Balancing oil and gas activities with environmental protection measures is necessary while producing heavy oil. This is because; heavy oil is produced by either chemical or thermal recovery methods which pose harmful effects on the environment. In order to ensure that the oil and gas industry sustainable, there must be elimination of all factors that degrade the environment. Since heavy oil must be produced to meet increasing energy demands, environmentally friendly measures should be used to ensure that there is low carbon emission, little or no chemical retention in the formation. This paper presents mitigation measures for eco-friendly heavy oil recovery; they include the use of renewable energy for heat/steam generation during thermal recovery in order to reduce emission of fuels and use of plant based non-toxic and degradable chemicals to avoid pollution of ground water and formation. These chemicals include polymers, alkali and surfactant during chemical flooding. This ensures the oil and gas industry keeps up with the sustainable development goals.
FINAL REPORT OF NANOMATERIALS THAT COULD FIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND REDUC...LeTsKnOw1
IN THIS FINAL REPORT I HAVE REPORTED HOW THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE OCCURS AND REDUCE IT BY NANOTECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT:PHY 1901 INTRODUCTION TO INNOVATIVE PROJECTS
IN THIS I HAVE WORKED FOR 3 MONTHS FOR THIS PROJECT
Carbon Capture & Storage - Options For IndiaAniruddha Sharma
The presentation will try to answer a few key questions related to the cost, technology, scalability and risks involved in widespread deployment of the carbon capture and sequestration technology.
An Update on Gas CCS Project: Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology - presentation by Colin Snape in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
FINAL REPORT OF NANOMATERIALS THAT COULD FIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND REDUC...LeTsKnOw1
IN THIS FINAL REPORT I HAVE REPORTED HOW THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE OCCURS AND REDUCE IT BY NANOTECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT:PHY 1901 INTRODUCTION TO INNOVATIVE PROJECTS
IN THIS I HAVE WORKED FOR 3 MONTHS FOR THIS PROJECT
Carbon Capture & Storage - Options For IndiaAniruddha Sharma
The presentation will try to answer a few key questions related to the cost, technology, scalability and risks involved in widespread deployment of the carbon capture and sequestration technology.
An Update on Gas CCS Project: Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology - presentation by Colin Snape in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Prime Carbon: Soil Enhancement & Carbon Sequestration ProgramCarbon Coalition
Deborah Burden is CEO Prime CArbon. She explains how Australia's first regional carbon trading scheme works. This presentation was given at the Carbon Farming Expo & Conference Orange 18-19 November, 2008. Orange is in new South Wales, Australia.
Methane in Coastal Blue Carbon EcosystemCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Judith A. Rosentreter
(Postdoctoral Researcher Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) on 25 September 2019 at Blue Carbon Regional Workshop, Merida, Yucatan.
Paper: Trophy Hunting vs. Manufacturing Energy: The PriceResponsiveness of Sh...Marcellus Drilling News
Discussion paper from researchers at Resources for the Future (RFF), a nonpartisan think tank devoted exclusively to natural resource and environmental issues, taking a look at how the "new way" of drilling multiple wells from a single pad, which is akin to a manufacturing process, is flattening out the supply curve. That, in turn, means far less price volatility for natgas.
The Role of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU)...Ofori Kwabena
The role of Carbon Capture and Storage & Carbon Capture and Utilization-
Capturing carbon dioxide and storing (CCS) is a climate change mitigation technology which is aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The utilization of CO2 (CCU) in the manufacture of commercial products is also a technology used to complement CCS technology.
This paper presents a literature review on the mechanisms, developments, cost analysis, life cycle environmental impacts, challenges and policy options that are associated with these technologies.
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Prime Carbon: Soil Enhancement & Carbon Sequestration ProgramCarbon Coalition
Deborah Burden is CEO Prime CArbon. She explains how Australia's first regional carbon trading scheme works. This presentation was given at the Carbon Farming Expo & Conference Orange 18-19 November, 2008. Orange is in new South Wales, Australia.
Methane in Coastal Blue Carbon EcosystemCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Judith A. Rosentreter
(Postdoctoral Researcher Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) on 25 September 2019 at Blue Carbon Regional Workshop, Merida, Yucatan.
