This presentation is about the early revolts that took place in the Philippines in the first part of Spanish colonization after Lapu Lapu has killed Magellan. Starting from 1574, the first notable revolt is the Lakandula Revolt lead by Lakandula and Raja Sulayman. This presentation serves as a midterm project for the course Readings in Philippine History. No part of this presentation maybe reproduced and distributed in any printed form especially if its for commercial purposes. References: PRIMARY SOURCES The History of the Philippines by Leogardo (from JRU Main Library) Introduction to Filipino History by Teodoro A. Agoncillo (from JRU Main Library) The Filipino Nation by Helen R. Tubangui, et.al (from JRU Main Library) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/36438/36438-h/36438-h.htm SECONDARY SOURCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain https://www.slideshare.net/NiachleoDianneSaplad/filipino-revolts https://prezi.com/od_bzjnoecqv/revolts-of-lakandula-and-sulayman-first-pampanga-revolt-the-tondo-conspiracy-magalats-revolt/

2. John Edrileck N. Verdadero
Irene Justine M. Arsenio
Mary Christine S.A. Llorente
Geleen C. Sanchez
Alyssa Dorothy F. Soleta
101DA

6. • You will recall before the arrival of the Spaniards, our
Malayan ancestors were a free and independent people.
They lived in a society of their making.
• Most important of all, their government was their own
and they make their own laws to suit their needs and
their way of life.
• Under this free society, everyone was able to lead a happy,
contented, and useful life.

8. As a token of business to the Spanish
crown, Filipinos were forced to pay
annual tributes.
• Each family, consisting of the
husband and wife and minor
children, paid eight reales (one
peso) at first.
• Single men and women paid one-
half of amount.

9. Filipino people were
burdened with the
polo y servicio
where they forced
every male Filipino
between age 16 and
60 to work for the
government forty
days a year.

10. Spanish Friars took away the
best lands of the country.
The Spanish officials did not
hesitate to take advantage of
their positions and enrich
themselves.

11. Tribute collectors asked for
more than what was required
by law.
• Those who were unable
to pay were treated
harshly.
Natives who rendered
service were not given free
rice, their daily wage, and
treated well as provided by law.

12. • Natives who rendered service were
taken away when they were most
needed in their farms, homes, and
families.
• Others were forced to render service
against foreign invaders in Moro
wars, and in putting down revolts of
their brother-Filipinos.
• In military expeditions, Filipinos
were obliged to fight side by side
with the Spaniards. From these wars,
many never returned.

13. SPANISH
CONSTITUTION
• Governador-
heneral told the
Filipinos that
rendering polo
and paying
tributes are still
required.

14. When still later they
learned that the King had
revoked the constitution
many could not contain
their anger any longer.
They started to plot the
overthrow of Spanish rule
in the Philippines.

16. • The Spanish authorities did
not practice democracy in the
Philippines.
• This was only natural, for the
Spanish King did not practice
democracy in Spain.

17. • Because Spanish authorities had absolute control of the
government, they were tempted to commit abuses
since there was nobody to check them.
• Many officials took advantage of their positions to
enrich themselves and this encouraged graft and
corruption and seriously affected the efficiency of
service.

18. • Filipinos were
considered inferior to
the white men. There was
inequality before the law.
• Since the Spaniards
viewed the Filipinos
primarily as a source of
wealth, the Spaniards did
not hesitate to exploit
them.

22. • 1574 – Filipinos rose
against Spain. History
records more than a
hundred revolts in the
three centuries of Spanish
rule in the Philippines.
• Unfortunately, all these
revolts failed.

23. • You will remember that Lapulapu of Mactan was the first
Filipino who defied Spaniards. He was also the only Filipino
who defeated a Spanish adventurer.
• The other early Filipinos who resisted the Spanish Invasion
were Datu Kumintang of Batangas and Rajah Sulayman of
Manila in 1571.
• These two Filipinos learned then, as other Filipinos were to
learn afterwards that gallantry and courage alone were no
match to the superior Spanish arms.

25. • Year: 1574
• Other names: Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, Tagalog
Revolt
• Place: Tondo, Navotas
• Leaders: Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman
• Result: Failed
• Cause: This revolt was caused by losing Soliman and
Lakandula’s kingdom when they were defeated by Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi to accept the Spanish sovereignty on the
promise that they would be well-treated by the Spaniards
and would retain some of their royal and political powers.

