Soil resources
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The document discusses soil resources and composition. Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Organic matter like humus improves soil quality by enhancing moisture retention and providing nutrients. Soil texture depends on mineral particle size. The layers of soil include the O horizon of decomposing plant matter, the A horizon containing humus and minerals, the B horizon receiving materials from the A, the C horizon of weathered bedrock, and the R horizon of unweathered bedrock.
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The document discusses soil profiles and their components. A soil profile consists of horizontal layers called horizons that vary in properties like thickness, structure, and composition. The main horizons are O (organic matter), A (topsoil), E (leaching layer), B (subsoil), C (saprolite), and R (bedrock). Each horizon has distinct characteristics regarding depth, color, organic content, and weathering that make up the vertical section of soil. Studying soil profiles provides information about soil development and composition at different depths.
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The location of the philippines
The document discusses the location of the Philippines and the different continents. It notes that a long time ago, all the continents were joined together in a landmass called Pangaea, surrounded by water called Panthalassa. It provides details about the seven continents, with Asia being the largest and Australia the smallest. The document specifies that the Philippines is located in Asia as one of the 11 Southeast Asian nations, and gives more information about the country's geography as an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands grouped into Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, surrounded by various seas and oceans.
Atmosphere
This document discusses key concepts about the atmosphere including:
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This document discusses several key concepts related to physics. It defines breeze as wind near bodies of water. It then explains specific heat capacity as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a material by one degree Celsius. Specific heat is described as how slowly an object heats up and cools down. The document also defines pressure as the ratio of force per unit area. Density is explained as the ratio of mass to volume, with denser materials sinking and less dense materials floating. Finally, it outlines the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction through physical contact, radiation through electromagnetic waves, and convection through fluid movement.
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Weather instruments
The document describes various weather instruments and their uses, including anemometers, barometers, hygrometers, radars, radiosondes, weather balloons, weather satellites, wind vanes, and thermometers. It also discusses different weather disturbances like drizzles, typhoons, tropical cyclones, and hurricanes. Monsoons, trade winds, and the intertropical convergence zone are explained. Public storm warning signals issued by PAGASA are outlined. Greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect, and global warming are briefly covered.
Biomes
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Separation techniques
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We present the JWST discovery of SNā2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
ā
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
Ā±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SNāIa, SNā2023adsy is both fairly red (
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNeāIa, SNā2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SNāIa standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNeāIa is required to determine if SNāIa population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
ļæ½
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
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Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
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Examples of mutualism:
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Compound A
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Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
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Products
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https://hal.science/hal-04582287
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Soil resources
- 2. SOIL RESOURCES ā¢ The Philippines is rich in agricultural land with soil that is good for planting crops. ā¢ The soil is a mixture of a lot of matter. ā¢ It is a complex combination of several materials and may vary in composition from one place to another.
- 3. SOIL RESOURCES ā¢ Most soils contain the following mineral, particles, water, organic matter, and air. ā¢ Organic Matter - refers to the composition of soil that includes humus, roots and other organisms ā¢ Humus - is a biochemical substance that may refer to the layer of soil that contains organic matter
- 4. Benefits from Humus: ā¢ Improves the composition of the soil necessary for plant growth and development. ā¢ Enhances the ability of the soil to hold moisture. ā¢ Provides a primary source of carbon and nitrogen for the nutrition of the plants.
- 5. ā¢ Soil Texture - refers to the size distribution of the mineral composition of the soil
- 6. Chemical Processes in Soil ā¢ Weathering ā¢ Erosion 2 Types of Weathering ā¢ Physical Weathering ā¢ Chemical Weathering
- 7. 2 Types of Weathering ā¢ Physical Weathering - involves the disintegration of rock particles into smaller particles without chemical alteration ā¢ Chemical Weathering - involves in the change in the size of rock due to chemical reactions wherein the rocks are exposed.
- 8. LAYERS OF THE SOIL PROCESSES INVOLVED ā¢ Chemical Weathering ā¢ Eluviation ā¢ Illuviation ā¢ Organic Decomposition
- 9. PROCESSES INVOLVED Eluviation - is the process of removing materials from the soil horizon Illuviation - is the process of accumulating dissolved or suspended soil materials in one horizon Organic Decomposition - is the natural disintegration of organic materials
- 10. LAYERS OF THE SOIL
- 11. LAYERS OF THE SOIL O HORIZON - is the topmost horizon - mainly composed of plant litter that may be of varying levels of decomposition - it includes humus
- 12. LAYERS OF THE SOIL A HORIZON - is the layer below the 0 horizon - primarily made up of mineral particles and has two distinct characteristics: (1) Humus and other organic materials are mixed in this part with mineral particles. (2) A layer of translocation ; a layer where darker color and smoother texture
- 13. LAYERS OF THE SOIL B HORIZON - is a layer of mineral soil strongly influenced by illuviation - receives materials that are eluviated from the A Horizon
- 14. LAYERS OF THE SOIL C HORIZON - is made up of weathered and parent materials - has a variable texture ranging from small small fine clay to big boulders
- 15. LAYERS OF THE SOIL R HORIZON - is the lowest layer that includes unweathered hard bedrock
- 16. WATER AND THE EARTHāS HYDROSPHERE HYDROSPHERE - refers to the layer of water at or near Earthās surface
- 17. BIZONES OF THE OCEANS
- 18. BIOZONES OF THE OCEANS TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF OCEAN HABITATS (1) BENTHIC refers to the seafloor, including the salt marsh to the deep trenches of the ocean. (2) PELAGIC pertains to the water column, including that of the surface to the place just above the bottom of the ocean. The NERITIC or COASTAL WATERS refer to shallow water less than 200 m depth.
- 19. VERTICAL or DEPTH ZONES Vertical / Depth Zones - refers to that subdivision of the ocean depending upon vertical layers
- 20. VERTICAL or DEPTH ZONES Epipelagic Zone / Photic Zone - refers to the part of the ocean from the surface to a depth of about 200 m - most life is found because it is exposed to sunlight Mesopelagic Zone - is the zone that extends from a depth of 200 m to around 1 000 m. - it is called dysphotic zone
- 21. VERTICAL or DEPTH ZONES Bathypelagic Zone - is the zone extending from 1 000 m to a depth of about 4 000 m - also called the aphotic zone Abysopelagic zone - extends from 4 000 to about 6 000 m Hadopelagic zone - Is the zone below 6 000 meters - Characterized as dark, cold, with extreme pressure, and low in oxygen - Very few organisms live in these deepest parts of the ocean
- 22. VERTICAL or DEPTH ZONES Bathypelagic Zone - is the zone extending from 1 000 m to a depth of about 4 000 m - also called the aphotic zone Abysopelagic zone - extends from 4 000 to about 6 000 m Hadopelagic zone - Is the zone below 6 000 meters - Characterized as dark, cold, with extreme pressure, and low in oxygen - Very few organisms live in these deepest parts of the ocean
- 24. BENTHIC ZONE Supralittoral Zone - refers to the highest and driest zone with limited to no water Littoral zone - Is the intertidal zone that is covered by water during high tide but is exposed to air during low tide Sublittoral zone - Is an area below the littoral zone that is always covered by water