This document discusses various methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial processes and power plant flue gases. It describes both established and developing absorption-based techniques using liquid solvents such as amines, ionic liquids, and hyperbranched polymers. While amine scrubbing is a mature process, opportunities exist to improve solvent capacity and reduce regeneration energy needs through new solvent formulations and process designs. Developing technologies like facilitated transport membranes and task-specific ionic liquids also aim to enhance CO2 capture efficiency. Fundamental research on reaction mechanisms and new candidate materials continues to inform the design of more effective and economical CO2 capture systems.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels Course Material.
National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR, IIT Madras), considered for the first on-line course the topic of Carbon dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels. NCCR has learnt many such lessons which are necessary for the researchers to understand and also have a complete comprehension of the limitations.
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Barry Jones, General Manager - Asia Pacific for the Global CCS Institute, provides an overview of carbon capture and storage technology including its rationale and a summary of current projects. The presentation also examines impediments to its deployment and recommendations for how to overcome them.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry (CO2stCap) Project overview &...Global CCS Institute
The CO2StCap project is a four year initiative carried out by industry and academic partners with the aim of reducing capture costs from CO2 intensive industries (more info here). The project, led by Tel-Tek, is based on the idea that cost reduction is possible by capturing only a share of the CO2emissions from a given facility, instead of striving for maximized capture rates. This can be done in multiple ways, for instance by capturing only from the largest CO2 sources at individual multi-stack sites utilising cheap waste heat or adapting the capture volumes to seasonal changes in operations.
The main focus of this research is to perform techno-economic analyses for multiple partial CO2 capture concepts in order to identify economic optimums between cost and volumes captured. In total for four different case studies are developed for cement, iron & steel, pulp & paper and ferroalloys industries.
The first part of the webinar gave an overview of the project with insights into the cost estimation method used. The second part presented the iron & steel industry case study based on the Lulea site in Sweden, for which waste-heat mapping methodology has been used to assess the potential for partial capture via MEA-absorption. Capture costs for different CO2 sources were compared and discussed, demonstrating the viability of partial capture in an integrated steelworks.
Webinar presenters included Ragnhild Skagestad, senior researcher at Tel-Tek; Maximilian Biermann, PhD student at Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and Maria Sundqvist, research engineer at the department of process integration at Swerea MEFOS.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang of Imperial College London at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels Course Material.
National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR, IIT Madras), considered for the first on-line course the topic of Carbon dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels. NCCR has learnt many such lessons which are necessary for the researchers to understand and also have a complete comprehension of the limitations.
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Barry Jones, General Manager - Asia Pacific for the Global CCS Institute, provides an overview of carbon capture and storage technology including its rationale and a summary of current projects. The presentation also examines impediments to its deployment and recommendations for how to overcome them.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Cutting Cost of CO2 Capture in Process Industry (CO2stCap) Project overview &...Global CCS Institute
The CO2StCap project is a four year initiative carried out by industry and academic partners with the aim of reducing capture costs from CO2 intensive industries (more info here). The project, led by Tel-Tek, is based on the idea that cost reduction is possible by capturing only a share of the CO2emissions from a given facility, instead of striving for maximized capture rates. This can be done in multiple ways, for instance by capturing only from the largest CO2 sources at individual multi-stack sites utilising cheap waste heat or adapting the capture volumes to seasonal changes in operations.
The main focus of this research is to perform techno-economic analyses for multiple partial CO2 capture concepts in order to identify economic optimums between cost and volumes captured. In total for four different case studies are developed for cement, iron & steel, pulp & paper and ferroalloys industries.
The first part of the webinar gave an overview of the project with insights into the cost estimation method used. The second part presented the iron & steel industry case study based on the Lulea site in Sweden, for which waste-heat mapping methodology has been used to assess the potential for partial capture via MEA-absorption. Capture costs for different CO2 sources were compared and discussed, demonstrating the viability of partial capture in an integrated steelworks.
