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This document discusses meiosis and gamete formation. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. In males, all four cells become sperm cells. In females, one cell becomes the egg while the other three degenerate. Fertilization restores the diploid number when an egg and sperm fuse. The document also lists some common chromosomal aberrations in humans caused by gains or losses of chromosomes, and their associated characteristics.
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Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex. In most animals, females have two of the same sex chromosome (XX) while males have two different ones (XY). Some organisms use other systems like ZW chromosomes. The discovery of sex chromosomes began in the late 1800s with observations of fireflies and grasshoppers. Sex is also determined by factors like temperature, parasites, size, metabolism and hormones in some species. In humans, the Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which triggers testis development.
Sex chromosome disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities can cause genetic disorders by changing the number or structure of chromosomes. Some abnormalities are caused by changes in the number of sex chromosomes, such as Turner syndrome (XO) in females which causes short stature and infertility. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) in males results in breast development and infertility. Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.
The sex chromosomes and their abnormalities
The document summarizes key aspects of sex chromosomes and their abnormalities:
1) X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females by silencing one X chromosome in females. Structural abnormalities on the X chromosome usually lead to inactivation of the abnormal X to minimize clinical impact.
2) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines testis development. Abnormalities in SRY or downstream genes can cause sex reversal.
3) Deletions of the Y chromosome are associated with spermatogenic failure and infertility in some men. The DAZ gene family may be important for sperm production.
4) Genes escaping X inactivation, particularly on Xp, can have greater effects
Sex chromosomes
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex determination refers to the natural process by which an individual becomes male or female. In humans and most mammals, sex is genetically determined at fertilization by the XY sex determination system, where females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development, making the individual male. In females without a Y chromosome, ovaries develop. To compensate for differences in X chromosome dosage between males and females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in females.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex determination
This document discusses sex chromosomes and sex determination in humans. It notes that humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome determines male sex development, while the absence of a Y chromosome allows for female development. Rare conditions like Down syndrome and hermaphroditism are also discussed briefly in terms of their effects on sex chromosomes or development.
Determination of sex in humans
This document outlines a seminar presentation on sex determination in humans given by Trupthi.A to Dr. C.K. Ramesh at Sahyadri Science College. The presentation covers topics such as sex chromosomes, differences between the X and Y chromosomes, structure of the Y chromosome, the XX-XY type of sex determination, chromosomal disorders including Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome, and diagnostic techniques like karyotyping, Barr body detection, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. The conclusion is that the difference in chromosome constitution, specifically the XX-XY system, is the primary mechanism for determining sex at fertilization in humans.
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Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex. In most animals, females have two of the same sex chromosome (XX) while males have two different ones (XY). Some organisms use other systems like ZW chromosomes. The discovery of sex chromosomes began in the late 1800s with observations of fireflies and grasshoppers. Sex is also determined by factors like temperature, parasites, size, metabolism and hormones in some species. In humans, the Y chromosome carries the SRY gene which triggers testis development.
Sex chromosome disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities can cause genetic disorders by changing the number or structure of chromosomes. Some abnormalities are caused by changes in the number of sex chromosomes, such as Turner syndrome (XO) in females which causes short stature and infertility. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) in males results in breast development and infertility. Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.
The sex chromosomes and their abnormalities
The document summarizes key aspects of sex chromosomes and their abnormalities:
1) X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females by silencing one X chromosome in females. Structural abnormalities on the X chromosome usually lead to inactivation of the abnormal X to minimize clinical impact.
2) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines testis development. Abnormalities in SRY or downstream genes can cause sex reversal.
3) Deletions of the Y chromosome are associated with spermatogenic failure and infertility in some men. The DAZ gene family may be important for sperm production.
4) Genes escaping X inactivation, particularly on Xp, can have greater effects
Sex chromosomes
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex Determnation and sex based inheritance(Genetic)
Sex determination refers to the natural process by which an individual becomes male or female. In humans and most mammals, sex is genetically determined at fertilization by the XY sex determination system, where females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development, making the individual male. In females without a Y chromosome, ovaries develop. To compensate for differences in X chromosome dosage between males and females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in females.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex determination
This document discusses sex chromosomes and sex determination in humans. It notes that humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that are XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome determines male sex development, while the absence of a Y chromosome allows for female development. Rare conditions like Down syndrome and hermaphroditism are also discussed briefly in terms of their effects on sex chromosomes or development.
