Chapter 2
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This document discusses carbon compounds and their classes. It introduces carbon catenation, which allows carbon to form chains through covalent bonds. The main classes of carbon compounds discussed are hydrocarbons, which are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be saturated, containing only single bonds, or unsaturated, containing double or triple bonds. Specific types of saturated hydrocarbons discussed include alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons with only single carbon-carbon bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons include alkenes with double bonds and alkynes with triple bonds. The document also discusses cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It introduces molecular and structural formulas for writing formulas of organic compounds.
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Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
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A hydrocarbon is a molecule whose structure includes only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons form bonds with other atoms in order to create organic compounds.
Hydrocarbon derivatives are based on simple hydrocarbon compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain at least one element other than hydrogen or carbon, such as oxygen, nitrogen or one of the halogen atoms (elements in column 7A of the Periodic Table.
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Carbon compounds can be divided into organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon and are obtained from living things, having low boiling points. Inorganic compounds do not come from living things and have higher boiling points. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They can be saturated, containing only single bonds, or unsaturated, containing double or triple bonds. The molecular and structural formulas provide information on the atoms and bonds in a molecule. Naming carbon compounds according to IUPAC guidelines involves a stem/root indicating the number of carbons and an ending denoting the compound class.
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The document discusses carbon and its compounds. It describes carbon's ability to form covalent bonds and share electrons, allowing it to form large molecules and a variety of allotropes and compounds. It discusses the structures of diamond and graphite and categorizes carbon compounds based on bonding and functional groups. Key carbon compounds discussed include ethanol and ethanoic acid, along with their properties and reactions.
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1. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions where they burn with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. They also undergo substitution reactions with halogens.
2. Long chain alkanes found in petroleum can be cracked into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes through thermal cracking. Short chain alkanes are used as fuels and alkenes are used to make polymers.
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Alkanes are hydrocarbons composed solely of carbon and hydrogen. They form single bonds between carbon atoms, giving them linear, branched, or cyclic molecular structures. Common alkanes include butane and ethyl pentane. Due to their combustibility, alkanes are used to produce flammable gases though their reactivity depends on the number of carbon atoms.
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This compound is 2-methylbut-1-yne.
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1) The parent name is butyne since it is a 4-carbon chain with the triple bond.
2) The carbon atoms of the triple bond get the lowest possible numbers, which is 1.
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so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
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Carbon and its compunds
This document provides an introduction to carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon can bond with itself and other elements in different ways due to its valence of 4. This allows it to form many compounds, which are discussed in organic chemistry. Different allotropes of carbon are mentioned, including diamond and graphite. The document also defines single, double, and triple covalent bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared between atoms. Hydrocarbons are introduced as compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and are classified as aliphatic and aromatic. Specific aliphatic hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed in terms of their general formulas and carbon bonding structures.
Carbon and its compounds
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Carbon and its compounds
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Similar to Chapter 2 (20)
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Soil resources
The document discusses soil resources and composition. Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Organic matter like humus improves soil quality by enhancing moisture retention and providing nutrients. Soil texture depends on mineral particle size. The layers of soil include the O horizon of decomposing plant matter, the A horizon containing humus and minerals, the B horizon receiving materials from the A, the C horizon of weathered bedrock, and the R horizon of unweathered bedrock.
The environment of the philippines.pptx
This document discusses different coordinate systems including the Cartesian coordinate system, one-dimensional system, and three-dimensional system. It then focuses on two coordinate systems used for locating places on Earth: the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system and the geographic coordinate system. The geographic coordinate system uses latitude and longitude measured in degrees relative to the equator and prime meridian to specify locations.
The location of the philippines
The document discusses the location of the Philippines and the different continents. It notes that a long time ago, all the continents were joined together in a landmass called Pangaea, surrounded by water called Panthalassa. It provides details about the seven continents, with Asia being the largest and Australia the smallest. The document specifies that the Philippines is located in Asia as one of the 11 Southeast Asian nations, and gives more information about the country's geography as an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands grouped into Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, surrounded by various seas and oceans.
Atmosphere
This document discusses key concepts about the atmosphere including:
- Climate refers to average weather conditions over long periods, while weather describes current atmospheric conditions.
