methods for AST including disk diffusion, dilution methods, and E tests. Guidelines for AST are provided by CLSI and EUCAST. Mueller Hinton agar is the recommended medium for testing and inoculum preparation follows the 0.5 McFarland standard. Quality control using standard reference strains is important to ensure accurate and reproducible AST results.
Cultivation of virus
This document discusses techniques for cultivating viruses. It explains that viruses require living host cells to replicate and describes three main cultivation methods: animal inoculation, embryonated egg inoculation, and tissue culture. Animal inoculation involves infecting animals like mice to isolate and study viruses, but it is expensive and raises welfare issues. Embryonated egg inoculation is commonly used to grow viruses by inoculating eggs at specific sites, and it is cost-effective but each virus grows at different sites. Tissue culture uses cell monolayers and is versatile but requires specialized facilities and technicians. The document provides details on each technique's advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Capsule staining
This document discusses capsule staining, which is a technique used to identify the presence of bacterial capsules under a light microscope. It begins by defining bacterial capsules and explaining their functions, which include helping bacteria resist phagocytosis and providing protection. It then discusses the principle of capsule staining, which uses a negative stain to contrast the unstained capsule against stained bacterial cells. The procedure involves smearing a bacterial culture onto a slide with negative stain, staining with a counterstain like crystal violet, and examining under a microscope for unstained capsules surrounding stained cells. Examples of capsule-containing bacteria that can be identified this way include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus anthracis.
Identification of bacteria
1. Identification of unknown bacteria is an important task for microbiologists that involves determining what taxon the bacteria belongs to.
2. There are three main categories of identification methods - phenotypic/morphological analysis, immunological/serological techniques, and genetic/molecular methods.
3. Staining techniques like simple staining, gram staining, and acid-fast staining are used for morphological analysis and involve using dyes to distinguish cell structure and characteristics. Biochemical tests like IMViC are also used to identify bacteria based on enzymatic reactions and metabolite production.
Streptococcus pyogens
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of infections in humans. It commonly colonizes the throat and skin. It produces toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence and ability to cause disease. S. pyogenes can cause suppurative infections like pharyngitis, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. It can also cause non-suppurative sequelae after infection like acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples on blood agar and testing for sensitivity to bacitracin. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin. Prevention focuses on proper treatment of streptococcal infections to reduce risk of
Oxidase test
The document describes the oxidase test, which is used to identify bacteria. It works by detecting cytochrome c, an iron-containing protein in the respiratory chain, which causes an oxidase reagent to turn purple in oxidase-positive bacteria within 5-10 seconds. The document outlines several methods for performing the test, such as using filter paper or commercial strips soaked in reagents like tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. It lists both oxidase-positive and -negative bacteria and notes some factors that can cause false results. Quantitative oxidase tests have also been developed that correlate with other identification tests and can differentiate bacteria at various taxonomic levels.
Lowenstein jensen medium
The Löwenstein–Jensen medium is a selective culture medium used for the isolation and cultivation of Mycobacterium species like M. tuberculosis. It was developed in the late 19th century and incorporates malachite green to inhibit unwanted bacterial growth while encouraging mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis colonies appear brown and granular on this medium after 4 weeks of incubation due to its slow growth rate. The medium contains egg suspension, glycerol, and malachite green among other ingredients to selectively promote mycobacterial growth.
types of culture media
This document describes different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms. It discusses media categorized by consistency (solid, liquid, semi-solid), constituents (simple, complex, synthetic), purpose (enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport), and oxygen requirement (aerobic, anaerobic). Liquid media like broths are used to grow bacteria uniformly, while solid media containing agar are used for isolating colonies. Selective and enrichment media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate specific microorganisms. Indicator and differential media detect microbial properties through color changes.
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Laboratory diagnosis of bacteria
This document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria in the laboratory, including:
1) Microscopic examination such as gram staining and fluorescent staining to examine cell morphology.
2) Cultural characteristics such as pigment production, hemolysis on blood agar, and lactose fermentation.
3) Biochemical reactions like catalase, coagulase, and oxidase tests.
4) Serological identification using antigen or antibody detection.
5) Molecular methods using nucleic acid probes to identify specific DNA or RNA sequences.
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Gram stain
This document provides information about Gram staining, including the mechanism, preparation of stains and modifications. Gram staining involves applying crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer like ethanol or acetone, and safranin in sequence. Bacteria that retain the crystal violet-iodine complex appear purple and are Gram positive, while those that lose the complex and take up the safranin counterstain appear pink and are Gram negative. The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer determines this difference. Various modifications to the standard Gram stain procedure are also described.