Webinar presenters included Ragnhild Skagestad, senior researcher at Tel-Tek; Maximilian Biermann, PhD student at Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and Maria Sundqvist, research engineer at the department of process integration at Swerea MEFOS.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang of Imperial College London at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
Market Research Report : Juice market in india 2013Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Abstract :
Netscribes’ latest market research report titled Juice Market in India 2013 depicts the current status of the juice market in India. Fruit beverages can be categorized into juices, drinks and nectars based on the pulp content. In recent years, Indians have displayed a marked preference for juices over carbonated drinks. This can be partly attributed to a negative publicity campaign against soft drink manufacturers regarding the ingredients found in their products. While non-packaged fruit juices are already popular in India, it is the packaged fruit juice segment that has witnessed tremendous growth of late. People consider packaged fruit juices to be more hygienic than non-packaged ones as the former are available in sealed packs. While it is a fact that packaged fruit juices are costlier than non-packaged ones, this is unlikely to pose a major challenge for the juice manufacturers, given that the disposable income in the hands of Indian consumers has almost doubled since 1985. Some of the major challenges faced by juice manufacturers in India include the reluctant attitude displayed by local farmers towards fruit farming, current volatility in prices of fruits and the lack of storage facilities for fruit based products.
Table of Contents :
Slide 1: Executive Summary
Macro Economic Indicators
Slide 2: GDP at Factor Cost: Quarterly (2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13), Inflation Rate: Monthly (Nov - Dec 2012 – Mar - Apr 2013)
Slide 3: Gross Fiscal Deficit: Monthly (Sep 2012 - Feb 2013), Exchange Rate: Monthly (Dec 2012- May 2013)
Slide 4: Lending Rate: Annual (2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13), Trade Balance: Annual (2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13), FDI Annual (2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13)
Introduction
Slide 5: Fruit beverages segment – Overview of segments
Market Overview
Slide 6: Juice Market – Overview (2012, 2013, 2014e, 2015e, 2016e,), Segments (2012e)
Manufacturing Process
Slide 7: Procurement and Processing activities
Slide 8-9: Procurement and Processing Activities - Description
Export & Import
Slide 10-24: Export and Import data of various juice products (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)
Have you ever thought about the fact that there is an advertising overload? Well, nowadays we sometimes just ignore advertisements. Therefore, companies have to try to lure us with ads that don't look like real ads. They have to make us wanting to see these ads. However, easier said then done. A classic example is Coca Cola. Coca Cola is no longer a simple soft drink brand, it is a content provider! It is one of the few global players that has deeply incorporating the concept "content is king".
- Gasification
- Gasifier Designs
- Syn Gas Production
- Biomass Gasification: Production of chemicals, fertilizers, hydrogen and/or liquid fuels
- Gasification: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power production with 90% carbon capture
- Coal & Coal Biomass to Liquids (C&CBTL)(Fuels): Production of chemicals, fertilizers, hydrogen and/or liquid fuels
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology, Hao Liu, University of Nottingham - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Presentation given by Dr Hao Liu from University of Nottingham on "CO2 capture from NGCC Flue Gas and Ambient Air Using PEI-Silica Adsorbent" in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Separation of CO2 and Moisture from biogas by Adsorption methodMinza Mumtaz
Group of post graduate students have made a system to remaove carbondioxide and moisture from biogas production. It is reusable. Checkout the presentation to get the idea how to prepare it.
For further information can contact.
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
An Update on Gas CCS Project: Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology - presentation by Colin Snape in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
CH-3. Anaerobic treatment of wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Anaerobic treatment process, Effects of pH, temperature and other parameters on anaerobic treatment, Concept of anaerobic contact process, anaerobic filter, anaerobic fixed film reactor, fluidized bed and expanded bed reactors and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...