- Key weather elements are air temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, precipitation, visibility, and wind.
- Meteorology is the scientific study of atmospheric elements and phenomena.
- Atmospheric pressure, density, and temperature vary with altitude and play important roles.
- Clouds are classified based on their altitude and shape into high, middle, and low clouds.
Breezes
This document discusses several key concepts related to physics. It defines breeze as wind near bodies of water. It then explains specific heat capacity as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a material by one degree Celsius. Specific heat is described as how slowly an object heats up and cools down. The document also defines pressure as the ratio of force per unit area. Density is explained as the ratio of mass to volume, with denser materials sinking and less dense materials floating. Finally, it outlines the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction through physical contact, radiation through electromagnetic waves, and convection through fluid movement.
Learning about the moon(lunar eclipse)
The document discusses the moon and tides. It describes the different phases of the moon including new moon, waxing crescent, quarter moon, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. It also explains the three types of lunar eclipses: total, partial, and penumbral. Additionally, it discusses what causes tides to rise and fall, noting that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. Spring tides occur during full and new moons when their effects combine, while neap tides occur during quarter moons.
Seasons of the phils
The document discusses the day/night cycle and seasons on Earth. It explains that Earth's rotation on its axis causes day and night, and its revolution around the sun takes 365 days. The tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit causes the seasons as different parts receive more/less sunlight over the course of a year. The seasons are distinguished by equinoxes when day and night are equal and solstices when one hemisphere receives more sunlight. The Philippines experiences 2-4 seasons depending on location, with hot/rainy/cool seasons in most areas.
The basics of solar eclipse
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes in front of another, blocking its light. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, casting its shadow on Earth. There are several types of solar eclipses depending on how much of the sun is obscured by the moon, including total, annular, partial, and hybrid eclipses. The moon's shadow during an eclipse consists of the umbra, penumbra, and antumbra regions. Historical beliefs about eclipses included that they were caused by evil spirits or were omens of tragedy.
Weather instruments
The document describes various weather instruments and their uses, including anemometers, barometers, hygrometers, radars, radiosondes, weather balloons, weather satellites, wind vanes, and thermometers. It also discusses different weather disturbances like drizzles, typhoons, tropical cyclones, and hurricanes. Monsoons, trade winds, and the intertropical convergence zone are explained. Public storm warning signals issued by PAGASA are outlined. Greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect, and global warming are briefly covered.
Biomes
There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, tundra, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland. Aquatic biomes include freshwater biomes like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, as well as marine biomes like estuaries, mangrove forests, coral reefs, and different ocean zones. Biomes are characterized by their climate, plants, and animals that are adapted to that environment.
Separation techniques
This document describes several methods for separating mixtures: mechanical or manual separation uses hands or tools to separate solids; filtration uses a sieve or filter to separate insoluble particles from liquids; decantation relies on differences in density to separate solids from liquids; a separating funnel partitions liquid mixtures into immiscible phases; dissolution separates insoluble solids from soluble ones using a solvent; and distillation separates liquid solvents from solutions by boiling and condensing vapors.
Substances and mixtures(1st)
This document discusses substances and mixtures. It defines a pure substance as matter that has consistent properties and composition that does not vary between samples and cannot be separated into other substances using physical or mechanical means. A mixture is defined as the physical combination of two or more substances where the composition varies between samples. The document also notes that chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, and changes it undergoes. It categorizes mixtures as either homogeneous, with a uniform phase and appearance, or heterogeneous, with no uniform phase or appearance.
Sci method(gr.7)
Measurement is the skill of using the proper measuring tool for a given situation, such as using a ruler to measure length or a thermometer to measure temperature. Prediction is the ability to forecast a future outcome based on evidence of a pattern. Some common quantities that are measured include mass, length, temperature, time, and volume.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes are openings in the Earth's crust where lava emerges. There are three main volcanic belts: the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Mid-Oceanic Ridge, and the Mid-Continental Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire contains around 75% of the world's active volcanoes along the Pacific Ocean basin. Volcanoes can be classified as active, dormant, or extinct based on recent eruptive activity. The main parts of a volcano include the magma chamber, vent, crater, and cone shape. Different types of volcanoes include cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and composite or stratovolcanoes.