Paper: Trophy Hunting vs. Manufacturing Energy: The PriceResponsiveness of Sh...Marcellus Drilling News
Discussion paper from researchers at Resources for the Future (RFF), a nonpartisan think tank devoted exclusively to natural resource and environmental issues, taking a look at how the "new way" of drilling multiple wells from a single pad, which is akin to a manufacturing process, is flattening out the supply curve. That, in turn, means far less price volatility for natgas.
The Role of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU)...Ofori Kwabena
The role of Carbon Capture and Storage & Carbon Capture and Utilization-
Capturing carbon dioxide and storing (CCS) is a climate change mitigation technology which is aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The utilization of CO2 (CCU) in the manufacture of commercial products is also a technology used to complement CCS technology.
This paper presents a literature review on the mechanisms, developments, cost analysis, life cycle environmental impacts, challenges and policy options that are associated with these technologies.
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
Overview of how in situ molecular manipulation of reservoir fluids can enable improved recovery of hydrocarbons from oilfields and therefore help in improving overall total production from difficult and marginal oilfields.
Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shaleinventionjournals
During the past decade, significant advancement has been made on various extraction technologies to develop U.S. oil shale resources in an environmentally and economically sustainable fashion. This work has been driven by the increasing demand for domestic transportation fuels and the need to improve U.S. energy security. Although conventional hydrocarbon deposits are becoming more difficult to find and limited in volume, unconventional reserves are relatively easy to locate and plentiful. Hence, development of unconventional resources, particularly shale gas, oil sands, and shale oil continues to receive tremendous attention. The present work shows ex-situ process of oil shale in a five ton/day externally heated horizontal rotary reactor, and discuss the process parameters and yield. The main focus of this article is: A) Effect of reactor bed temperature, rotation speed and feed rate on the residence time, fuel consumption and process yield B) Hazardous environmental issue related to leaching of heavy metals and metalloids from spent shale by underground and/or surface water, which prevent further commercialization of this process. In addition, an Aspen diagram of the overall oil shale process is presented as ongoing work focusing on key mechanical issues that affect online reliability and process efficiency including particle size, bed temperature and solid/gas mixing efficiency.
Bionic's µfuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
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2. Heavy Oil Recovery: Environmental Implications and Mitigation Measures
Nwosi-Anele et al. 035
Only little quantities of these chemicals are expected to be
recovered with the produced oil. The interaction of the
chemicals left in the subsurface geologic formations with
connate fluids, brines, and rocks are not completely
understood nor can it be positively stated that toxic
substances or hazardous materials are not produced by
the decomposition of such chemicals (Donaldson,1989).
Such toxic or hazardous substances may be confined to
the reservoir, and no doubt transfer toxins to the
environment, since the environment is part of the
ecosystem (Ellis et al, 2017). This paper reveals that
pollution could occur in the recovery of heavy and extra
heavy oil because of the technologies used, the
implications of the pollution and control and mitigation
measures. It employs the use of environment
management system techniques to aid the regulation of
environmental best practices for the total efficiency of the
oil and gas industry. This paper is necessary because it
reveals how the recovery of heavy and extra heavy oil
affect the environment and result in emission of hazardous
materials into the environment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Heavy and Extra heavy oil is formed by the cenzoic and
mesozic tectonic movement that damaged the paleo-
reservoirs, causing conventional oil to migrate the shallow
formations or earth surface. These migrated conventional
oil experience micro degradation along with oxidation by
free oxygen thereby forming heavy oil (Caineng et al,
2013). Heavy and Extra-heavy oil are characterized by
high density, high viscosity, consisting of carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur where carbon and
hydrogen are the dominant components. Metallic elements
such as Nickel, Vanadium, Copper, and Iron occur in trace
quantities.
Heavy oil has been found to be a good alternative to
light/medium crude oil in this era of increasing energy
demand and reducing light and medium crude oil reserve
base. Countries like Canada, Venezuela, Trinidad and
Tobago heavy oil recovery have begun to yield millions of
barrels and meeting their countries energy demand.
Recovery methods that have been applied with great
success are:
Chemical Recovery Methods
• Polymer flooding
• Alkali-surfactant and polymer flooding
Thermal Recovery Methods
• Steam assisted gravity drainage
• Expanded steam assisted gravity drainage.
