Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex determination is important to distinguish an organism as male, female and hermaphrodite. XX-XY sex determination is one type of determination which is found in mammals, plants and insects.
The determination of the sex in an animal is the complex system for deciding the sex of organism. it is depends on the chromosomes present in the animals. some animals determine the sex of an animal by external environmental factors.
Sex determination is important to distinguish an organism as male, female and hermaphrodite. XX-XO sex determination is one type of determination which is found in plants and insects
XX-XY sex determination is one of the chromosomal sex determination where sperm determines the sex of the progeny. This type of sex determination is seen in plants also. MELANDRIUM ALBUM is one.
Sex determination is important to distinguish an organism as male, female and hermaphrodite. XX-XY sex determination is one type of determination which is found in mammals, plants and insects.
The determination of the sex in an animal is the complex system for deciding the sex of organism. it is depends on the chromosomes present in the animals. some animals determine the sex of an animal by external environmental factors.
Sex determination is important to distinguish an organism as male, female and hermaphrodite. XX-XO sex determination is one type of determination which is found in plants and insects
XX-XY sex determination is one of the chromosomal sex determination where sperm determines the sex of the progeny. This type of sex determination is seen in plants also. MELANDRIUM ALBUM is one.
Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.pptxSeemaGaikwad15
The sexually reproducing organisms are classified into two types such as monoecious (hermaphrodite) and dioecious. In monoecious organisms, both male and female gametes (sex cells) are produced by a single individual. The organisms in which both male and female gametes are produced by different individuals are called dioecious. Living organisms, with a very few exceptions, are differentiated into male and female individuals. The sexes of the individuals are genetically determined.
The biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism is called sex determination.
There are two different systems of sex determination- Chromosomal sex determination and Non-genetic sex determination.
2. What are heteromorphic chromosomesA chromosome pair with some .pdfkaran8801
2. What are heteromorphic chromosomes?
A chromosome pair with some homology but differing in size, shape, or staining properties.
Homologous chromosome pair which are not morphologically identical (e.g the sex
chromosomes).
3. What is a heterogametic gender?
Heterogametic sex (digametic sex) refers to the sex of a species in which the sex chromosomes
are not the same. For example, in humans, males, with an X and a Y sex chromosome, would be
referred to as the heterogametic sex, and females having two X sex chromosomes would be
referred to as the homogametic sex.
However, in birds, and some reptiles, males have two Z sex chromosomes and so are the
homogametic sex, while females, with one Z and one W chromosome, are the heterogametic sex.
Among the insects, Lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) have heterogametic females, but in
Drosophila, males are the heterogametic sex.
Heterogamesis can lead to reduced or absent meiotic recombination between the sex
chromosomes, and in some species this extends to the autosomes, a phenomenon called
achiasmy. For example, most lineages of male Drosophila melanogaster flies are achiasmic,
lacking recombination on all chromosomes, although females show recombination
4. What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome?
Autosomes are the somatic chromosomes which control the body characters or somatic
characters, Whereas Sex chromosomes are the allosomes which determines sex of an individual.
The normal human has 23 different types of chromosomes and 2 copies of each from each
parent, adding up to a total of 46 chromosomes per cell. One of the 23 is a sex chromosome (X
or Y), and the other 22 are autosomes.
Autosomes are any of the chromosomes which do not determine sex. In humans there are 44
autosomes in humans out of a total of 46 chromosomes. Sex chromosomes determine the sex of
an individual. There are 2 sex chromosomes in most organisms. If an organism has 2 X
chromosomes (XX), then it is a female. If the organism has one X and one Y chromosome (XY),
then it is a male.
Autosomes determine the traits that will be expressed while sex chromosomes determine the
gender of the individual. However, many traits are said to be sex linked, with most sex linked
traits (such as colorblindness) being linked through the X chromosome. This is why more males
than females are colorblind.
5. What is the difference between sex-limited and sex-linked inheritance?
Some traits are carried on the sex chromosomes, X and Y. Most traits carried are present on only
the X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is smaller, and so, very few genes are located on this
chromosome.
Sex traits can be categorized into three types of inheritance: sex-limited, sex-linked, and sex-
influenced.
Sex-limited traits are traits that are visible only within one sex. For instance, barred coloring in
chickens normally is visible only in the roosters.
Sex-linked traits would be considered traits like sickle cell anemia and color blindness. They are.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. In mammals the gender of an individual is determined by the combination of the sex
chromosomes. Females posses two X-chromosomes and are said to be homogametic whereas males are
heterogametic with one each of an X- and Y-chromosome. Females can only donate an X-chromosome. If the
male also donates an X-chromosome the offspring will be female. If the male donates a Y-chromosome the
offspring will be heterogametic and consequently male. In mammals the sex chromosomes are very different
sizes.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. We have said that humans cells have 46 chromosome which consist
of two sets of 23. Of those 23 chromosomes in a haploid set, 22
have nothing to do with the determination of sex during fetal
development. They are called autosomes. However, the remaining
chromosome is called a sex chromosome which can be found in two
different forms: X and Y. Normal females have XX combinations.
Normal males have XY combinations.
9. Cells of females have two X chromosomes. Cells of males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Meiosis produces female gametes which all contain one X chromosome. Half of the male gametes contain an X and
half contain a Y chromosome.
10. The sperm cell are the male reproductive cell, this cells contain one X and one Y chromosome.
11. The egg cell are the female reproductive cell, these cells contain two X chromosome.
15. Turner Syndrome affects 60,000 girls and women in the United States. This disorder occurs in 1 in 2000
to 1 in 2500 live births, with about 800 new cases diagnosed each year. Symptoms include short stature and lack of
ovarian development. Other features, such as webbed neck, arms that turn out slightly at the elbow, and a low hairline
in the back of the heads are sometimes seen.
Women and girls with Turner Syndrome have only one X chromosome. This is an example of monosomy.
16. Before meiosis the precursor cells of sperm and ovum undergo DNA replication. Only only chromosome
is shown e.g. the sex chromosome of a male (XY). Blue: replicated Y chromsome, red; replicated X chromosome.
Meiosis I results in two daughter cells, one cell contains the replicated Y chromosome, the other the replicated X
chromosome. In meiosis 2 the replicated Y and X chromosomes are separated to form the haploid sperm. The
separation of the Y chromosome was normal, however in this example the x chromosome did not sepatate. Among the
two resulting sperms one has no X chromosome, the other one has two X chromosomes. If an egg is fertilized with the
sperm without the X chromosome a OX condition is exists (Turner syndrome) . If an egg is fertilized with the sperm that
has the two X chromosomes a condition XXX exists .
17. Trisonomy 21 also known as down syndrome have 3 chromosomes in the 21 pair of chromosome.