This document discusses strategies for carbon capture and storage as well as carbon dioxide utilization at PT Krakatau Steel in Indonesia. It analyzes models for CO2 capture from steel production and power plants, as well as sequestration methods like injection into geological formations or for enhanced oil recovery. Utilization strategies examined include microalgae cultivation for biofuels, seaweed farming to sequester carbon, and thermal decomposition of CO2 into synthesis gas. The document provides an overview of these various carbon reduction program options and references supporting literature.
Barry Jones, General Manager - Asia Pacific for the Global CCS Institute, provides an overview of carbon capture and storage technology including its rationale and a summary of current projects. The presentation also examines impediments to its deployment and recommendations for how to overcome them.
January 2024. Carbon Capture is the process of capturing Carbon Dioxide gas (CO2) produced by industrial processes, preventing its release into the atmosphere.
The primary goal of carbon capture is to reduce carbon emissions, because carbon dioxide is the primary Greenhouse Gas (GHG) contributing to climate change.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), also known as (CCS), refers to a suite of technologies that perform carbon capture.
CCUS involves four stages: capture, transport, storage, and use.
CCUS technologies include Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), carbon sequestration, Direct Air Capture (DAC), and carbon absorption by Ammonia.
Policy wise, growing recognition of CCUS role in meeting net zero goals is translating into increased policy support for CCUS deployment. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have outlined an important role for CCUS to reach net zero emissions by 2050, directly supporting Sustainable Development Goal SDG13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
In this slideshow, you will learn about the definition, technologies, benefits, challenges, UN policy, and global statistics of carbon capture. Discover how CCUS technologies can reduce global carbon emissions by up to 90% to accelerate the clean energy transition and meet net zero emission goals by 2050.
Barry Jones, General Manager - Asia Pacific for the Global CCS Institute, provides an overview of carbon capture and storage technology including its rationale and a summary of current projects. The presentation also examines impediments to its deployment and recommendations for how to overcome them.
January 2024. Carbon Capture is the process of capturing Carbon Dioxide gas (CO2) produced by industrial processes, preventing its release into the atmosphere.
The primary goal of carbon capture is to reduce carbon emissions, because carbon dioxide is the primary Greenhouse Gas (GHG) contributing to climate change.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), also known as (CCS), refers to a suite of technologies that perform carbon capture.
CCUS involves four stages: capture, transport, storage, and use.
CCUS technologies include Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), carbon sequestration, Direct Air Capture (DAC), and carbon absorption by Ammonia.
Policy wise, growing recognition of CCUS role in meeting net zero goals is translating into increased policy support for CCUS deployment. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have outlined an important role for CCUS to reach net zero emissions by 2050, directly supporting Sustainable Development Goal SDG13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
In this slideshow, you will learn about the definition, technologies, benefits, challenges, UN policy, and global statistics of carbon capture. Discover how CCUS technologies can reduce global carbon emissions by up to 90% to accelerate the clean energy transition and meet net zero emission goals by 2050.
The Asia CCUS Network has been successfully launched on 22-23 June 2021 with initially 13 countries (all ASEAN member countries, the United States, Australia, and Japan) and more than 100 international organisations, companies, financial and research institutions that share the vision of CCUS development throughout the Asian region.
The Network members have expressed their intention to participate to share the vision of the Asia CCUS Network that aims to contribute to the decarbonisation of emissions in Asia through collaboration and cooperation on development and deployment of CCUS.
The Asia CCUS Network provides opportunities for countries in the region to work and collaborate on the low emission technology partnership that will eventually help to build countries’ capability to lower the cost of CCUS technology and its deployment through the collaboration of research and innovation.
At the 2nd Asia CCUS Network (ACN) Knowledge Sharing Conference, the Asia CCUS Network is very pleased to invite experts from the Department of Energy, United States of America (USDOE) to share their insights and experiences about CCUS development and policy to support the deployment of CCUS technology.
The ACN will be an active forum to bridge the knowledge gap on CCUS technologies, policy development to support the development and deployment of CCUS in Asia. Thus, this conference hosted in collaboration with IEA will help to bring in update knowledge, opportunity for investment in CCUS in Asia.