Determination of sex in humans
This document outlines a seminar presentation on sex determination in humans given by Trupthi.A to Dr. C.K. Ramesh at Sahyadri Science College. The presentation covers topics such as sex chromosomes, differences between the X and Y chromosomes, structure of the Y chromosome, the XX-XY type of sex determination, chromosomal disorders including Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome, and diagnostic techniques like karyotyping, Barr body detection, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. The conclusion is that the difference in chromosome constitution, specifically the XX-XY system, is the primary mechanism for determining sex at fertilization in humans.
BIO420 Chapter 06
1) Sex determination in mammals is primarily determined by the XY sex determination system, with females having XX and males having XY. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of testes.
2) The gonads are initially bipotential but develop into either ovaries or testes based on the sex chromosomes. Testes secrete AMH and testosterone to direct male development while ovaries secrete estrogens for female development.
3) Gametogenesis includes the process of meiosis which produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells in the gonads. In females, oogenesis begins in the embryo but arrests until puberty while spermatogenesis only occurs at puberty in males.
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Genetics chapter 3 part 2
The document provides information and instructions for an upcoming exam. It advises students to arrive early to review and relax, as arriving even a minute late could result in a zero grade. All personal items must be placed at the front of the room, and only a pencil and eraser are allowed during the exam. Use of any electronic devices will result in a zero. Students must write their name on the exam paper and Scantron, and bring a photo ID and student number to turn in the materials. Answer keys will be posted after the exam without photos allowed. Grades will be posted as soon as possible. Cheating is strictly prohibited.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
Sex chromatin and lyon's hypothesis and bar body
Sex chromatin is a condensed mass of the inactive X chromosome found in the nuclei of female cells. It represents one of the two X chromosomes being inactivated according to Lyon's hypothesis. Lyon's hypothesis states that in females, either the maternal or paternal X chromosome is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development so that only one X chromosome is functional per cell. This process of X chromosome inactivation is called Lyonization.
Sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an individual develops into a male or female based on their sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome triggers male development while its absence results in female development, with sex being governed by genes on the sex chromosomes. Human body cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes that do not determine sex and one pair of sex chromosomes that do signal sex determination.
Sexual Differentiation (Learn easy way)
Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and MĂźllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Sex determination in animals
This document provides an overview of sex determination systems in animals. It discusses the main types of sex determination including environmental/non-genetic (influenced by temperature or location), chromosomal (XX-XO, XX-XY, etc.), and genic systems. For chromosomal sex determination, it describes the different mechanisms like XX-XO system found in grasshoppers and XY system common in humans and mice. It also discusses rare systems like haplodiploidy in bees and wasps.
Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
This document discusses sex determination and sex chromosomes across different organisms. It begins by describing primary and secondary sexual differentiation. It then provides examples of sex determination in various species like maize, nematodes, butterflies and humans. In humans, the presence of an X or Y chromosome determines sex, with males having XY and females having XX. Abnormal sex chromosome combinations can result in conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or Turner syndrome. The document also discusses dosage compensation that balances X chromosome expression between males and females. Finally, it notes that temperature during egg incubation can determine sex in some reptiles.
Sex determination in animals and plants
This document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination in animals and plants. It begins by defining sex biologically and describing the basic chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination, including XX-XY and ZW sex determination systems. It then goes into more detail about specific examples like sex determination in Drosophila, humans, and plants. Other mechanisms discussed include XO sex determination, haplodiploidy in hymenoptera, genic balance theory, single gene effects, and cytoplasmic sex determination. Sex differentiation through hormonal effects is also summarized.
Sex determination .ppt
Sex determination in plants involves heterogametic and homogametic sex chromosomes. In some plants like Melandrium, females are heterogametic (ZW) while males are homogametic (ZZ). The sex of offspring depends on the type of sperm fertilizing the egg. In other plants like Vallisneria, males are heterogametic (XY) while females are homogametic (XX). Females produce two types of eggs while males produce two types of sperm, determining sex. Sex determination can also be genetically controlled by single genes or environmentally influenced in some species like alligators.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled genetically and establishes the development of sexual characteristics in organisms. The presence of XX chromosomes in females and XY chromosomes in males is responsible for sex determination in humans and most mammals. During meiosis, females produce only X-bearing eggs while males produce equal numbers of X- and Y-bearing sperm, leading to a 1:1 sex ratio at fertilization. Fusion of an X-bearing sperm produces a XX zygote that develops as a female, while an Y-bearing sperm combines to create a XY zygote that becomes a male.