Gram’s staining
The document summarizes Gram staining, a method developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1883 to differentiate between bacterial species. Gram staining uses crystal violet dye and iodine to stain bacteria, then decolorizes them with acetone or alcohol. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye after decolorization due to their thick peptidoglycan cell wall, appearing purple or blue. Gram-negative bacteria's thinner cell wall is unable to retain the dye after decolorization but can be counterstained pink with safranin. This differentiation depends on differences in bacterial cell wall composition and structure.
14. salmonella typhi
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Antimicrobial sensitivity test
This document provides information on antibiotic sensitivity testing methods. It discusses the key terms related to antibiotic sensitivity like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). It then describes the two main types of antibiotic sensitivity tests - diffusion tests like Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and dilution tests like broth dilution method. For diffusion tests, it explains how to prepare media, inoculum, antibiotic discs and controls and interpret the results. It also discusses Epsilometer or E-test method to detect MIC. For dilution tests, it details the broth dilution method to determine MIC and MBC.
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Preparation of fungal culture media
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is used to isolate and cultivate fungi and yeasts from clinical specimens. It contains nutrients like dextrose and enzymatic digest of casein to support fungal growth, and antibiotics to inhibit bacteria. The document outlines the materials, composition, and procedure to prepare SDA media. Colonies are examined after incubation and typical morphologies can indicate fungal species present. However, SDA may not promote conidiation in some fungi and antimicrobials could inhibit some pathogens.
Staphylococci
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including S. aureus. It describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of S. aureus, noting it is a gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow pigment on blood agar. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through production of enzymes and toxins. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram staining, culturing, and coagulase testing of samples. Treatment often involves cephalosporins due to high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin.
laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcus
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococcus, including sample collection, direct smear microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and typing of Staphylococcus aureus. Appropriate samples are collected based on the site of infection and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Direct smear microscopy can identify Gram-positive cocci clusters. Culture techniques help isolate and identify Staphylococcus colonies based on morphology and biochemical reactions provide further characterization. Antibiotic sensitivity testing determines effective treatment options and typing methods like bacteriophage typing are used for epidemiological purposes.
Gram staining
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It includes introduction, History,Principle, Method of gram staining procedure!!!
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photosynthesis in CAM plants and Photorespiration
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Anaerobic bacteria
This document discusses different methods for culturing anaerobic bacteria, including those that are strict anaerobes, microaerophiles, and facultative anaerobes. It describes fluid thioglycollate media and anaerobic jars, which use sodium thioglycollate or gas-generating pouches to remove oxygen from the environment. Candle jars are also mentioned, which use a candle flame to consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, suitable for microaerophilic bacteria. More advanced anaerobic chambers use palladium catalyst and a hydrogen gas mix to strictly maintain anaerobic conditions below 5 ppm of oxygen.
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Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of infections in humans. It commonly colonizes the throat and skin. It produces toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence and ability to cause disease. S. pyogenes can cause suppurative infections like pharyngitis, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. It can also cause non-suppurative sequelae after infection like acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples on blood agar and testing for sensitivity to bacitracin. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin. Prevention focuses on proper treatment of streptococcal infections to reduce risk of
Oxidase test
The document describes the oxidase test, which is used to identify bacteria. It works by detecting cytochrome c, an iron-containing protein in the respiratory chain, which causes an oxidase reagent to turn purple in oxidase-positive bacteria within 5-10 seconds. The document outlines several methods for performing the test, such as using filter paper or commercial strips soaked in reagents like tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. It lists both oxidase-positive and -negative bacteria and notes some factors that can cause false results. Quantitative oxidase tests have also been developed that correlate with other identification tests and can differentiate bacteria at various taxonomic levels.
Lowenstein jensen medium
The Löwenstein–Jensen medium is a selective culture medium used for the isolation and cultivation of Mycobacterium species like M. tuberculosis. It was developed in the late 19th century and incorporates malachite green to inhibit unwanted bacterial growth while encouraging mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis colonies appear brown and granular on this medium after 4 weeks of incubation due to its slow growth rate. The medium contains egg suspension, glycerol, and malachite green among other ingredients to selectively promote mycobacterial growth.
types of culture media
This document describes different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms. It discusses media categorized by consistency (solid, liquid, semi-solid), constituents (simple, complex, synthetic), purpose (enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport), and oxygen requirement (aerobic, anaerobic). Liquid media like broths are used to grow bacteria uniformly, while solid media containing agar are used for isolating colonies. Selective and enrichment media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate specific microorganisms. Indicator and differential media detect microbial properties through color changes.
Testing of disinfectants
This document discusses various methods for testing the efficacy of disinfectants, including carrier tests, suspension tests, and practical tests. Carrier tests involve contaminating carriers like threads with bacteria and exposing them to disinfectants. Suspension tests involve exposing a bacterial suspension directly to the disinfectant. Practical tests evaluate disinfectants under real-world conditions. The document also describes factors that can influence disinfection like temperature, pH, and the presence of organic matter or other substances. Specific tests discussed in detail include the AOAC use-dilution test, Kelsey-Sykes capacity test, and surface disinfection tests.