CO2 Separation - A Proposal
1. Toward Benign Process of CO2 Separation;
Facts and Opportunities
Lean
absorber
CO2<2%
Desorption
Absorption
Combustion
gas
CO2, H2O
CO2 rich
absorber
Kyung Hee University
Green Chemistry Research Group
3. CO2 Capture Technology in Industry1,
From Gas Sweetening to Global Warming Issues
Raw materials
Industrial separation
Industrial process
CO2 separation
Compression
CO2
Product
Post-combustion
combustion
CO2 separation
Pre-combustion
Gasification/reform
CO2
Heat & Power
Air
Fossil fuels,
biomass
Compression
H2 and CO2
separation
Compression
H2
Air/O2 + steam
Heat & Power
Other products
Compression
Oxyfuel
CO2
CO2
Air/O
Combustion2-steam
O2
O2 separation
Air
1. http://wcentral.blogspot.com/2007/05/overview-of-carbon-capture.html
Heat & power
4. Methods for CO2 Capture
Separating agent
Method
Chemical
absorption
Physical
absorption
Adsorption
Gas permeation
Cryogenic
distillation
Combination
Principle of
separation
CO2 solubility
CO2 reactivity
CO2-solid affinity
Diffusion through
membrane, pressure,
concentration gradient
Liquid
Water, methanol, DME, PEG,
NMP, PC
Reacting liquid
MEA, DEA, TEA, NaOH,
K2CO3
Solid adsorbent
Zeolite, Active carbon, alumina
silicates, hydrotalcites
Polymeric, ceramic, ion
transport, membrane
Liquefaction, distillation
Pressure swing
adsorption
Distillation tower
Pressure swing – solid
adsorbent
5. Physical Versus Chemical Absorption
Physical
Chemical
No chemical
interaction
Regeneration by &
ΔP or (limited) & ΔT
Chemical interaction
occurs
Regeneration by &
ΔT (req. high temp.)
& ΔP
MeOH, NMP, PEG,
PC, water,
tri-n-Bu Phosphate,
ILs
• Less energy usage
and less
maintenance
demand under
optimal condition
and process
• 1o, 2o, 3o amines
(MEA, DEA, MDEA)
• Alkali metal OH- or
CO32(NaOH, K2CO3)
• Concentration
limited by solubility
• Susceptible with
corrosion, reactivity
with oxidator &
contaminant
Chemical absorption using amine
indicating sharp rise in outlet
PCO2 when loading reaches
reaction stoichiometry
Non-functionalized ILs is good
candidates for physical CO2
absorption.
• Good at low inlet P CO2
• Loading limited by reaction stoichiometry
• Can reach very low outlet P CO2 (down to
ppm)
PCO2 above Liquid, atm
• Better at high inlet P CO2
• Loading proportional to PCO 2
• Cannot reach very low outlet P CO2 (0.1-2%)
MeOH, 0°C
20wt% DEA, 50 °C
CO2, vol/vol absorbent
6. Typical CO2 Capture Process from Industrial Process and Power Plant
Carbon dioxide absorption using amine solution
CO2 Off Gas
Condenser
Lean Gas
Separator
Drum
Lean Solvent
Absorber
Stripping
Column
Trim
Cooler
CO2-Rich Feed Gas
Rich Solution
• Many variations possible
• Physical absorbent may not require
extensive heat input for regeneration
• CO2 off-gas often at low pressure
• May require pre-compression,
depending on feed gas pressure
Interchanger
Reboiler
• Recovery from low pressure (~1 atm) flue
gas
• Low CO2 partial pressure (~1-1.5 psi)
• Oxygen containing gas (~2-5%)
• Hot flue gas ~400-800 oC
• May contain NOx, Hg, SO2, H2S, other sulfur
species and particulates
7. CO2 Capture Through Facilitated Membrane; Tons of Works Awaiting 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Process is under rapid investigations & developments
Numerous absorbents & membranes are available
Novel processes are possible
Some problems persist (solutions may directly correspond to costs)
Model, reaction mechanism, and kinetics are available
Problems
Current status
Vapor invasion through
membrane pores at
high temp. (wetting)
1.