27. • Cause (continuation):
• Legazpi died and was replaced by Governor Guido de
Lavezaris who revoked the exemptions from paying tribute
and confiscated their lands.
• Father Martin convinced Lakandula and Sulayman to abort
the revolt and promise to grant their privileges.

28. • Lakandula realized that it was futile to
fight the Spaniards. So he welcomed
and befriended them. He remained at
peace with them until his death.
• Nevertheless, Rajah Sulayman would
not give up easily and continued his
revolt, he gathered a large army to
fight the invaders. The datus and
warriors of the neighboring kingdoms
of Navotas, Hagonoy, Macabebe, and
other barangays joined him. He was
brutally crushed in year 1574.

31. • Year: 1585
• Place: Pampanga
• Leaders: Kapampangan leaders
• Result: Failed
• Cause: Disgrunted by the way the encomenderos
administered who had deprived them of their historical
inheritances as tribal chiefs or Datus.
• Some people, Kapampangan leaders connived with the
people of Manila and Borneans to rise revolt.
• People plan to secretly enter the city of Manila one dark night
and massacre the Spaniards.

32. • Conspiracy was foiled before it even started after a
Filipino woman married to a Spanish soldier reported
the plot to the Spanish authorities.
• Governor-General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and
Filipino colonial troops and arrest the leaders of the
revolts.
• Christian Cruz-Herrera was the one who executed the
leaders without any fair trial.

34. • Year: 1577 – 1588
• Other names: Conspiracy of Maharlikas
• Place: Tondo; Cuyo ; Calamianes
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Agustin de Legazpi, Magat Salamat (son of
Lakandula), Martin Pangan (gobernadorcillo of Tondo), Juan
Banal (Tondo Chief), Pedro Balingit (Chief of Pandacan),
Esteban Taes (Chief of Bulacan), Pitonggatan (Chief of Tondo),
Felipe Salonga (Chief of Polo), Geronimo Basi (Brother of
Agustin de Legazpi)

35. • Cause: Regain the lost freedom.
• Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being
enjoyed during the pre-colonial years.
• Agustin de Legazpi, Martin Pangan, Magat Salamat, Juan
banal, Esteban Taes, Pedro Balinguit, Pitonggatan, Felipe
Salonga, Geronimo Basi, planned to overthrow the Spanish
rulers in the country.
• Through a Japanese Christian, Dionisio Fernandez, Agustin de
Legazpi and his fellow conspirator contracted a Japanese sea
captain, Juan Gayo, to get arms and Japanese warriors to fight
the Spaniards.

36. • In exchange, he and his Japanese warriors would be given
one-half of the tribute collected in Philippines. Aside from
this, help would also be secured from Borneo, Laguna, and
Batangas.
• The conspirators with their warriors would then assault the
City of Manila and start killing the Spaniards.

37. • Betrayal starts:
• Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio
Surabao, a Cuyo native pretending to be a supporter.
• Surabao later recounted this to his master, Pedro
Sarmiento.
• October 26, 1588 – Sarmiento rushed to Manila and
informed Governor General Santiago de Vera.
• He ordered the arrest of all the persons implicated in
the revolutionary plot. Including Dionisio Fernandez,
a Japanese interpreter.

39. • Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan – were brutally
hanged. Their heads were cut off and placed in iron cages.
• Government seized their properties.
• The sites of their homes were plowed and sown with salt
to remain barren.
• Dionisio Fernandez – was hanged and his property,
confiscated.
• Magat Salamat, Geronimo Basi, Esteban Taes – were
executed. The rest were given lighter punishments – heavy fines
and some years of exile from their town.
• Pedro Balinguit, Pitonggatan, Felipe Salonga, Calo, and
Agustin Manuguit - were exiled to Mexico

41. • Year: 1589
• Other names: Revolts Against the Tribute, The Cagayan and
Dingras Revolts Against Tribute
• Place: Cagayan; Ilocos Norte
• Result: Failed
• Cause: Ilocanos, Ibanags, and other Fililipons revolted
against alleged abuses by the tax collectors, including the
collection of high taxes.
• It began when six tax collectors who had arrived from Vian
were killed by the natives.

42. • Gobernador-General Santiago de Vera sent
Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacify
the rebels.
• The rebels were eventually pardoned and the
Philippine tax system reformed.
• Rebels failed as they were easily suppressed
by the Spaniards.