Laboratory diagnosis of bacteria
This document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria in the laboratory, including:
1) Microscopic examination such as gram staining and fluorescent staining to examine cell morphology.
2) Cultural characteristics such as pigment production, hemolysis on blood agar, and lactose fermentation.
3) Biochemical reactions like catalase, coagulase, and oxidase tests.
4) Serological identification using antigen or antibody detection.
5) Molecular methods using nucleic acid probes to identify specific DNA or RNA sequences.
Ziehl-Neelsen n stain / Acid fast stain
The document discusses the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used to detect acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It describes the history and principle of acid fastness, the reagents used including carbol fuchsin and sulfuric acid, the staining procedure, and the structures that stain acid-fast like M. tuberculosis. The importance of the ZN stain for diagnosing and monitoring treatment of tuberculosis is highlighted. Variations to the method are also outlined to identify different acid-fast organisms.
Gram stain
This document provides information about Gram staining, including the mechanism, preparation of stains and modifications. Gram staining involves applying crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer like ethanol or acetone, and safranin in sequence. Bacteria that retain the crystal violet-iodine complex appear purple and are Gram positive, while those that lose the complex and take up the safranin counterstain appear pink and are Gram negative. The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer determines this difference. Various modifications to the standard Gram stain procedure are also described.
Gram’s staining
The document summarizes Gram staining, a method developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1883 to differentiate between bacterial species. Gram staining uses crystal violet dye and iodine to stain bacteria, then decolorizes them with acetone or alcohol. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye after decolorization due to their thick peptidoglycan cell wall, appearing purple or blue. Gram-negative bacteria's thinner cell wall is unable to retain the dye after decolorization but can be counterstained pink with safranin. This differentiation depends on differences in bacterial cell wall composition and structure.
14. salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi is a gram-negative enteric bacillus that causes typhoid fever in humans. It grows optimally at 37°C and pH 6-8, forming characteristic colonies on nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar, and selective media like XLD agar and Wilson-Blair bismuth sulfite agar. S. typhi causes typhoid fever through ingestion, incubating in the intestines before spreading to organs and causing systemic infection marked by fever, headache, and possible complications like intestinal perforation. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, and other cultures as well as serological tests. Treatment uses antibiotics like chloramphenicol and ampicillin.
Antimicrobial sensitivity test
This document provides information on antibiotic sensitivity testing methods. It discusses the key terms related to antibiotic sensitivity like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). It then describes the two main types of antibiotic sensitivity tests - diffusion tests like Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and dilution tests like broth dilution method. For diffusion tests, it explains how to prepare media, inoculum, antibiotic discs and controls and interpret the results. It also discusses Epsilometer or E-test method to detect MIC. For dilution tests, it details the broth dilution method to determine MIC and MBC.
Introduction to Medical mycology
This document provides an introduction to medical mycology, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of fungal morphology and biology. It discusses the classification of fungi and describes the four main groups. The document also summarizes the different types of fungal infections and outlines the key steps for laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections, including specimen collection and processing, direct examination, culture, identification, and antifungal susceptibility testing.
Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria
Presentation about intrduction and types of anaerobic bacteria and about various methods used for cultivation of anaerobic bacteria
Biochemical test of bacteria
The document provides instructions for performing several microbiological tests, including sugar fermentation tests, indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction, urease, triple sugar iron, oxidase, catalase, amylase, and lipase. It explains the principles, expected results, and interpretations for each test. The tests can be used to differentiate bacterial species and determine their metabolic abilities.
Staining of microorganisms
This document provides information about staining microorganisms. It begins by defining what a stain is and explaining that different stains can differentiate between organism types or parts. It then discusses the history of stains and the structures and mechanisms of various dyes used in staining. The remainder of the document outlines different staining techniques such as simple stains, differential stains like Gram staining, and special stains for specific structures. It provides details on reagents, principles, and methods for common staining procedures.
Preparation of fungal culture media
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is used to isolate and cultivate fungi and yeasts from clinical specimens. It contains nutrients like dextrose and enzymatic digest of casein to support fungal growth, and antibiotics to inhibit bacteria. The document outlines the materials, composition, and procedure to prepare SDA media. Colonies are examined after incubation and typical morphologies can indicate fungal species present. However, SDA may not promote conidiation in some fungi and antimicrobials could inhibit some pathogens.