Non/less-volatile
liquids
Surface
modification
composite
2.
3.
Opportunities
2. separ & Puri Tech 41(2005)109
Durability & thermal
stability
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fluorinated
polymers
Non-aggressive
liquids
Selectivity
1.
2.
Selective liquids
Composite
Introduction of less volatile absorbent
Combination of membrane-novel absorbent
Membrane modification
Hybrid absorbent
Module design
8. CO2 Capture Through Facilitated Membrane, State-of-the-art
N2
Carbon dioxide separation through water-swollen-gel membrane 3
CO2
Carrier
Carrier + CO2
CO2 transportation
Carrier
CO2 desorption
K2CO3 + complex agents
(cryptand, crown ether)
Liquid membrane
CO2 absorption
CO2
Feed gas (CO2/N2)
Water-swollen-gel membrane
Porous membrane
Support membrane
Permeate
Stability Vs Selectivity (25 oC)
Gas and vapor permeation through liquid membrane using ionic liquid 4
Feed gas
Hydrophilic micropor. membrane
Ionic Liquid (pmim)Iodide
Hydrophobic micropor. membrane
Permeate
Sandwiched IL facilitated transport
membrane
3. Energy Convers. Mgmt. 36 (1995) 419; 4. Transaction-MRSJ 29(2004)3299
Permeability comparison of several gases
9. Ionic Liquids, Novel CO2 Absorbents; Escape the Limits ?
Solvent volumetric CO2 load (60 oC)5
Henry’s law constants (bar) for several gases in various ILs.
Small Henry’s constant indicates high solubility7
Comparison with physical CO2 absorbents5
5. A.B. de Haan, TU Eindhoven; 6. G. Wytze Meindersma, Univ. of Twente
7. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/core_rd/breakthrough/42122.html
CO2/CH4 selectivity in specific-task ILs6
10. Anion and Cation Effects on the Solubility of CO2
70
O
[bmim][PF6]
60
[bmim][BF4]
F3C
[bmim][Tf2N]
50
[MeBu3N][Tf2N]
40
S
S
O
[MeBuPyrr][Tf2N]
N
O
Anion effect
Cation effect
10
0
Henry’s law constants (bar) for CO2 in various ILs
CF3
F
F
F
P
F
F
F
determining the
CO2 solubility3;
The anions
30
20
O
Fluorinated anions are excellent but
costly, sometimes not
environmentally friendly.
Some strategies in ILs for CO2 absorption8
Creating more free
volume (introducing
ether and long,
branched alkyl chain
on the cation
8. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109 (2005) 6366
Incorporating with CO2phylic functional groups
(carbonyl, sulfonyl,
phosphate, amine
groups)
Controlling the viscosity
(using dicyanamide
anions, trialkylsulfonium
cation)
11. Ionic Liquids for CO2 Absorption
Classical ILs
Cations
Anions
R
N
N
R
N
R
R
Cl -, Br -, BF 4-, PF 6N(CN) 2-, SCN -,
R
R
N
P
R
R
Tf 2N (bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)aminde
(bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) )
R
R
Task specific ILs (via carbamate formation)
O
H2 N
NH2
N
N
O
O-
H2N
R
O-
Amino acids
Problems
Current status
Anions play critical
role.