Human development and sex determination
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes - 23 from each parent. This determines the new individual as either 46,XX (female) or 46,XY (male).
2) The zygote undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo over a series of stages. By the end of the first trimester, all major organ systems have formed.
3) Sexual differentiation is determined by chromosomes, gonads, and hormone exposure. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development; its absence leads to ovaries. Subsequent hormone secretions shape internal and external genitalia along male or female lines.
Sex Determination
This document summarizes sex determination in mammals. It discusses primary sex determination, which is determined chromosomally and involves four key genes: SRY, Sox-9, Dax-1, and Wnt-4. Secondary sex determination is hormone-driven and occurs in two phases during development and adolescence. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone direct the development of sex characteristics. The mechanisms involve a complex interplay between genes on sex chromosomes and autosomes to develop either testes or ovaries, which then secrete hormones that drive phenotypic sex differentiation.
Sci9q1m2 sex chromosome and sex determination
This document discusses human sex determination and sex chromosomes. It notes that males have XY sex chromosomes while females have XX. It explains that sex is determined at conception - if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male, while an X chromosome will result in a female offspring. There is a 50% chance of producing a male or female child. The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness.
Mosaicism and chimerism
cytogenetics- explanation on mosaicism and chimerism. And genetic difference between mosaic and chimera; full mosaic and partial mosaic.
What Is A Male
The document discusses the genetic, gonadal, and structural bases for determining sex. Genetically, females are XX and males are XY. The Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which causes testes to develop in males by week 7 in utero. The testes then secrete testosterone and other hormones which cause the Wolffian ducts to form male structures and the Mullerian ducts to degrade, leading to female internal structure development. In the absence of these male sex hormones, the default female developmental path occurs.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosome abnormalities occur when there are errors in cell division that result in cells having too few or too many chromosomes. There are two main types of chromosome abnormalities: numerical abnormalities like Down syndrome which is Trisomy 21 resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21, and structural abnormalities where part of a chromosome is missing, duplicated, or rearranged. Chromosome abnormalities usually happen during mitosis and meiosis, the two types of cell division where the number of chromosomes should remain the same or be halved, but errors can cause the wrong number of chromosomes to end up in resulting cells.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal theory best explains human sex determination. Females are XX and produce X-bearing eggs, making them homogametic. Males are XY and produce both X- and Y-bearing sperm, making them heterogametic. The presence of a Y chromosome results in male development due to Y-linked genes, while its absence results in female development. Other factors like genetic balance and hormones can influence sex development but not determination.
Chromosomal aberration
This document discusses chromosomal aberrations, which are mutations that cause changes in chromosome structure or number. It describes two main types: structural aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions or duplications; and numerical aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome number like trisomies or monosomies. Several specific chromosomal disorders are also outlined, such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The document provides information on the causes and symptoms of various chromosomal aberrations.
Psyche Determinants 4
This document discusses several key determinants of human behavior including heredity and environment. It provides details on fertilization, gametes, zygotes, chromosomes, genes, DNA structure, and several chromosome abnormalities such as Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome. It also discusses in vitro fertilization, Dolly the sheep who was the first cloned mammal, and some of the history and ethical implications of cloning.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis has two stages, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over. The homologous chromosomes then separate, reducing the chromosome number by half and resulting in two haploid cells. These cells undergo meiosis II without further DNA replication, separating sister chromatids and producing four haploid gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Accidents during meiosis can result in alterations in chromosome number, such as an extra chromosome 21 causing Down syndrome. Chromosome rearrangements from breakage can also occur and cause genetic disorders or cancer.
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BIO420 Chapter 06
1) Sex determination in mammals is primarily determined by the XY sex determination system, with females having XX and males having XY. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of testes.
2) The gonads are initially bipotential but develop into either ovaries or testes based on the sex chromosomes. Testes secrete AMH and testosterone to direct male development while ovaries secrete estrogens for female development.
3) Gametogenesis includes the process of meiosis which produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells in the gonads. In females, oogenesis begins in the embryo but arrests until puberty while spermatogenesis only occurs at puberty in males.