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan - Dr S. Julio FriedmannGlobal CCS Institute
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan
Global CCS Institute, delivered at the Global CCS Institute's Third Americas Forum
Feb. 27th, 2014, Washington, DC
The Role of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU)...Ofori Kwabena
The role of Carbon Capture and Storage & Carbon Capture and Utilization-
Capturing carbon dioxide and storing (CCS) is a climate change mitigation technology which is aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The utilization of CO2 (CCU) in the manufacture of commercial products is also a technology used to complement CCS technology.
This paper presents a literature review on the mechanisms, developments, cost analysis, life cycle environmental impacts, challenges and policy options that are associated with these technologies.
CCS involves capturing millions of tones of Co2 a year from gas or coal
Valuable tool in the fight against climatic change
CCS involves capturing millions of tones of Co2 a year from gas or coal
Valuable tool in the fight against climatic change
Post-combustion CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycles by solvent supported membranes - presentation by Matteo Romano of Politecnico di Milano at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
Presentation given by Dr EJ Anthony from Cranfield University about Direct Air Capture at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2)[1] and may refer specifically to:
"The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering.
Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs.
Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.
The Asia CCUS Network has been successfully launched on 22-23 June 2021 with initially 13 countries (all ASEAN member countries, the United States, Australia, and Japan) and more than 100 international organisations, companies, financial and research institutions that share the vision of CCUS development throughout the Asian region.
The Network members have expressed their intention to participate to share the vision of the Asia CCUS Network that aims to contribute to the decarbonisation of emissions in Asia through collaboration and cooperation on development and deployment of CCUS.
The Asia CCUS Network provides opportunities for countries in the region to work and collaborate on the low emission technology partnership that will eventually help to build countries’ capability to lower the cost of CCUS technology and its deployment through the collaboration of research and innovation.
At the 2nd Asia CCUS Network (ACN) Knowledge Sharing Conference, the Asia CCUS Network is very pleased to invite experts from the Department of Energy, United States of America (USDOE) to share their insights and experiences about CCUS development and policy to support the deployment of CCUS technology.
The ACN will be an active forum to bridge the knowledge gap on CCUS technologies, policy development to support the development and deployment of CCUS in Asia. Thus, this conference hosted in collaboration with IEA will help to bring in update knowledge, opportunity for investment in CCUS in Asia.
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan - Dr S. Julio FriedmannGlobal CCS Institute
The role of CCS/CCUS in the Climate Action Plan
Global CCS Institute, delivered at the Global CCS Institute's Third Americas Forum
Feb. 27th, 2014, Washington, DC
The Role of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU)...Ofori Kwabena
The role of Carbon Capture and Storage & Carbon Capture and Utilization-
Capturing carbon dioxide and storing (CCS) is a climate change mitigation technology which is aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The utilization of CO2 (CCU) in the manufacture of commercial products is also a technology used to complement CCS technology.
This paper presents a literature review on the mechanisms, developments, cost analysis, life cycle environmental impacts, challenges and policy options that are associated with these technologies.
CCS involves capturing millions of tones of Co2 a year from gas or coal
Valuable tool in the fight against climatic change
CCS involves capturing millions of tones of Co2 a year from gas or coal
Valuable tool in the fight against climatic change
Post-combustion CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycles by solvent supported membranes - presentation by Matteo Romano of Politecnico di Milano at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
Presentation given by Dr EJ Anthony from Cranfield University about Direct Air Capture at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2)[1] and may refer specifically to:
"The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering.
Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs.
Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.
Effect of CO2 sequestration on soil liquefaction in geological pitsijiert bestjournal
This paper deals with review of the previous related research on evaluation of soil liquefaction due to Carbon sequestration by various Carbon Capture Sequestration processes in geological pits. It provides critical literature recommendations on evaluation of soil liqu efaction potential assessment. The detection of soil liquefaction by using seismic records has been developed by various researchers. With this information,the evaluation of soil liquefaction are well under stood and this lead to a more precise and confident output. Gaining support for CCS will require engaging the interest and building the support of a variety of stakeholders,each with differ ent perspectives and goals. Although,CCS builds upon a technology base developed over more than half a century by the oil and gas industry. In the past,the industrially released CO 2 had been introduced to ocean which was harming the aquatic animals. In view of this,the sequestration of CO 2 into ocean was internationally banned. Hence,now much of the Carbon sequestration process is done by various industries in geolog ical pits. This creates a major threat to the earth quake problems worldwide. With the enhanced frequenc y of earthquakes all around the world,it is presumed by many environment scientists that the CO 2 sequestration pits leads to soil liquefaction and hence it results in more frequent earth quakes. T herefore,this paper summarises,different methods to evaluate liquefaction potential of soil by usi ng studies from seismic waves generated in earth,it is also propose it is also explains different me thodology for an eco friendly technology to reduce CO 2 from environment.