Expensive anions
(Fluorinated anions,
effective yet expensive)
Slow rate and low CO2
capacity (nonfluorinated anions)
Reduction of capacity
in the presence of
water or other
organics9
Amino acids anions
Task specific ILs
(amine or amino acids
groups)
Underdeveloped
Opportunities
9. J Phys Chem B 106(2002)7315
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Additive
Blending
Task specific ILs
High pressure CO2
Choline chloride anion exchange
12. Task Specific ILs for CO2 Capture; Which All Good Things Put Together
2
NH2
C4H9
N
N
BF4-
H
N
C4H9
N
CO2
O
N
O
N
N
H3N
C4H9
2 BF4-
Carbamate formation as an intermediate 10,11
Slow progress due to some problems
Problems
Current status
Viscosity problems at
high CO2 loading
Expensive anions
(Fluorinated anions,
effective yet expensive)
Amine-tethered ILs
Carbamate formation,
intensive energy
regeneration
Underdeveloped
Alteration with DCA12
or ROSO3- anions
Underdeveloped
1.
Opportunities
2.
Hindered 1o or 3o
amine-tethered
groups
Anions
modification
10. J of American Chemical Society 124(2002)926; 11. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(2006)2875; 12. Chem Eng Res Des 85(2007)31
13. Poly(ionic liquid)s; Creative Effort13,14,15
*
*
*
n
*
*
*
n
*
*
n
n
x
*
*
1-x
O
x
*
*
1-x
O
O
O
O
O
O
BF4N
N
R
R
R
P[VBTMA][BF4]
BF4
-
N
O
O
n
N
N
R
n
O
P[VBBI][BF4]
P[MABI]BF4
P[VBTMA][BF4]-g-PEG
O
P[MATMA][BF4]-g-PEG
Brittle materials
Current status
O
N
R
Problems
BF4N
R
P[MATMA][BF4]
BF4-
BF4-
N
BF4-
R
R
O
O
Thermodynamics,
kinetics and
mechanism
Low efficiency
Grafting polymers
In progress, limited
results available
Underdeveloped
1.
Opportunities
13. Chem Commun (2005)3325; 14. Ind Eng Chem Res 46(2007)5397; 15. J Membrane Sci 281(2006)130
2.
ILs grafted onto
selective polymers
Specific
membrane
14. Hyperbranched Polymers16; What Else Can We Do ?
1. Chemistry & process are underdeveloped
2. Candidates for replacing ILs-based absorbents
3. Limited numbers of chemical are commercially available
Problems
Current status
Unknown chemical &
Physical properties
Synthesis
CO2 absorption
On progress1
Papers & patents
available
Underdeveloped
Opportunities
1.
2.
3.
4.
Taylor-made amines
High press. & high temp. applications
Fundamental researches
Hot flue gas treatment
16. http://www.3me.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=7990c6da-316f-444b-94aa-334c23d3353e&lang=en
15. Amine-Based CO2 Absorption Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Problems
Current status
Process is well established
Over 400 papers and patents are available
Model, reaction mechanism, and kinetics are available
Potential for immediate applications
Limited capacity at
high pressure
Thermal instability,
volatility, & degradation
Energy intensive
regeneration and
recycle
3o amine, hindered
amines, or polyamines
Activated K2CO3, Poly
or 3o amines
3o or poly 3o amines
1.
2.
3.
Opportunities
4.
5.
6.
7.
17. Green Chem 9(2007)594; 18. Fluid Phase Equilib227(2005)197
Amines blending17
3o amine & K2CO3 activation18
Combination physical and amine-based
absorbents
Introduction of various unique amines
Effective stripping study, i.e. stationary
carbamate hydrolysis catalyst in the stripper
Facilitated transport membrane
Hot flue gas treatment
16. Some unique amines for CO2 absorption
Common well-established amines
H
N
NH2
HO
HO
MEA (1o amine)
N
OH
HO
OH
DEA (2o amine)
MDEA (3o amine)
Relatively new
H
N
H2N
OH
Piperazine (2o polyamine)
AMP (hindered 1o amine)
N
H
New introduction of unique amines
HN
H
N
OH
N
TBAE (hindered 2o amine)19
N
2
NH2
DMAPA (1o, 3o polyamine)
TMBPA (2o, 3o polyamine)20
H
N
N
N
H
NH2
N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine (1 o, 2o, 3o, polyamine)
H2N
OH
AEEA (1o, 2o, polyamine)21
More than 30 unique amines are available commercially, many have not been explored !!