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Genetics chapter 3 part 2
The document provides information and instructions for an upcoming exam. It advises students to arrive early to review and relax, as arriving even a minute late could result in a zero grade. All personal items must be placed at the front of the room, and only a pencil and eraser are allowed during the exam. Use of any electronic devices will result in a zero. Students must write their name on the exam paper and Scantron, and bring a photo ID and student number to turn in the materials. Answer keys will be posted after the exam without photos allowed. Grades will be posted as soon as possible. Cheating is strictly prohibited.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
Sex chromatin and lyon's hypothesis and bar body
Sex chromatin is a condensed mass of the inactive X chromosome found in the nuclei of female cells. It represents one of the two X chromosomes being inactivated according to Lyon's hypothesis. Lyon's hypothesis states that in females, either the maternal or paternal X chromosome is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development so that only one X chromosome is functional per cell. This process of X chromosome inactivation is called Lyonization.
Sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an individual develops into a male or female based on their sex chromosomes. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome triggers male development while its absence results in female development, with sex being governed by genes on the sex chromosomes. Human body cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes that do not determine sex and one pair of sex chromosomes that do signal sex determination.
Sexual Differentiation (Learn easy way)
Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and MĂźllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Sex determination in animals
This document provides an overview of sex determination systems in animals. It discusses the main types of sex determination including environmental/non-genetic (influenced by temperature or location), chromosomal (XX-XO, XX-XY, etc.), and genic systems. For chromosomal sex determination, it describes the different mechanisms like XX-XO system found in grasshoppers and XY system common in humans and mice. It also discusses rare systems like haplodiploidy in bees and wasps.
Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
This document discusses sex determination and sex chromosomes across different organisms. It begins by describing primary and secondary sexual differentiation. It then provides examples of sex determination in various species like maize, nematodes, butterflies and humans. In humans, the presence of an X or Y chromosome determines sex, with males having XY and females having XX. Abnormal sex chromosome combinations can result in conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or Turner syndrome. The document also discusses dosage compensation that balances X chromosome expression between males and females. Finally, it notes that temperature during egg incubation can determine sex in some reptiles.
Sex determination in animals and plants
This document discusses various mechanisms of sex determination in animals and plants. It begins by defining sex biologically and describing the basic chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination, including XX-XY and ZW sex determination systems. It then goes into more detail about specific examples like sex determination in Drosophila, humans, and plants. Other mechanisms discussed include XO sex determination, haplodiploidy in hymenoptera, genic balance theory, single gene effects, and cytoplasmic sex determination. Sex differentiation through hormonal effects is also summarized.
Sex determination .ppt
Sex determination in plants involves heterogametic and homogametic sex chromosomes. In some plants like Melandrium, females are heterogametic (ZW) while males are homogametic (ZZ). The sex of offspring depends on the type of sperm fertilizing the egg. In other plants like Vallisneria, males are heterogametic (XY) while females are homogametic (XX). Females produce two types of eggs while males produce two types of sperm, determining sex. Sex determination can also be genetically controlled by single genes or environmentally influenced in some species like alligators.
Sex determination
Sex determination is controlled genetically and establishes the development of sexual characteristics in organisms. The presence of XX chromosomes in females and XY chromosomes in males is responsible for sex determination in humans and most mammals. During meiosis, females produce only X-bearing eggs while males produce equal numbers of X- and Y-bearing sperm, leading to a 1:1 sex ratio at fertilization. Fusion of an X-bearing sperm produces a XX zygote that develops as a female, while an Y-bearing sperm combines to create a XY zygote that becomes a male.
Human development and sex determination
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes - 23 from each parent. This determines the new individual as either 46,XX (female) or 46,XY (male).
2) The zygote undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo over a series of stages. By the end of the first trimester, all major organ systems have formed.
3) Sexual differentiation is determined by chromosomes, gonads, and hormone exposure. The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development; its absence leads to ovaries. Subsequent hormone secretions shape internal and external genitalia along male or female lines.
Sex Determination
This document summarizes sex determination in mammals. It discusses primary sex determination, which is determined chromosomally and involves four key genes: SRY, Sox-9, Dax-1, and Wnt-4. Secondary sex determination is hormone-driven and occurs in two phases during development and adolescence. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone direct the development of sex characteristics. The mechanisms involve a complex interplay between genes on sex chromosomes and autosomes to develop either testes or ovaries, which then secrete hormones that drive phenotypic sex differentiation.