Stars
Stars are huge balls of gases that emit their own light through nuclear fusion. A star's magnitude describes its brightness, with apparent magnitude referring to brightness as seen from Earth and absolute magnitude referring to the amount of light it intrinsically emits. Stars are classified according to their color, from hottest to coolest, and shown on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which plots stars' temperatures and luminosities. Stars are born in nebulae, where increasing temperatures from hydrogen collisions eventually lead to nuclear fusion, the birth of a protostar.
Momentum
The document discusses momentum and its conservation. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and lists mass and velocity as the factors that affect momentum. It then explains that the total momentum of objects in a collision is conserved before and after the collision according to the law of conservation of momentum. This applies to isolated systems where there are no external forces.
Major climate zones on earth
This document discusses the three major climate zones and their associated biomes: tropical, temperate, and polar. The tropical zone features rainforests, savannas, and deserts. Temperate zones are defined by four seasons and include forests, grasslands, and deserts. Polar zones are characterized by year-round cold and include tundra and boreal forests. Within each climate zone are different biomes defined by precipitation levels and vegetation types.
Factors that affect climate
Latitude, elevation, proximity to bodies of water, ocean currents, and mountain ranges are the key factors that affect climate. Places near the equator experience warm climates due to direct sunlight, while areas far from the equator have cold climates. Higher elevations experience cooler temperatures than lower elevations. Ocean currents transport warm and cold water from the equator to the poles, impacting nearby climates. Mountains also influence climate, with windward sides facing prevailing winds receiving more precipitation than leeward sides sheltered from winds.
Constellations
Constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that represent pictures or shapes. There are 88 official constellations defined by the IAU. Circumpolar constellations like Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, and Draco can be seen all year from northern latitudes as they circle the North Star Polaris. Other notable constellations include Orion the hunter, Canis Major containing the brightest star Sirius, and Scorpius containing the bright star Antares.
Bond formation (l3)
This document discusses different types of bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and the structures that represent them. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Lewis structures use dots to represent valence electrons and show how atoms are arranged and bonded in molecules through single, double or triple bonds to achieve stable octets. Resonance structures depict alternative but equally valid Lewis structures for some molecules.
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Classification
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Masking and demasking reagents
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formation of complex
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
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spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
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mitigated, at least in part.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
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Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
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Or: Beyond linear.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
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Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
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Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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Chapter 2
- 1. CHAPTER 2: Carbon and Its Compounds
- 2. Lesson 1: Introduction to the study of Carbon Compounds work on urea in 1800 made him earn the Father of Organic Chemistry
- 3. CATENATION • is the chemical property that enables an atom to form chains of covalent bonds with its own kind.
- 5. HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up chiefly of carbon and hydrogen
- 7. SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS Are those hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms
- 8. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • are those hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms
- 9. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS - are hydrocarbons joined by single covalent bonds UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS - contain multiple bonds either double or triple bonds
- 10. ALKANES (SATURATED HYDROCARBONS) • Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds. • Alkanes are also called paraffins.
- 11. TEN BASIC ALKANES • google
- 12. ALKANES • Methane is the chief constituent of natural gas. • Ethane is also found in cooking gas. • Propane is found in LPG (Liquified Petrolium Gas ). • Butane is the fuel in cigarette lighters.
- 13. ALKENES AND ALKYNES(Unsaturated Carbons) • Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds. • Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond in the carbon chain.
- 14. CYCLIC HYDROCARONS • Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes may form ring or closed-chain hydrocarbons – they are often referred as CYCLIC.
- 15. AROMATIC HYDROCARONS • Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons containing a ring of six carbon atoms, each with only one hydrogen atoms(or other group) attached.
- 16. LESSON 3 Naming and Writing Formulas of Hydrocarbons
- 17. MOLECULAR FORMULA • Molecular formula gives the kind and number of each type of atoms composing an organic compound.
- 18. STRUCTURAL FORMULA • Structural formula is a formula that shows the actual structure of the molecule and gives all the atoms in a sequential order indicating bonding patterns.
- 19. TEN BASIC ALKANES • google
- 21. ALKYNES EXPANDED STRUCTURE CONDENSED STRUCTURE