The environment of the philippines.pptx
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This document discusses different coordinate systems including the Cartesian coordinate system, one-dimensional system, and three-dimensional system. It then focuses on two coordinate systems used for locating places on Earth: the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system and the geographic coordinate system. The geographic coordinate system uses latitude and longitude measured in degrees relative to the equator and prime meridian to specify locations.
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• Areas smaller than 25 x 25 km:
No distortions
• Areas larger than 25 x 25 km:
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Properties of map projections
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Soil resources
The document discusses soil resources and composition. Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Organic matter like humus improves soil quality by enhancing moisture retention and providing nutrients. Soil texture depends on mineral particle size. The layers of soil include the O horizon of decomposing plant matter, the A horizon containing humus and minerals, the B horizon receiving materials from the A, the C horizon of weathered bedrock, and the R horizon of unweathered bedrock.
The location of the philippines
The document discusses the location of the Philippines and the different continents. It notes that a long time ago, all the continents were joined together in a landmass called Pangaea, surrounded by water called Panthalassa. It provides details about the seven continents, with Asia being the largest and Australia the smallest. The document specifies that the Philippines is located in Asia as one of the 11 Southeast Asian nations, and gives more information about the country's geography as an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands grouped into Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, surrounded by various seas and oceans.
Atmosphere
This document discusses key concepts about the atmosphere including:
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- Key weather elements are air temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, precipitation, visibility, and wind.
- Meteorology is the scientific study of atmospheric elements and phenomena.
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Breezes
This document discusses several key concepts related to physics. It defines breeze as wind near bodies of water. It then explains specific heat capacity as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a material by one degree Celsius. Specific heat is described as how slowly an object heats up and cools down. The document also defines pressure as the ratio of force per unit area. Density is explained as the ratio of mass to volume, with denser materials sinking and less dense materials floating. Finally, it outlines the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction through physical contact, radiation through electromagnetic waves, and convection through fluid movement.
Learning about the moon(lunar eclipse)
The document discusses the moon and tides. It describes the different phases of the moon including new moon, waxing crescent, quarter moon, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. It also explains the three types of lunar eclipses: total, partial, and penumbral. Additionally, it discusses what causes tides to rise and fall, noting that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. Spring tides occur during full and new moons when their effects combine, while neap tides occur during quarter moons.
Seasons of the phils
The document discusses the day/night cycle and seasons on Earth. It explains that Earth's rotation on its axis causes day and night, and its revolution around the sun takes 365 days. The tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit causes the seasons as different parts receive more/less sunlight over the course of a year. The seasons are distinguished by equinoxes when day and night are equal and solstices when one hemisphere receives more sunlight. The Philippines experiences 2-4 seasons depending on location, with hot/rainy/cool seasons in most areas.
The basics of solar eclipse
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes in front of another, blocking its light. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, casting its shadow on Earth. There are several types of solar eclipses depending on how much of the sun is obscured by the moon, including total, annular, partial, and hybrid eclipses. The moon's shadow during an eclipse consists of the umbra, penumbra, and antumbra regions. Historical beliefs about eclipses included that they were caused by evil spirits or were omens of tragedy.
Weather instruments
The document describes various weather instruments and their uses, including anemometers, barometers, hygrometers, radars, radiosondes, weather balloons, weather satellites, wind vanes, and thermometers. It also discusses different weather disturbances like drizzles, typhoons, tropical cyclones, and hurricanes. Monsoons, trade winds, and the intertropical convergence zone are explained. Public storm warning signals issued by PAGASA are outlined. Greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect, and global warming are briefly covered.
Biomes
There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, tundra, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland. Aquatic biomes include freshwater biomes like lakes, rivers, and wetlands, as well as marine biomes like estuaries, mangrove forests, coral reefs, and different ocean zones. Biomes are characterized by their climate, plants, and animals that are adapted to that environment.
Separation techniques
This document describes several methods for separating mixtures: mechanical or manual separation uses hands or tools to separate solids; filtration uses a sieve or filter to separate insoluble particles from liquids; decantation relies on differences in density to separate solids from liquids; a separating funnel partitions liquid mixtures into immiscible phases; dissolution separates insoluble solids from soluble ones using a solvent; and distillation separates liquid solvents from solutions by boiling and condensing vapors.
Substances and mixtures(1st)
This document discusses substances and mixtures. It defines a pure substance as matter that has consistent properties and composition that does not vary between samples and cannot be separated into other substances using physical or mechanical means. A mixture is defined as the physical combination of two or more substances where the composition varies between samples. The document also notes that chemistry is the study of matter, its composition, and changes it undergoes. It categorizes mixtures as either homogeneous, with a uniform phase and appearance, or heterogeneous, with no uniform phase or appearance.
Sci method(gr.7)
Measurement is the skill of using the proper measuring tool for a given situation, such as using a ruler to measure length or a thermometer to measure temperature. Prediction is the ability to forecast a future outcome based on evidence of a pattern. Some common quantities that are measured include mass, length, temperature, time, and volume.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes are openings in the Earth's crust where lava emerges. There are three main volcanic belts: the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Mid-Oceanic Ridge, and the Mid-Continental Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire contains around 75% of the world's active volcanoes along the Pacific Ocean basin. Volcanoes can be classified as active, dormant, or extinct based on recent eruptive activity. The main parts of a volcano include the magma chamber, vent, crater, and cone shape. Different types of volcanoes include cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and composite or stratovolcanoes.