Sci9q1m2 sex chromosome and sex determination
This document discusses human sex determination and sex chromosomes. It notes that males have XY sex chromosomes while females have XX. It explains that sex is determined at conception - if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be male, while an X chromosome will result in a female offspring. There is a 50% chance of producing a male or female child. The presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness.
Mosaicism and chimerism
cytogenetics- explanation on mosaicism and chimerism. And genetic difference between mosaic and chimera; full mosaic and partial mosaic.
What Is A Male
The document discusses the genetic, gonadal, and structural bases for determining sex. Genetically, females are XX and males are XY. The Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which causes testes to develop in males by week 7 in utero. The testes then secrete testosterone and other hormones which cause the Wolffian ducts to form male structures and the Mullerian ducts to degrade, leading to female internal structure development. In the absence of these male sex hormones, the default female developmental path occurs.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosome abnormalities occur when there are errors in cell division that result in cells having too few or too many chromosomes. There are two main types of chromosome abnormalities: numerical abnormalities like Down syndrome which is Trisomy 21 resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21, and structural abnormalities where part of a chromosome is missing, duplicated, or rearranged. Chromosome abnormalities usually happen during mitosis and meiosis, the two types of cell division where the number of chromosomes should remain the same or be halved, but errors can cause the wrong number of chromosomes to end up in resulting cells.
Sex Determination in Humans
Chromosomal theory best explains human sex determination. Females are XX and produce X-bearing eggs, making them homogametic. Males are XY and produce both X- and Y-bearing sperm, making them heterogametic. The presence of a Y chromosome results in male development due to Y-linked genes, while its absence results in female development. Other factors like genetic balance and hormones can influence sex development but not determination.
Chromosomal aberration
This document discusses chromosomal aberrations, which are mutations that cause changes in chromosome structure or number. It describes two main types: structural aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions or duplications; and numerical aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome number like trisomies or monosomies. Several specific chromosomal disorders are also outlined, such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The document provides information on the causes and symptoms of various chromosomal aberrations.
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Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
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This document discusses several key determinants of human behavior including heredity and environment. It provides details on fertilization, gametes, zygotes, chromosomes, genes, DNA structure, and several chromosome abnormalities such as Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome. It also discusses in vitro fertilization, Dolly the sheep who was the first cloned mammal, and some of the history and ethical implications of cloning.
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Meiosis has two stages, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over. The homologous chromosomes then separate, reducing the chromosome number by half and resulting in two haploid cells. These cells undergo meiosis II without further DNA replication, separating sister chromatids and producing four haploid gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Accidents during meiosis can result in alterations in chromosome number, such as an extra chromosome 21 causing Down syndrome. Chromosome rearrangements from breakage can also occur and cause genetic disorders or cancer.
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This document discusses genes, DNA, and development. It explains that DNA contains genes which make up our genotype that is passed down from our parents. Gene expression and inheritance can occur through different patterns like dominant/recessive, co-dominance, and sex-linked traits. Abnormalities in genes and chromosomes can result in hereditary disorders involving extra or missing chromosomes, including common sex chromosome disorders and Down syndrome. Methods like amniocentesis are used to detect abnormalities, while genetics also influences traits like intelligence and mental health.
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Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution through independent assortment and crossing over.
meiosis ppt.2014.ppt
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each containing a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.
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Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution through independent assortment and crossing over.
meiosis ppt.2014.ppt
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution through independent assortment and crossing over.
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The sexually reproducing organisms are classified into two types such as monoecious (hermaphrodite) and dioecious. In monoecious organisms, both male and female gametes (sex cells) are produced by a single individual. The organisms in which both male and female gametes are produced by different individuals are called dioecious. Living organisms, with a very few exceptions, are differentiated into male and female individuals. The sexes of the individuals are genetically determined.
The biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism is called sex determination.
There are two different systems of sex determination- Chromosomal sex determination and Non-genetic sex determination.