44. • Year: 1596
• Place: Cagayan
• Result: Failed
• Leader: Magalat (a rebel from Cagayan)
• Cause: Abuses of tribute collectors.
• During the rule of Governor-General Francisco de Tello
de Guzman, Magalat and his brother instigated the
people of Cagayan to rise in arms against the colonial
government.
• The uprising was suppressed by the authorities; Magalat
and his men were kept exiles.

45. • Cause (continuation):
• Dominican Missionaries of Cagayan persuaded the
Governor to pardon them, after knowing the plight of the
two brothers. The favor was subsequently granted.
• After Magalat was released, he went back to Cagayan and
incited the people to continue to fight.
• Many Spaniards and loyal natives were killed by the rebels.
• Governador Tello sent Capt. Pedro de Chaves to quell
the revolt.

48. • Year: 1601
• Place: Norther Luzon
• Result: Failed
• Cause: Demand for Religious toleration
• Governor-General Tello – ordered an expedition to
Cordillera region for religious conversion purposes with
the aid of Padre Esteban Marin.
• Marin – the curate of Ilocos at that time, tried initially to
convince the Igorots to convert peacefully to Catholicisim.
He was allegedly tried to create his own dictionary in the
Igorot language to advance the cause.

49. • Cause (continuation):
• Igorots killed Marin. Gobernardo-General sent
Captain Aranda with Spanish and Lumad foot soldiers.
• The revolt was short-lived as Aranda made use of
extreme measures and executed them quickly to dispel
the revolt in Cordillera Region.

51. • Year: 1621 – 1622
• Place: Cagayan Valley
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Felipe Cutabay, Gabriel Dayag
• Cause: Oppression of Spanish officials
• The Gaddangs revolted to the encomenderos and
government officials.
• Father Pedro de Santo Tomas – a Dominican Missionary
convinced the 2 rebel leaders to surrender peacefully
along with the other missionaries.
• He succeeded in convincing the Gaddangs to lay down
their arms.

53. • Year: 1622
• Place: Bohol
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Babaylan Tamblot
• Cause: Desire to abandon Christianity and return to old
religious faith.
• 1596 – The Jesuits first came to Bohol and eventually
governed the island and converted the Boholanos to the
Catholic faith.
• Tamblot – a babaylan or native priest, urged his fellow
Boholanos to return to the old belief of their forefathers.

54. • Cause (continuation):
• The revolt began on the day when the Jesuits were in
Cebu, celebrating the feast day of St. Francis Xavier.
• January 1, 1622 – Tamblot was executed and his head
was severed on a pike to serve as a warning to the
populace.

56. • Year: 1622
• Other names: Bankaw Revolt
• Place: Leyte
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Bancao (Datu of Carigara), Babaylan Pagali
• Cause: Desire for religious toleration
• Bancao had warmly received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as
his guest, when he first arrived in the Philippines in 1565.
• Although baptized as a Catholic in his youth, he
abandoned this faith in later years. With a babaylan
Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or local
goddess, and pressed six towns to rise up in revolt.

57. • Cause (continuation):
• Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza
sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan de Alcarazo,
with Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops to
suppress the rebellion.
• Bancao’s severed head was impaled on a bamboo
stake and displayed to the public as a stern
warning.

59. • Year: 1625 – 1639
• Other names: Mandaya Revolt, Itneg and Mandaya Revolt
• Place: Cagayan (Itneg and Mandaya tribe)
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Miguel Lanab, Alababan
• Cause: Desire for independence; punishment of a woman
who displeased certain Spanish officials.
• Miguel Lanab and Alababan – were previously baptized
as Catholics against their will.
• They killed, beheaded and mutilated two Dominican
missionaries, Father Alonzo Garcia and Brother
Onofre Palao who were sent by the Spanish colonial
government to convert the Itneg people to Christianity.

60. • Cause (continuation):
• After cutting Father Garcia’s body into pieces, they fed
his flesh to a herd of pigs.
• They compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate
Catholic images, set fire to the local churches, and
escape with them to the mountains.
• Governor-General Fernando de Silva – sent Spanish
and foot soldier colonial troops to suppress the
rebellion.
• They destroyed farms and other sources of food to
starve the Itnegs, and forced them to surrender.

62. • Year: 1643
• Place: Malolos, Bulacan; Southern Luzon
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Pedro Ladia
• Cause: Weariness from Spanish oppression
• Pedro Ladia – was a Moro Bornean and self-claimed
descendant of Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643.
• At that time, his land was confiscated by the Spanish
and he thought that it was about time that they stage
an uprising and put himself as the King of the
Tagalogs.
• Upon his capture, he was brought to Manila where he
was executed.