• Steam flooding/injection
• Cyclic steam stimulation
• In situ combustion
• Toe to heel air injection
CHEMICAL RECOVERY METHODS
Polymer Flooding
Many heavy-oil reservoirs in Canada are relatively small,
thin and are not good candidates for expensive thermal
recovery methods. This has made Polymer, Alkali and
Surfactant flooding relevant for thin and small reservoirs.
Polymer flooding involves the injection of high viscous
polymer fluids into the reservoir to act on the thick oil
layers. Polymers act as the displacing fluid, effectively
displacing (pushes out) the oil thereby increasing the
sweep efficiency due to its high viscosity resulting in
improved oil recovery. This method has been applied in
Nigeria by Mogbo, (2011) in a reservoir located in the Niger
Delta with a gas cap and little water aquifer. It was found
that there was incrémental oïl production of 7% but a lot of
polymers were lost in the subsurface formation which is
hazardous to the environment.
Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding (ASP)
This method involves the injection of alkali -surfactant into
the reservoir to obtain an ultra-low interfacial tension and
enhance oil recovery. In Enhanced oil recovery,
Surfactants are primarily used to reduce the tension
between the fluids at the interface. Alkalis (high pH
chemicals) form natural surfactant upon reaction with the
napthenic acid in the crude oil. They are less expensive
than the synthetic surfactant and reduces the absorption
of synthetic surfactant. In Nigeria, Avwioroko et al, (2014)
applied alkali-surfactant and polymer flooding for heavy oil
recovery. Alkali used was sodium hydroxide, surfactant
was Tween (polysorbate), and polymer used was Gum
Arabic and salt. The Gum Arabic used as polymer is a local
plant found in the wild rain forest in Nigeria and other parts
of Africa. An incremental recovery of 57% was observed
with ASP in Nigeria. The advantage of this method is that
a local plant is used and such polymer even though lost in
the formation may not be of any harm to the environment
and the ecosystem.
THERMAL RECOVERY METHODS
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
This is an advanced method of heavy oil production. It
utilizes steam as an agent to conduct heat through thermal
conduction and convention while being produced through
a gravity drainage. According to Delamaide, (2015) SAGD
can be applied in three different ways:
• Two horizontal wells are drilled near the reservoir
bottom with one on top of another. The upper well is an
injector while the bottom well is a producer.
• A horizontal well is drilled alongside two or more vertical
wells. The horizontal well is drilled at the bottom of the
reservoir with the vertical wells above it. The vertical
well serves as the injectors while the horizontal well is
the producer.
3. Heavy Oil Recovery: Environmental Implications and Mitigation Measures
J. Oil, Gas Coal Engin. 036
• The third way is to use only one horizontal well with a
steam string running into it to introduce steam into the
reservoir. This method is more economical than the
other two; it enhances Gas oil ratio and oil production
rates.
SAGD has been found to be uneconomical in certain
formation especially in North America (Amirian et al,
2018). Hence SAGD can be said to be not economical and
environmentally friendly, because steam generation
results in increasing carbon emission into the environment
and is also costly. Thermal methods may by
environmentally friendly if carbon emission via steam
generation is eliminated. Steam generation can be done
using solar power. This can be applied to all the thermal
methods.
Figure 1: Steam assisted gravity drainage
(source: oilfield team)
Expanded Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-
SAGD)
This method is similar to SAGD, but it involves the
combination of steam with solvent injected via the injection
well to aid production of oil. The solvent injected could be
either an alkali, surfactant or a polymer (this reduces the
interfacial tension between oil and water, capillary
pressure and alter wettability). It has shown improved
heavy oil recovery rates. Encana Corporation of Canada
has tried ES-SAGD pilot scheme at its Senlac thermal
project in 2002 for heavy oil (Nasr, 2005). Solvent-assisted
SAGD can lead to lower steam usage and energy intensity
than that of SAGD. This has several implications. First,
less steam use means less energy consumption which in
turn implies less fuel gas emissions to the atmosphere.
Second, less steam use means less water handling,
production and treatment. Third, produced solvent can be
separated and re-injected into the oil sand formation, i.e.,
it can be recycled. The injected steam keeps the region
near the well bore hot, making the solvent to remain in the
vapor phase which in turn promotes its transport (Gates,
2010). The major disadvantage of this method is the
retention of the solvent in the shallow reservoir which is
likely to cause pollution of ground water.