Slideshare presantation
This document provides an overview of meiosis. It begins by defining important vocabulary like diploid, haploid, fertilization and zygote. It then explains that meiosis occurs in sexual reproduction and results in four haploid daughter cells that can mature into gametes. The document outlines the two parts of meiosis - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. It provides details on the phases of each part, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The document also discusses topics like homologous chromosomes, crossing over, sex chromosomes, cytokinesis, spermatogenesis, and conditions caused by non-disjunction like Down's syndrome. In summary, it is a thorough explanation of the process of
Chromosomal theory of heredity. Genetics of a sex
Chromosomal theory of heredity states that chromosomes, not just traits, are inherited. It was developed in 1902 and linked Mendel's work on genes to chromosome behavior. The key points are: chromosomes contain genes and are inherited in pairs from parents; during meiosis homologous chromosomes separate so gametes receive one of each; fertilization restores chromosome pairs. Later, researchers discovered that some genes are linked if on the same chromosome and can be mapped based on recombination rates. Sex chromosomes also carry traits, with mutations on the X chromosome being sex-linked in many species.
chromosome - Chromosomes + Mutations 3.pptx
Chromosomes are thread-like structures found inside the nucleus of cells that contain DNA. The human genome is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Telomeres are non-coding regions at the ends of chromosomes that protect chromosome ends and allow cells to distinguish chromosome ends from broken DNA. Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell and can be diploid, haploid, or polyploid.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process by which sex cells are produced. It involves the copying of chromosomes followed by two cell divisions, resulting in sex cells like sperm and eggs that have half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis, chromosomes are copied once and the nucleus divides twice to produce cells for sexual reproduction that combine during fertilization to form offspring with the full number of chromosomes.
G7 Ch4.1 - Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
This document summarizes sexual reproduction and meiosis. It explains that meiosis is a type of cell division that produces sex cells like sperm and eggs, each with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. Fertilization then occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, restoring the full chromosome number and beginning the development of a new organism. The document also describes how chromosomes are inherited through homologous pairs from each parent and the stages of meiosis.
Chromosomal abnormalities.ppt
Chromosomal abnormalities can be caused by numerical or structural changes to chromosomes. Numerical abnormalities include aneuploidy, where there is an extra or missing chromosome, and polyploidy, where there are multiple sets of chromosomes. They can occur through meiotic or mitotic nondisjunction. Specific aneuploid syndromes include Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. Structural abnormalities involve changes in chromosome structure like translocations, deletions, or duplications. Specific syndromes caused by structural abnormalities include Cri-du-chat syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. Both numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities can cause birth defects, miscarriages, and genetic disorders.
genetics presentation for secondary school
Body cells and gametes have different chromosome numbers and structures. Body cells are diploid with 46 chromosomes, while gametes are haploid with 23 chromosomes. Meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid body cells, reducing the chromosome number and creating genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over. Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of inheritance and provided the foundation for genetics.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells. It involves two nuclear divisions so that the original diploid cell is divided into four haploid cells. This ensures that offspring inherit the correct number of chromosomes from each parent. Important processes in meiosis include homologous chromosomes pairing up and crossing over, which introduces genetic variation. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal mutations like nondisjunction and aneuploidy.
Section 3 the cell and inheritance
Chromosomes play a key role in inheritance by carrying genes from parents to offspring. During meiosis, the process where sex cells are formed, chromosome pairs separate and the number of chromosomes is halved. This ensures each sex cell contains one of each type of chromosome. When fertilization occurs, the sperm and egg fuse and the normal number of chromosome pairs is restored. Genes exist on chromosomes, and each chromosome inherited from a parent during meiosis carries one of the two alleles for each gene. Punnett squares can represent what happens during meiosis and subsequent inheritance of genes from parents to offspring.
Karyotype
The document discusses karyotypes and chromosomes. It defines a karyotype as the chromosome complement of an organism and shows the number, size, and shape of chromosomes. It provides examples of chromosome numbers in various species. It also summarizes techniques like karyotyping, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling that are used to analyze chromosomes. Sex linkage and examples of sex-linked conditions like color blindness and hemophilia are also covered.
AP Bio Ch. 15, part 1
This document discusses genes and chromosomes, summarizing key findings and experiments of early geneticists. It notes that genes are located on chromosomes, and that Thomas Morgan's experiments with fruit flies provided evidence linking genes to chromosomes. Morgan found traits were inherited based on chromosome segregation and independent assortment. His discovery of linked genes on chromosomes supported the chromosome theory of inheritance and established the foundation of modern genetics. The document also discusses sex-linked inheritance and various types of chromosomal mutations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
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Atmosphere
This document discusses key concepts about the atmosphere including:
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Breezes
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Learning about the moon(lunar eclipse)
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Seasons of the phils
The document discusses the day/night cycle and seasons on Earth. It explains that Earth's rotation on its axis causes day and night, and its revolution around the sun takes 365 days. The tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit causes the seasons as different parts receive more/less sunlight over the course of a year. The seasons are distinguished by equinoxes when day and night are equal and solstices when one hemisphere receives more sunlight. The Philippines experiences 2-4 seasons depending on location, with hot/rainy/cool seasons in most areas.