Stars
Stars are huge balls of gases that emit their own light through nuclear fusion. A star's magnitude describes its brightness, with apparent magnitude referring to brightness as seen from Earth and absolute magnitude referring to the amount of light it intrinsically emits. Stars are classified according to their color, from hottest to coolest, and shown on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which plots stars' temperatures and luminosities. Stars are born in nebulae, where increasing temperatures from hydrogen collisions eventually lead to nuclear fusion, the birth of a protostar.
Momentum
The document discusses momentum and its conservation. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and lists mass and velocity as the factors that affect momentum. It then explains that the total momentum of objects in a collision is conserved before and after the collision according to the law of conservation of momentum. This applies to isolated systems where there are no external forces.
Major climate zones on earth
This document discusses the three major climate zones and their associated biomes: tropical, temperate, and polar. The tropical zone features rainforests, savannas, and deserts. Temperate zones are defined by four seasons and include forests, grasslands, and deserts. Polar zones are characterized by year-round cold and include tundra and boreal forests. Within each climate zone are different biomes defined by precipitation levels and vegetation types.
Factors that affect climate
Latitude, elevation, proximity to bodies of water, ocean currents, and mountain ranges are the key factors that affect climate. Places near the equator experience warm climates due to direct sunlight, while areas far from the equator have cold climates. Higher elevations experience cooler temperatures than lower elevations. Ocean currents transport warm and cold water from the equator to the poles, impacting nearby climates. Mountains also influence climate, with windward sides facing prevailing winds receiving more precipitation than leeward sides sheltered from winds.
Constellations
Constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that represent pictures or shapes. There are 88 official constellations defined by the IAU. Circumpolar constellations like Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, and Draco can be seen all year from northern latitudes as they circle the North Star Polaris. Other notable constellations include Orion the hunter, Canis Major containing the brightest star Sirius, and Scorpius containing the bright star Antares.
Chapter 2
This document discusses carbon compounds and their classes. It introduces carbon catenation, which allows carbon to form chains through covalent bonds. The main classes of carbon compounds discussed are hydrocarbons, which are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be saturated, containing only single bonds, or unsaturated, containing double or triple bonds. Specific types of saturated hydrocarbons discussed include alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons with only single carbon-carbon bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons include alkenes with double bonds and alkynes with triple bonds. The document also discusses cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It introduces molecular and structural formulas for writing formulas of organic compounds.
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This document discusses different types of bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and the structures that represent them. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Lewis structures use dots to represent valence electrons and show how atoms are arranged and bonded in molecules through single, double or triple bonds to achieve stable octets. Resonance structures depict alternative but equally valid Lewis structures for some molecules.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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The environment of the philippines.pptx
- 2. The Coordinate Sytem • Coordinate System - is an organized way of uniquely defining the location of a point using a number or a set of numbers Ex. Cartesian Coordinate System -this system uses an ordered pair of numbers that specifies the unique location of a point
- 3. The Coordinate Sytem • Each line in the Cartesian coordinate system is called an axis. • The horizontal line is the x-axis and the vertical line is the y-axis. • The value along the x-axis is the coordinate system (abscissa) and the value along the y-axis is the y-coordinate (ordinate)- forming an ordered pairs.
- 4. The Coordinate Sytem • An ordered pair is composed of the x- and y- coordinates. Example: ( 0, 0 ) • The origin is the point of intersection of the x- and the the y-axis.
- 6. Variants of the Coordinate System One-Dimensional System • This coordinate system uses a number line. • There is a defined zero (0) position. • Points to the left are labelled to have negative negative coordinates and those to the right are labelled positive.
- 7. Variants of the Coordinate System Three-Dimensional Coordinate System and Other Coordinate Systems • The x- and the y- coordinates are given an additional coordinate, the z-coordinate (the form becomes (x, y, z). • The following are some of the coordinate systems; polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.
- 8. Earth’s Coordinate System Two (2) Popular Coordinate System Followed in Locating Places on Earth (1) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System (2) Geographic Coordinate System
- 9. Earth’s Coordinate System The UTM System • The Mercator projection uses a cylindrical projection, which means that the Earth is considered to be encircled by an imaginary cylinder that touches the equator. • It was introduced by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. • It is also referred to as cylindrical projection. • This system is conformal, which means that the angles and small shapes on the globe are projected as similar angles or shapes on the map.
- 10. Earth’s Coordinate System Geographic Coordinate System or Terrestrial Coordinate System • It is the system you use to locate places on Earth. • If the Cartesian coordinate system uses x- and y- axes, the terrestrial coordinate system uses latitude and longitude (measured in degrees). • The references used as bases are the equator and the prime meridian. • Claudius Ptolemy, an ancient Greco-Egyptian astronomer, used lines of latitude and longitude to locate places on a map in his book.
- 11. Earth’s Coordinate System Geographic Coordinate System or Terrestrial Coordinate System • LATITUDE is measured in degrees north or south of the equator. • LONGITUDE is measured in degrees east or west of the prime meridian or the Greenwich meridian. • The EQUATOR is a great circle, it is an imaginary horizontal line on Earth’s surface that divides the planet into two hemispheres (northern and southern hemispheres).
- 12. Earth’s Coordinate System Geographic Coordinate System or Terrestrial Coordinate System • The PRIME MERIDIAN is an imaginary vertical line that divides Earth into east and west. • The equator is referred to as the 0˚ latitude and the prime meridian is known as the 0˚longitude. • A meridian is a line of longitude that is half of Earth’s great circle. • From the prime meridian toward another meridian halfway around the globe, a total of 180˚ can be made.
- 13. Earth’s Coordinate System Geographic Coordinate System or Terrestrial Coordinate System • From the prime meridian toward another meridian halfway around the globe, a total of 180˚ can be made. • These measures divide Earth into another pair of hemispheres: the western and the eastern hemispheres.