Steam Flooding/Injection
Dry steam is injected into the reservoir through the
injection well to supply energy and heat the oil layers
reducing the oil viscosity, making thick oil layers mobile to
flow into the production well. This method is effective in
heavy oil reservoirs with bottom aquifer and large gas cap.
Figure 2: Steam injection
(source: oilfield team)
Cyclic Steam Stimulation
Steam is injected into a drilled well in the formation; the
well is shut for six (6) days to allow the steam to soak for a
few days. The steam soaks the formation, mobilizing the
oil and building up reservoir pressure. After six (6) days,
the oil is produced from the same well
Figure 3: Cyclic Steam injection
(source: oilfield team)
4. Heavy Oil Recovery: Environmental Implications and Mitigation Measures
Nwosi-Anele et al. 037
In-situ Combustion
This method is one of the earliest methods used in heavy
oil recovery. It was patented in the United States in the
year 1920. It is sometimes referred to as fire flooding.
Air/oxygen is introduced into the reservoir; the well ignites
the oil in the reservoir and starts a fire. Heat is generated
as a result of oil oxidation, increasing the temperature. The
heat generated by burning the heavy hydrocarbons in
place produces hydrocarbon cracking, vaporization of light
hydrocarbons and reservoir water in addition to the
deposition of heavier hydrocarbons known as coke. As the
fire moves, the burning front pushes ahead a mixture of
hot combustion gases, steam and hot water, which in turn
reduces oil viscosity and displaces oil toward production
wells.
Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI)
Toe to heel air injection (THAI) process is a new enhanced
oil recovery process used in the recovery of heavy oil
formulated by Petro bank Energy and Resources limited of
Canada. It is a thermal recovery method that integrates
advanced reservoir technology and horizontal well
concepts for heavy oil recovery. It burns the heavy coke
fraction of the reservoir to produce heat required to
increase the temperature of the oil-bearing formation, this
reduces the viscosity of the oil, making it mobile (Fatemi et
al, 2011). THAI is similar to in-situ combustion in operation
but the injector well is a vertical well, while the producer
well is a horizontal well, more of the mobile oil penetrates
the producer well because it is a horizontal well as seen in
Figure 4. Recovery efficiency is high with toe-to heel air
injection compared to in-situ combustion.
Figure 4: Toe to heel air injection
(source: oilfield team)
Table 1: Environmental implication of heavy oil recovery
S/N RECOVERY METHOD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION MITIGATION
1. Polymer Flooding Polymer retention in the formation
causing ground water pollution and
pollution of ecosystem resulting from
water cycle processes.
Use of environmentally friendly
natural polymers sourced from plants
or trees e.g. Gum Arabic
2. Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer
Flooding
Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer retention
in the formation causing ground
water pollution and produced water
pollution.
Use of locally sourced/
environmentally friendly alkali-
surfactant. Typically sourced from
plants and trees. e.g. Lecithin
3. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Carbon emission resulting from fuel
used to generate steam.
Use of renewable energy (wind, solar,
hydro) as source of steam generation
4. Expanded Steam Assisted Gravity
Drainage
Carbon emission resulting from fuel
used to generate steam and
retention of injected solvent
Use of renewable energy (wind, solar,
hydro) as source of steam generation
and use of eco-friendly solvent.
5. Cyclic steam stimulation, Steam
Injection, In-situ combustion and
Toe to heel air injection
Carbon emission resulting from fuel
used to generate steam.
Use of renewable energy (wind, solar,
hydro) as source of steam generation
CONCLUSION
Heavy oil recovery methods are mainly thermal and/ or
chemical method, only a few reservoirs are successfully
recovered using artificial lifts systems. The use of synthetic
chemicals and harmful solvent to enhance oil recovery is
a threat to the environment and the climate. To mitigate
this challenge, use of environmentally friendly chemicals
(green fluids) that are mostly plant based and the
generation of heat/ steam using renewable energy sources
(wind, solar, hydro) is a way to ensure that a balance of
Energy - Economy- Environment is attained complying
with Sustainable Development Goals.