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An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes in front of another, blocking its light. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, casting its shadow on Earth. There are several types of solar eclipses depending on how much of the sun is obscured by the moon, including total, annular, partial, and hybrid eclipses. The moon's shadow during an eclipse consists of the umbra, penumbra, and antumbra regions. Historical beliefs about eclipses included that they were caused by evil spirits or were omens of tragedy.
Weather instruments
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Biomes
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Substances and mixtures(1st)
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Stars
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We present the JWST discovery of SNâ2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
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with a host spectroscopic redshift of
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HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional âdarkâ gravitational force describing the âelasticâ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newtonâs constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional âdark gravity forceâ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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https://ashpc.eu/
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Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted BrÎł emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual HâK and KâL colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (â15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 Âą 20âŚ, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holesâ stars: formationâ Galaxy: centerâ galaxies: star formation
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Â
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Heredity
- 2. â˘GENETICS â branch of biology that studies heredity
- 3. â˘HEREDITY â the passing on of traits from parents to offspring
- 4. â˘TRAITS â characteristics that are inherited
- 5. ⢠Cells which are to become sex cells or gametes undergo two successive cell divisions called meiosis. ⢠The first meiotic division allows crossing-over (exchange of genetic materials) and separation of homologous chromosomes.
- 6. ⢠This results to two haploid cells with genetic variation. ⢠Haploid cells have only one set of chromosomes.
- 7. ⢠The second meiotic division where centromeres split produces four (4) haploid cells with single- stranded chromosomes.
- 8. Spermatogenesis ⢠In the development of the sperm, all these 4 haploid cells become sperm cells
- 9. Oogenesis ⢠In the development of the egg/ovum, only one ovum becomes functional while three much smaller polar bodies disintegrate.
- 10. These haploid gametes (egg and sperm) came from diploid cells â cells with two sets of chromosomes, one set from the father and the other set from the mother.
- 11. Haploid and Diploid Chromosome Numbers of Some Organisms Organism Haploid Number Diploid Number Onion 8 16 Earthworm 18 36 Hamster 22 44 Human 23 46 Chimpanzee 24 48 Amoeba 25 50 HoneybeeHoneybee 28 56 Fern 505 1, 010
- 12. ⢠Human egg or sperm has 23 chromosomes. ⢠If an egg with 23 chromosomes is fertilized by a sperm with the same number of chromosomes, the diploid number of chromosomes (46) is restored in the fertilized egg or zygote.
- 13. ⢠In man 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes and the 23rd pair is called sex chromosomes â XX for the female and XY for the male.
- 14. Chromosomal Aberrations in Man 1. Turner Syndrome Characteristics: Female, sterile, short stature, most have normal intelligence Cause: Monosomy of X Chromosome (XO)
- 15. Chromosomal Aberrations in Man 2. Metafemale Characteristics: Healthy, cannot be distinguished from XX female Cause: Trisomy of X chromosome
- 16. Chromosomal Aberrations in Man 3. Klinefelter Syndrome Characteristics: Abnormally small testes, sterile, enlarged breast, usually with normal intelligence Cause: Extra X chromosome in male (XXY)
- 17. Chromosomal Aberrations in Man 4. Males with extra Y chromosome Characteristics: Taller than average, antisocial, aggressive, criminal tendencies, low IQ Cause: Extra Y chromosome in male (XYY)
- 18. 5. Downâs Syndrome Characteristics: Slanting eyes, Mongolian eyelid fold, mental retardation, heart defects, proneness to respiratory infection, short stature, susceptibility to leukemia and Alzheimerâs disease, sexually under-developed and sterile in general. Cause: Trisomy of chromosome 21
- 19. Chromosomal Aberrations in Man 6. Edwardâs Syndrome Characteristics: Malformations in almost every organ system Cause: Trisomy of chromosome 18
- 20. Chromosomal Aberrations in Man 6. Patau Syndrome Characteristics: Harelip and cleft palate, serious cerebral, ocular and cardiovascular defects Cause: Trisomy of chromosome 13