63. • Cause (continuation):
• After cutting Father Garcia’s body into pieces, they fed
his flesh to a herd of pigs.
• They compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate
Catholic images, set fire to the local churches, and
escape with them to the mountains.
• Governor-General Fernando de Silva – sent Spanish
and foot soldier colonial troops to suppress the
rebellion.
• They destroyed farms and other sources of food to
starve the Itnegs, and forced them to surrender.

65. • Year: 1649 – 1650
• Other names: Sumuroy Revolt
• Place: Eastern Visayas, North Mindanao, Zamboanga
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Juan Ponce Sumuroy, Pedro Caamug
• Cause: Governor Fajardo’s order to send Visayan laborers to
Cavite for shipbuilding.
• The government in Manila directed that all natives
subject to polo are not to be sent to places distant form
their hometowns to do their forced labor.
• The Warays were being sent to shipyards of Cavity,
which sparked the revolt.

66. • Cause (continuation):
• Local parish priest of Palapag was murdered and the
revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest
of the Visayas, especially in places such as Cebu,
masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camaerines and
parts of Northern Mindanao, such as Surigao.
• Rebel government was successfully established in
the mountains of Samar.

67. • Cause (continuation):
• June 1650 – Sumuroy was defeated, captured, and
executed. His trusted conspirator David Dula, sustained
the quest for freedom with greater vigor.
• One of the battles, he was wounded, captured, and
executed in Palapag, Northern Samar.

69. • Year: 1660 – 1661
• Other names: Pampanga Revolt
• Place: Bacolor, Pampanga
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Francisco Maniago, Andres Malong
• Cause: Failure of officials to pay for rice purchased; repeated
requirements for personal services for cutting of timber;
services for cutting of timber; services for galleon trade
• The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were
busy fighting against the Dutch, they were badly depleted
by the Kapampangans.

72. • Year: 1660 - 1661
• Other names: Pangasinan Revolt
• Place: Binalatongan, Pangasinan
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Andres Malong, Pedro Cumapos
• Cause: Quarrel between Fr. Crospe and Malong.
• Andres Malong – was the maestro de campo of
Binalatongan, now San Carlos City, Pangasinan in 1660s.
• He assisted many Spaniards in governing different
towns in Pangasinan, had learned and was trained to
use force and cruelty.
• Hoped to become the King of the province.

73. • Cause (continuation):
• His plan to be the King of the province was set aside
when Francisco Maniago led a war that broke out in
Pampanga.
• He started his campaign in a small barangay called
Malunguey, but failed.
• Having the same condition as in Pampanga, he led
the people in Pangasinan to take up arms against the
Spaniards. It spread like wild fire in Pangasinan.

76. • Year: 1661
• Other names: Almazan Revolt
• Place: San Nicolas; Bacarra; Laoag
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Juan Magsanop, Pedro Almazan, Gaspar Cristobal
• Cause: A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt. The letters
sent by Don Andres Malong narrating the defeat of the
Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in
arms failed to obtain any support among the natives.
• During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan proclaimed
himself “King of Ilocos,” but was later captured and
executed.

78. • Year: 1663
• Place: Oton, Panay
• Result: Failed
• Leader: Tapar
• Cause: Desire to put up a modified form of Christianity.
• Tapar – a native of the island of Panay, wanted to
establish a religious cult in the town of Oton.
• He attracted some followers with his stories about his
frequent conversations with a demon.
• Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish
against Spanish and colonial foot soldier troops and
their corpses were impaled on stakes.

80. • Year: 1745 - 1746
• Place: Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Morong
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Magtangaga; Tomas Sinaguingan
• Cause: Usurption of Filipino lands by religious orders.
• Filipino landowners rose in arms over the land-grabbing
of Spanish friars, with native landowners demanding that
Spanish priests return their lands on the basis of
ancestral domain.
• The refusal of the Spanish priests resulted in much
rioting, resulting in massive looting of convents and
arson of churches and ranches.

81. • Cause (continuation):
• The case was eventually investigated by Spanish
officials and was even heard in the court of King Philip
IV, in which he ordered the priests to return the lands
they seized.
• The priests were successfully able to appeal the return
of lands back to the natives, which resulted in no land
being returned to native landowners.