Staphylococci
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including S. aureus. It describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of S. aureus, noting it is a gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow pigment on blood agar. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through production of enzymes and toxins. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram staining, culturing, and coagulase testing of samples. Treatment often involves cephalosporins due to high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin.
laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcus
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococcus, including sample collection, direct smear microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity testing, and typing of Staphylococcus aureus. Appropriate samples are collected based on the site of infection and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Direct smear microscopy can identify Gram-positive cocci clusters. Culture techniques help isolate and identify Staphylococcus colonies based on morphology and biochemical reactions provide further characterization. Antibiotic sensitivity testing determines effective treatment options and typing methods like bacteriophage typing are used for epidemiological purposes.
Gram staining
It is a presentation on GRAM STAINING.
It includes introduction, History,Principle, Method of gram staining procedure!!!
Lab dia of parasite
This document provides information on laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections. It discusses specimen collection and various examination techniques including microscopic examination of stool, blood, and biopsy samples. Wet mount examination, concentration methods, staining techniques, and culture methods are described to detect parasites, eggs, larvae, cysts or other structures. Examination of different specimens helps diagnose infections caused by protozoa, helminths, and other parasites. Serologic tests like indirect haemagglutination, fluorescent antibody, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests are also used for diagnosis of certain parasitic diseases.
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- Anaerobic bacteria require oxygen-free conditions to grow as oxygen is often toxic to them. There are different types including strict anaerobes, microaerophiles, aerotolerant anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes.
- Oxygen toxicity occurs as it is used in respiration, producing reactive oxygen species that can damage enzymes and cell structures in anaerobic bacteria. Special culturing techniques are needed to exclude oxygen like using vacuum, inert gas displacement, or chemical oxygen absorbers.
- Common culturing methods include the McIntosh jar using hydrogen gas and a catalyst to remove oxygen, or automated systems like the Anoxomat. Special reduced media and culturing
BCE
This document summarizes a study that evaluated gas-liquid mass transfer and scale up of a biotransformation process from shake flasks to a 5 L stirred tank bioreactor. The study used a yeast isolate capable of converting benzaldehyde to l-phenyl acetyl carbinol (l-PAC) in both growth and biotransformation media. Experiments characterized gas holdup, power input, and mass transfer coefficient (KLa) for the media using different impeller combinations and operating parameters. Results were used to optimize conditions for maximal cell growth and l-PAC production in the bioreactor, which were then compared to shake flask studies. Correlations developed could predict mass transfer and be applied to scale up the process.
Research Paper 2012
The document summarizes an experiment that exposed mice susceptible to atherosclerosis to different components of ultrafine particles (UFP) to evaluate their effects on oxidative stress. Mice were exposed to either the semi-volatile or non-volatile fraction of UFP for 8 weeks. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (glutathione, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl) were measured in mice serum to determine if one fraction induced more stress. Results suggested the semi-volatile fraction containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons caused higher lipid peroxidation, supporting the hypothesis that these components influence oxidative stress more than non-volatile ones.
Pharmaceutical Contaminants in water recovery facilities
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5 plant photosynthasis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are the sites of photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun.
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Lactate Acid Concentration During Hypoxia in Crabs In
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Survey of aeration management in shrimp farming
This document discusses aerated pond management for shrimp farming. It provides information on:
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- Common types of mechanical aerators used in aquaculture ponds, including paddlewheel aerators, propeller-aspirator pumps, and diffused-air systems.
- Key findings from a survey of 140 shrimp farms on their aeration practices, including typical pond sizes, aeration rates, species cultured, and aerator positioning strategies.
- How mechanical aeration is used to supplement natural oxygen levels, improve water quality, and increase pond production capacities.
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- 2. ANAEROBIC JAR M.MEENAKSHI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY, SRI RAMAKRISHNA CAS FOR WOMEN
- 3. McIntosh and Fildes’ anaerobic jar is an instrument used in Microbiology laboratory, for the generation of anaerobic condition (anaerobiosis) to culture obligates anaerobes such as Clostridium spp. Anaerobiosis obtained by McIntosh and Fildes’ anaerobic jar is one of the excellent and most widely used method for anaerobiosis but it requires costly special apparatus and vacuum pump. Availability of gas supply is another major drawback of this system. Currently, it is being replaced by more convenient GasPak system.
- 8. McIntosh and Fildes’ anaerobic jar works on the principle of evacuation and replacement, where the air inside the chamber is evacuated and replaced with mixture of gases (consisting of 5%CO2, 10%H2 and 85%N2) . It is practically impossible to evacuate all the air so some amount of oxygen will still be left behind. The residual oxygen left behind is converted to water using Spongy palladium or platinum catalyst. The catalyst acts as a catalyzing agent causing slow combination of hydrogen and oxygen to form water. Reduced methylene blue is generally used as indicator (mixture of NaOH, methylene blue, and glucose). It becomes colorless anaerobically but regains blue color on exposure to oxygen.