19. J Chem Eng Data 45(2000)1195; 20. J Thermal Anal Cal 65(2001)419; 21. Ind Eng Chem Res 46(2007)5803
17. Amine-Based Reaction Mechanism22
Zwitterion mechanism
Less bulky 1o, 2o amine
CO2 + RNH2
RNH2+COO- + RNH2
k1
CO2 + 2RNH2
Zwitterion formation
RNHCOO- + RNH3+
Carbamate formation
RNHCOO- + RNH3+
k-1
kB
RNH2+COO-
Sum of reactions
1o hindered amine
k1
CO2 + R3NH2
R3NH2+COO- + H2O
k-1
kB
RN3H2+COO-
Zwitterion formation
HCO3- + R3NH3+
CO2 + R3NH2 + H2O
HCO3- + RNH3+
Sum of reactions
R3NHCOO- + H2O
HCO3- + R3NH2
Another possible rnx,
less stable carbamate hydrolysis
18. Amine-Based Reaction Mechanism
Thermolecular mechanism
Less bulky 1o, 2o amine
CO2 + RNH2 - B
RNHCOO- - BH+
Simultaneously
Base-catalyzed hydration mechanism
3o amine
R3N + H2O + CO2
k’
CO2 + R3N
R3NCOO- + H2O
22. Chem Eng Technol 30(2007)1467
k1
Carbamate formation
R3N+H + OH-
R3N + H2O
R3N+H + HCO3-
Amine dissociation in water
RN+COO-
Alternative route of 3o amine
k-1
R3N+H + HCO3-
19. Current Lab Progress
Test equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Isochoric method, based on pressure-decay history (batch analysis)23.
Using virial gas relationship.
Rapid, easy and semi quantitative analysis.
Robust for physical solubility analysis.
Materials
Not optimized for kinetics study.
1. Monoethanolamine (MEA)
2. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
3. Imidazole
4. 1-Methylimidazole
5. 2-Methylimidazole
6. 1,2-Dimethylimidazole
7. K2CO3
8. Guanidine carbonate
9. Sodium glycine
10. N,N-Dimethylethanolamine (DMEA)
11. 3,3-Diaminodipropylamine (DAP)
Screening apparatus set-up
23. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(2004)3049
20. Data Reduction
Isothermal box
P
CO 2 reservoir
Equilibrium
cell
n CO2 before rnx =
Pvreservoir
ZsRT
(Ptotal – Psoln vapor)vtotal
n CO2 after equilibrium =
ZsRT
n CO2 dissolved = n CO2 before rnx – n CO2 after equilibrium
α (Capacity) = nCO2 dissoleved/n absorbent
Where,
V total = V CO2 reservoir + V Equilibrium cell
P total = P CO2 + P soln vapor
P solution vapor is obtained prior to CO 2 introduction
Zs is obtained from the virial gas equation24
Z mixture is neglected24
P CO2 (KPa)
to vacuum pump
α (Capacity)
24. AIChE Journal 51(2005)2311
21. Total Equilibrium
Pressure (KPa)
Total Equilibrium Pressure (KPa)
Total Pressure equilibrium Vs CO2 capacity (30 mins capacity (30 mins run)
Total Pressure equilibrium Vs CO2 run)
80. 0
80.00
80. 0
Total Equilibrium
Pressure (KPa)
Total equilibrium pressure (KPa)
100.00
60. 0
60.00
60. 0
40. 0
40.00
0.00 5.00
5.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
10.00
0. 0
15.00
15.00
15.00
mole of CO2/2kg of absorbent
mole of CO / kg of absorbent
60.0
40. 040.0
20. 0
20.00
80.0
20. 020.0
0. 0
0. 0
20.00
0.0
20.00
20.00
0. 4
0.0 0.0
mole of CO2/ kg of absorbent
1mL MDEA + + 4mL H2O
1mL MDEA 4mL H2O
5mL 4.76%wt 2- methylimidazole/ H2O
5mL 4. 76%wt 2- methylimidazole/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt imidazole/ H2O