CCUS in the USA: Activity, Prospects, and Academic Research - plenary presentation given by Alissa Park at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
BIOCEMENTATION FOR SAND USING WASTE (CONTAIN CALCIUM SOURCE)Aniket Pateriya
The concept of using biological process in soil improvement through bio-cementation of soil improvement technique has shown influences to change main geotechnical properties of soil in effective manner. This paper presents a review on the soil improvement by Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) using calcium source obtain from waste having large extent of calcium chemical class present in its own matrix like egg shell, lime stone obtain from stone query. Improvements in the engineering properties of soil such as strength, stiffness and permeability as evaluated in various studies were discover. Potential applications of the process in geotechnical engineering and the challenges of eco-friendly mean of construction of soil stabilization method is identified.
Coal bed methane and underground coal gasificationDan Wilson
A brief introduction to coal bed methane (CBM) and underground coal gasification. It includes yields and possible environmental impacts. A group presentation as part of my MSc at Keele University.
FABRICATION OF A SIMPLE BUBBLE COLUMN CO2 CAPTURE UNIT UTILIZING MICROALGAE ijbbjournal
This paper focuses on the fabrication of a vertical column CO2 bioreactor and the experimentation of
microalgae. On the manufacturing aspect of the project, the base design was modelled on Solidworks and
assigned a material. The model was then loaded onto a finite element analysis (FEA) software to determine
various engineering stresses and strains to confirm the specimen’s strength. Once the simulation had
completed, the model was ready for 3-D printing. The species of microalgae to be used in this study was
Chlorella Vulgaris. The medium solution was prepared by mixing many types of salts suitable for this type
of algae. Experimental trials of algae growth were conducted mainly to see whether the algae would indeed
grow more rapidly using the developed medium. After failure in early trials, some experiments were
conducted to determine which concentration of stock solution would be the most ideal for the algae to grow
in. These early experiments proved the major impacts of the concentration of the medium on the rate of
growth of the algae. The knowledge gained in these experiments will be instrumental during the next stages
of this project.
FABRICATION OF A SIMPLE BUBBLE COLUMN CO2 CAPTURE UNIT UTILIZING MICROALGAEijbbjournal
This paper focuses on the fabrication of a vertical column CO2 bioreactor and the experimentation of
microalgae. On the manufacturing aspect of the project, the base design was modelled on Solidworks and
assigned a material. The model was then loaded onto a finite element analysis (FEA) software to determine
various engineering stresses and strains to confirm the specimen’s strength. Once the simulation had
completed, the model was ready for 3-D printing. The species of microalgae to be used in this study was
Chlorella Vulgaris. The medium solution was prepared by mixing many types of salts suitable for this type
of algae. Experimental trials of algae growth were conducted mainly to see whether the algae would indeed
grow more rapidly using the developed medium. After failure in early trials, some experiments were
conducted to determine which concentration of stock solution would be the most ideal for the algae to grow
in. These early experiments proved the major impacts of the concentration of the medium on the rate of
growth of the algae. The knowledge gained in these experiments will be instrumental during the next stages
of this project.
1. Carbon Capture and Storage
with its Utilization Strategy
for CO2 Emission
Reduction ProgramReduction Program
Case Study: PT. Krakatau Steel, Cilegon, Indonesia
07 September 2009
2. CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Model 1)
Ref: 1) Kuby, M.J., Bielicki, J.M., Middleton, R.S.; “Optimal Spatial Deployment of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
Given a Price on Carbon Dioxide”; Submitted to International Regional Science review; Special Issue for ISOLDE XI;
July 8, 2009
4. PTKS Direct Reduction Plant (in progress)
H2O
H2O
IRON ORE
EXISTING CO2
ABSORPTION UNIT
DUMMY
QUENCH
13.608 NCMH
HEAT RECUPERATOR PRODUCE
STEAM TO REBOILER
DRI
NATURAL GAS
HEATER
OXYGEN
NATURAL
GAS
9.720 NCMH
5.940
NCMH
Zero Reformer Process
Potential CO2 reduction minimum around 25.82 kg/Ton Liquid Steel equal to
38,730 Ton CO2 per year for crude steel production of 1,500,000 MT per year.
