The document summarizes key aspects of Philippine history under Spanish colonial rule from the 16th century to the 19th century. It discusses the initial contact and conversion of natives to Catholicism starting with the Magellan expedition. It then covers the pacification campaigns of the Spaniards and the establishment of settlements through military might and religion. The document also summarizes the policies of attraction and divide and conquer used by the Spaniards to subjugate the Filipinos. It discusses the systems of encomienda, taxation, and other government monopolies that exploited the natives and caused economic decline. It also notes the initial resistance of groups like the Moros and cultural communities that were able to avoid subjugation.

1. Philippine History with Politics and
Governance

2. The Magellan expedition had to sail
westward in going to the East

3. The so-called “First Catholic Mass in Limasawa”
The initial conversion of the natives to Catholicism
in Cebu
The Battle of Mactan and its significance
The aftermath

4. C:/Users/Yvan/Music/Magellan_
Elcano_Circumnavigation-
en.svg

5. It clearly implied which colonial power
owned the archipelago

6. The pacification
campaigns
Missionaries and
their activities
Successfully
established
settlement in Cebu,
Panay, and Manila

8. Causes of
subjugation
Military
might of
Spaniards
Policy of
Attraction
Method of
divide and
conquer
Crucial role
of
Christianity
The lack of
unity
among
Filipinos
Reduccion
and plaza
complex

9. Spanish
conquistadores
were mostly
experienced
soldiers and had
superior arms
vis-a-vis the
natives
they wore
helmets and
body armor

10. Exempting the local chiefs from tributes
and the polo
They bribed the Filipinos by giving them
gifts
Concluded blood compacts with the
native rulers. (Magellan and Kulambo in
Limasawa, 1521 and with Humabon in Cebu
the following days)
Legazpi had a blood compact with Urrao of
Samar and Katuna and Gala of Bohol in 1565

11. It proved to be effective since the natives
lived in fragmented autonomous
barangays
They realized Filipinos were not united
Befriended certain groups of Filipinos
and used them in subjugating other
natives

12. Colonization of the
Philippines was viewed
as the conquest of the
sword and the cross
Missionaries were
proved to be effective
colonizers when they
converted first the
native chiefs and
family members to the
Catholic faith. The
“follow the leader
syndrome” did the rest.

13. Converted natives became fanatics
Blind obedience became associated with
the promise of salvation and of protection
from the hostile elements.
Filipinos began to practice a syncretic
blend of religion that is presently referred
to as Folk Christianity.
The friars allowed the native to go on with
some folk beliefs and practices like
sacrificial offering, use of incense and so on.

14. Early settlements and communities lacked
contacts and meaningful relationship
except for occasional trade exchanges.
Some barangays warred with each other
Differences were noted between the
Islamized inhabitants of Mindanao and Sulu,
and the animistic people of Luzon and the
Visayas
No common medium of communication or
lingua franca
National sentiment was non-existent

15. Native’s hospitable attitude was indicative f
their familiarity with other groups of people
(generally traders) coming from outside the
archipelago
The Filipinos sense of hospitality may also
explain the acceptance of the Catholic
religion

16. Christianized
natives were
required to put
up their
dwellings in a
particular area
where they
could be within
hearing
distance of the
church bells
(bajo de la
campana)

17. Refusal to be under Spanish-controlled
area were referred to as remontados,
cimarrones, ladrones, monteses, or
tulisanes
The plaza also became witness to
injustices, oppression, and exploitation
suffered by the Filipinos

18. Encomienda
System
Imposition
of taxes
Polo y
servicio
Role of the
traditional
leader
Manila-
Acapulco
Trade
Other
government
monopolies

19. Encomienda – from the word encomendar
which means to entrust or to assign
responsibility to a person.
A certain area of land with
its inhabitants was
assigned to a particular
Spaniard who was given
the responsibility to collect
tribute and to utilize the
people in government and
church projects

20. Became source of abuse and corruption
The native who were unable to pay tribute
were force to flee mountains
If there’s plenty of gold and money (reales)
was scare, the encomendero collect
money and vice versa.
If the harvest was bountiful, the
encomendero collected the products

21. Kinds of taxes
Direct Taxes –
tribute or tax
income
Indirect Taxes –
includes bandala
and the custom
tax
Other fees – fees
from not-so-
common products
like wine,
tobacco, betel
nut, firecrackers,
and opium

22. 1570 onwards
• Tax was 8 reales
• Anyone can pay
gold, blanket,
textile materials,
palay, etc.
Later in 1789
• 8 rose to 15
reales

23. Special tax (1635 – 19th century) – ½ real
or rice called samboangan or donativo de
Zamboanga was imposed to suppress the
Moro attacks
Vinta (1781-1851) – to adequately prepare
the vintas in defense of coastal areas from
Moro pirates
Tribute was replaced in 1884 by cedula
personal

24. Purpose was to create projects for self-enrichment
which began in 1580
Native Indios and mestizos from 16-60 years old
were to work for 40 days a year and was reduced
to 15 days a year in 1884.
They worked in construction of buildings, mines,
forests, ships as rowers.
Exemption was through the payment of a falla (1 ½
real every day for 40 days)

25. Led to decline of communities and agricultural
production suffered which resulted in starvation
and death and separation of families
It was a source of corruption
Natives were also arbitrarily conscripted to serve
the military

26. Traditional leaders were assigned to
implement tribute, polo, and bandala
It brought a wide cleavage between the
traditional leaders and the people,
politically and economically.

27. Through Galleon de
Manila or Nao de China, it
was the only vessel that
linked the Philippines and
the Americas.
It established monopoly
where only the governor-
general, Spanish traders,
those with consular duties
and rights, Spaniards in
Manila, and religious
orders benefitted the
trade.
Natives suffered from
manning the galleons as
sailors and rowers

29. Governor-General Jose
Basco (1778-1789)
started the monopoly on
a number of products:
• Tobacco (1781) and wine,
(1786) which adversely
affected the Ilocanos

30. The cultivation and marketing of tobaccos
was put under the supervision and control
of the Spaniards
Payment for tobacco and other products
was usually in the form of promissory note
and should be exchanged at high
discounts

31. Natives were victims of dishonesty and
cheating of agents of the government
Monopoly of bandala, which involved the
forced sellinng of requisitioned products
most especially palay, tobacco, and
coconut oil

32. The initial resistance and subsequent
subjugation of lowland communities
The opposition of the “Moros”
The successful avoidance of ethnic
communities

33. Lack of understanding of the natives made
it difficult for them to wage an effective
resistance against the Spanish invaders
Effectively controlled areas became
centers of population.
Outlying territories were free up to the
middle of 18th century

34. ArrivalofMagellan(1521)
Sultanate
systems in
Mindanao
planned to
extend in
the north
DuringLegazpi’stime
Strongest
opposition
came in
Manila
ruled by
Rajah
Soliman
Theraids
Declared
jihad
against
foreign
invaders
and
conducted
raids in
Visayas
Successfulattempts
In many
cases, the
Spaniards
were
successful
but on a
shot-term
bases.

35. Some groups fled to upland areas and
increased though time who became known
later as the “cultural minority”
They were able to preserve their culture