5mL 4. 76%wt imidazole/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt guanidine carbonate/ H2O
5mL 4. 76%wt guanidine carbonate/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt DMEA/ H2O
5mL 4. 76%wt DMEA/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt DAP
5mL 4. 76%wt DAP
2mL MDEA +2mL MDEA + 3mL H2O
3mL H2O
5mL 23.08%wt K2CO3/ H2O
5mL 23. 08%wt K2CO3/ H2O
5mL 23.08%wt K2CO3/ H2O K2CO3/ H2O
5mL 23.08%wt
5mL 4.76%wt Naglycine/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt Naglycine/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt Naglycine/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt 1,2- dimethylimidazole/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt 1,2- dimethylimidazole/ H2O 5mL 4.76%wt Naglycine/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt MEA/ H2O MEA/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt
5mL 4.76%wt MEA/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt MEA/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt DMEA/ H2O DMEA/ H2O
5mL 4.76%wt
1mL DMEA + + 4mL H2O
1mL DMEA 4mL H2O
4mL 4.76%wt DAP + 1 mL DMEA 1 mL DMEA
4mL 4.76%wt DAP +
1mL
5mL
5mL
5mL
1mL
5mL
2. 0
2.4 2.4
MDEA +1mL MDEA + 4mL H2O
4mL H2O
4.76%wt 2- methylimidazole/ H2O
5mL 4. 76%wt 2- methylimidazol
4.76%wt 1,2- dimethylimidazole/ H2O
5mL 4. 76%wt 1,2- dimethylimid
9.09%wt guan-09%wt guan- car/ H2O
5mL 9. car/ H2O
DMEA +1mL DMEA + 4mL H2O
4mL H2O
4.76%wt DAP 76%wt DAP
5mL 4.
Capacity (mol of CO2/mol absorbent) of various amines
CO
Loading (mol of CO2/kgSolubility (Validation of Experiments)
absorbent) of various amines
2
16
160
[emim]etOSO3
120
CO2 mole fraction (x1000)
140
PCO2 equilibrium (KPa)
1.6
0.0. 8
4
0.8
1.2.0
6
0.4
0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.6
2.0
a (molmol absorbent)
a (mol CO2(mol2/CO2absorbent)
a / CO mol / mol absorbent)
Jones et al; J Chem Eng Data4(1959)85
Shen et al; J Chem Eng Data 37(1992)96
Song et al; J Chem Eng Data 41(1996)497
This work
100
80
60
40
20
0
[emim]etOSO3 + 7.0% w/w ZnBr2
[emim]etOSO3 + 7.0% w/w sugar
12
[bmim]BF4
8
4
0
0. 4
0.5
0. 6
Capacity (mol CO2/ mol of MEA)
0. 7
Experimental Validation of CO2 solubility test (15.3%wt. MEA)
30
50
70
90
110
Pequilibrium (KPa)
Effect of additive on the CO2 absorption capacity of simple ILs
22. Proposal & Schedule (3 years basis)
Year
Assigned Project
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rapid
screening
2008
Amine-based absorber
development using
commercially available
unique amines
New
reactor
design
Physical & chemical
properties
Thermodynamics &
kinetics studies
1st report
2nd report
Evaluation
3rd report
Synthesis of materials
2009
Introduction of novel
CO2 absorbents
Poly(amines)
ILs & Poly(ILs)
Characterization &
mechanism studies
CO2 absorption investigations
1st report
2010
CO2 separation using
facilitated transport
membrane
2nd report
Evaluation
3rd report
Membrane
selection & development
Transport & Kinetics Study
1st report
Thank You
2nd report
Evaluation
3rd report