Total CO2 emission can be avoided by integrated solution (incl. steelmaking)
projects approx. 46.8 t. CO2/h equal to approx. 370,656 t. CO2 per year.
5. CCS Scheme in PTKS
Pipeline
PTKS PTRMI
STORAGE
NETWORK & DISTRIBUTION
(CO2 Mitigation Only)
13. Existing Power Plant with CO2 Capture Strategy 2)
Ref: 2) Ciferno, J.; “CO2 Capture From Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants”; Final Results; National Energy Technology
Laboratory; December 2007
14. IGCC Power Plant with CO2 Capture Strategy 3)
Ref: 3) Chen, C.; “A Technical and Economic Assessment of CO2 Capture Technology for IGCC Power Plants”;
Dissertation; Carnegie Mellon University ; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; December 2005
15. CO2 Sequestration Model
Sequestration Sinks for CO2 Emissions
4)
Ref: 4) Byrer, C.W.; “Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Geologic Formations”; COAL - SEQ 1 Forum; National Energy
Technology Laboratory; Houston, Texas; March 14, 2002
Mineral ?
16. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 injection into remnant coal reserves
5)
Ref: 5) Irons, R., Goh, B., Snape, C., Arenillas, A., Drage, T., Smith, K., Maier, J., Dhungel, B., Jackson, P., Sakellaropoulos ,
G., Stathopoulos, V., Skodras, G.; “Assessment of options for CO2 capture and geological sequestration —
Comparison of CO2 capture technologies and enhancing CMM production with CO2, appendix WP 9 - FEASIBILITY
OF USING CO2 FOR ENHANCED COAL MINE METHANE PRODUCTION”; Research Fund for Coal and Steel;
Directorate-General for Research; Contract No RFCR-CT-2003-00008, Final report; Luxembourg; 31 May 2007
18. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 Mineral Sequestration
6)
Ref: 6) Schiller, C.; “Feasibility Study of Carbon Dioxide Mineral Sequestration”; Dissertation of Technical University of
Braunschweig and Columbia University in the City of New York, September 2006
19. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 Geological Storage 7)
Ref: 7) Dooley , J.J., Dahowski, R.T., Davidson, C.L., Wise, M.A., Gupta, N., Kim, S.H., Malone, E.L.; “Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Geologic Storage - A CORE ELEMENT OF A GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY TO ADDRESS CLIMATE
CHANGE”; A TECHNOLOGY REPORT FROM THE SECOND PHASE OF THE GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY
PROGRAM; April 2006
20. CO2 Utilization Model
Overview of CO2 utilization and Problem Statement 8)
Ref: 8) Li, Y., Markley, B., Mohan, A.R., Rodriguez-Santiago, V., Thompson, D., Van Niekerk, D.; “UTILIZATION OF CARBON
DIOXIDE FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS”; Design
Engineering of Energy and Geo-Environmental Systems Course (EGEE 580); April 27, 2006
22. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Utilization via Micro Algae for Renewable Biofuels 9)
8)
Ref: 9) Pribadi, K.S.; “Development of Scaleable Algae Production System for Biological CO2 Sequestering and Production of Bio-
Fuel“; PT MEDCO DOWNSTREAM INDONESIA; January 27, 2009
Bioreactor Installation
23. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Utilization via Seaweed Farming
11)
Ref: 10) Sinha, V.R.P., Fraley, L., Chowdhry, B.S.; “Carbon Dioxide Utilization and Seaweed Production”; World Bank
Project, Bangladesh, 2001,
11) Advance Maluku Project Files, 2009
3.5 ton of Macro Algae production utilizes 1.27 tons of Carbon,
about 0.22 tons of Nitrogen and 0.03 tons of phosphorus. 10)
24. Utilization Strategy
The Carbonate System of dissolved CO2 in the Seawater
12)
Ref: 12) Kleypas, J. and Langdon. C.; “Overview of CO2-induced Changes in Seawater Chemistry “; Climate & Global Dynamics,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA; 2001
When CO2 dissolves in water it may appear as H2CO3, HCO3
-
and CO3
2-
, depending on the pH. Dissolution of CO2 in
water can be written as:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+
+ HCO3
-
2 H+ + CO3
2-
Algae use the CO2 in its HCO3
-
form and excrete OH-
ions that elevate the pH of the pond. Therefore, the pH of the pond
can be used as a monitor to evaluate the state of the pond. If the pH rises (due to OH- ions) then it indicates that optimum
growth is occurring. 8)
25. Utilization Strategy
Supply Methods of CO2 in the Seawater 8)
12)
Three methods to bubble CO2
into ponds/shallow sea
(13~20% CO2 Utilization):
• A is a sintered stone,
• B is a porous pipe with a
plastic sheet to trap CO2
bubbles, and
• C utilizes a high speed
pressure pump for aerationpressure pump for aeration
and mixing.