83. • Year: 1744 – 1828
• Other names: Dagohoy’s Rebellion
• Place: Bohol
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Francisco Dagohoy
• Cause: Refusal of Fr. Morales to bury the body of Dagohoy’s
brother in consecrated ground.
• His brother died after a duel and local parish priest refused
to give his brother a proper Chrisitan burial, since dueling
is a sin.

85. • Cause (continuation):
• This also led to the establishment of a free Boholano
government.
• Twenty governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to
Manuel Ricafort Palacín y Ararca, failed to stop the
revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 troops to
Bohol, which was defeated by Dagohoy's followers.
Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and
1829, failed as well.

86. Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended,
though, which led to the end of the revolt in 1829.
• Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and
were eventually allowed to live in new Boholano
villages: namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan,
Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian and Sevilla (Cabulao).

88. • Year: 1762 - 1763
• Place: Ilocos
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Diego and Gabriela Silang
• Cause: Desire to expel the Spaniards.
• December 1472 - Diego Silang declared the
independence of Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos"
and proclaimed Vigan the capital of this newly-
independent state. The British heard about this revolt in
Manila and even asked the help of Silang in fighting the
Spanish.

89. • Cause (continuation):
• May 28, 1763 – Diego Silang was killed by Miguel Vicos,
a friend of Silang.
• The Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading
to his death in the arms of his wife, Gabriela.
• She continued her husband's struggle, earning the title
"Joan of Arc of the Ilocos" because of her many
victories in battle.

91. • Cause (continuation):
• September 10, 1763 – The revolt ended with the
defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was executed by
Spanish authorities in Vigan.

93. • Year: 1762 - 1764
• Place: Pangasinan
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Juan de la Cruz (Palaris), Colet (Palaris’ brother),
Andres Lopez, Juan Vera Oncantin
• Cause: Demand for reforms, especially the exhange of local
officials:
• This was to push the government to fulfill the petitions of
the people. They went to Andres Melendez who was at
that time the head of the friars in Lingayen presenting the
following petitions of the people.
• The return of the taxes paid by the people for the year
1762.

94. • Cause (continuation):
• Filipinos sent to Mindanao to fight against the Moros
should not be charged with taxes;
• The four persons that guard the prisoner should wear
Polo so as to show that they are not working for free;
• That the schoolmaster of the all-boys school was to be
stripped of his position because of his slyness;
• Don Joaquin Gamboa should be removed from his
office as the alcalde-mayor of the province;

95. • Cause (continuation):
• Andres Lopez, a native was must be granted
permanence as the Master-of-Camp of the province and
henceforth, this position must be made exclusive to the
citizens of Binalatongan.
• February 26, 1765 - While in detention, he confessed
being the principal leader of the revolt. He was
convicted and hanged.

98. • Year: 1801
• Other names: Ambaristo Revolt
• Place: Pangasinan
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Pedro Mateo, Salarogo Ambaristo
• Cause: Government monopoly of basi (wine) manufacture.
• Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores.
• September 16, 1807 – wine-loving Ilocanos in Piddig
rose in revolt.
• Spanish led troops eventually quelled the revolt on
September 28, 1807.

100. • Year: 1840 – 1841
• Other names: Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule
• Place: Quezon
• Result: Failed
• Leaders: Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule)
• Cause: Being a native, Pule was denied admission as a monk,
he founded the religious brotherhood, Confraternity of
Saint Joseph (Cofradia de San Jose), which was the
government outlawed and ordered dissolved.
• Thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna,
and Manila already joined.

101. • Cause (continuation):
• Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops
to forcibly break up the order, forcing de la Cruz and his
followers to rise in armed revolt in self-defense.
• November 4, 1841 – Spaniards eventually won and de
la Cruz was executed in Tayabas.

104. PRIMARY SOURCES
• The History of the Philippines by Leogardo
• (from JRU Main Library)
• Introduction to Filipino History by Teodoro A. Agoncillo
• (from JRU Main Library)
• The Filipino Nation by Helen R. Tubangui, et.al
• (from JRU Main Library)
• http://www.gutenberg.org/files/36438/36438-h/36438-
h.htm

105. SECONDARY SOURCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_S
pain
• https://www.slideshare.net/NiachleoDianneSaplad/filipino
-revolts
• https://prezi.com/od_bzjnoecqv/revolts-of-lakandula-and-
sulayman-first-pampanga-revolt-the-tondo-conspiracy-
magalats-revolt/