CO2 supply methods Comments CO2 utilization
Bubbling method Gas is supplied in the form of fine bubbles. Problematic in shallow ponds, residence
time in pond is not sufficient to allow the CO2 to be dissolved. A lot of CO2 is lost
to the atmosphere.
13 - 20%
Floating gas
exchanger
The gas exchanger consists of a plastic frame, which is covered by transparent
sheeting and immersed in the suspension. CO2 is fed into the unit and the exchanger
float on the surface. CO2 needs to be in a concentrated form.
25 - 60%
Diffusion method CO2 is let to diffuse through a porous metal or plastic pipe to form the smallest
bubbles possible (not seen on surface).
Unknown
26. Utilization Strategy
Ref: 13) SIEW-MOI, P.; “MARINE ALGAE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION”; Institute of Ocean and
Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2008
Marine seaweed that can be grown in shallow ponds. Very little agitation is needed
1. Enteromorpha clathrata 8)
•.Growth rate : 28 g/m2·day dry weight.
• Temperature : Optimum between 24 – 33 °C.
• pH : 7.5 - 8.0 – 9.0 Relative pH sensitive.
2. Eucheuma spp. & Kappaphycus alvarezzi 13)
• Growth rate : 3 ~ 46 g/m2·day dry weight.
27. Utilization Strategy
Seaweed Farming Methods 14)
Off-bottom method Raft or floating frame method
Ref: 14) Blankenhorn, S. U.; “Seaweed farming and artisanal fisheries in an Indonesian seagrass bed – Complementary or
competitive usages?”; Dissertation, University Bremen, Bremen, June 2007
With other floating material
for sufficient buoyancy
GoogleEarth View on off-bottom seaweed
farms in Nusa Lembong, Bali, Indonesia
floating long line method
28. Utilization Strategy
Floating Type Seaweed Cultivations 15)
Raft or floating frame method With additional bamboo With other floating material
Ref: 15) FOSCARINI, R. & PRAKASH, J.; “HANDBOOK ON EUCHEUMA SEAWEED CULTIVATION IN FIJI”; MINISTRY OF
PRIMARY INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES DIVISION and SOUTH PACIFIC AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Suva, Fiji, May 1990
Raft or floating frame method
Made from Mangrove woods
With additional bamboo
for sufficient buoyancy
With other floating material
for sufficient buoyancy
Simple long line method branched long line method
29. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Thermal Decomposition 16)
Ref: 16) Yun, S-H.; Kim, G-J., Park, D-W.; “Decomposition and Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Synthesis Gas Using
Thermal Plasma”; Journal of Ind. & Eng. Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 4, December 1997, p. 293-297
30. Utilization Strategy
Dissolution type Ocean Storage Concept 18)
Ref: 18) Metz, B., Davidson, O., de Coninck, H., Leo Meyer, M-L.; “IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage”;
Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005
31. Utilization Strategy
Dissolution type CO2 Fine Bubble Diffuser
Tube Membrane typeSingle Disc Membrane type
Ref: a. Botjheng Water Micro Bubble Aerators Brochure
b. Tideflex® Fine Bubble Air Diffuser Brochure