This document discusses strategies for carbon capture and storage as well as carbon dioxide utilization at PT Krakatau Steel in Indonesia. It analyzes models for CO2 capture from steel production and power plants, as well as sequestration methods like injection into geological formations or for enhanced oil recovery. Utilization strategies examined include microalgae cultivation for biofuels, seaweed farming to sequester carbon, and thermal decomposition of CO2 into synthesis gas. The document provides an overview of these various carbon reduction program options and references supporting literature.

1. Carbon Capture and Storage
with its Utilization Strategy
for CO2 Emission
Reduction ProgramReduction Program
Case Study: PT. Krakatau Steel, Cilegon, Indonesia
07 September 2009

2. CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Model 1)
Ref: 1) Kuby, M.J., Bielicki, J.M., Middleton, R.S.; “Optimal Spatial Deployment of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
Given a Price on Carbon Dioxide”; Submitted to International Regional Science review; Special Issue for ISOLDE XI;
July 8, 2009

3. PTKS Direct Reduction Plant (existing)

4. PTKS Direct Reduction Plant (in progress)
H2O
H2O
IRON ORE
EXISTING CO2
ABSORPTION UNIT
DUMMY
QUENCH
13.608 NCMH
HEAT RECUPERATOR PRODUCE
STEAM TO REBOILER
DRI
NATURAL GAS
HEATER
OXYGEN
NATURAL
GAS
9.720 NCMH
5.940
NCMH
Zero Reformer Process
Potential CO2 reduction minimum around 25.82 kg/Ton Liquid Steel equal to
38,730 Ton CO2 per year for crude steel production of 1,500,000 MT per year.
Total CO2 emission can be avoided by integrated solution (incl. steelmaking)
projects approx. 46.8 t. CO2/h equal to approx. 370,656 t. CO2 per year.

5. CCS Scheme in PTKS
Pipeline
PTKS PTRMI
STORAGE
NETWORK & DISTRIBUTION
(CO2 Mitigation Only)

6. CO2 Absorption Plant in PTKS
StripperAbsorbers

7. PID - CO2 Absorption Plant
Absorber

8. PID - CO2 Absorption Plant
Stripper

9. CO2 Purification and Liquefaction Plant in PTRMI

10. CO2 Purification and Liquefaction Plant in PTRMI
OutdoorLiquid Storage Tanks
Indoor CO2 Process Equipment

11. PID - CO2 Purification

12. PID - CO2 Liquefaction

13. Existing Power Plant with CO2 Capture Strategy 2)
Ref: 2) Ciferno, J.; “CO2 Capture From Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants”; Final Results; National Energy Technology
Laboratory; December 2007

14. IGCC Power Plant with CO2 Capture Strategy 3)
Ref: 3) Chen, C.; “A Technical and Economic Assessment of CO2 Capture Technology for IGCC Power Plants”;
Dissertation; Carnegie Mellon University ; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; December 2005

15. CO2 Sequestration Model
Sequestration Sinks for CO2 Emissions
4)
Ref: 4) Byrer, C.W.; “Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Geologic Formations”; COAL - SEQ 1 Forum; National Energy
Technology Laboratory; Houston, Texas; March 14, 2002
Mineral ?

16. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 injection into remnant coal reserves
5)
Ref: 5) Irons, R., Goh, B., Snape, C., Arenillas, A., Drage, T., Smith, K., Maier, J., Dhungel, B., Jackson, P., Sakellaropoulos ,
G., Stathopoulos, V., Skodras, G.; “Assessment of options for CO2 capture and geological sequestration —
Comparison of CO2 capture technologies and enhancing CMM production with CO2, appendix WP 9 - FEASIBILITY
OF USING CO2 FOR ENHANCED COAL MINE METHANE PRODUCTION”; Research Fund for Coal and Steel;
Directorate-General for Research; Contract No RFCR-CT-2003-00008, Final report; Luxembourg; 31 May 2007

17. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery

18. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 Mineral Sequestration
6)
Ref: 6) Schiller, C.; “Feasibility Study of Carbon Dioxide Mineral Sequestration”; Dissertation of Technical University of
Braunschweig and Columbia University in the City of New York, September 2006

19. Sequestration Strategy
CO2 Geological Storage 7)
Ref: 7) Dooley , J.J., Dahowski, R.T., Davidson, C.L., Wise, M.A., Gupta, N., Kim, S.H., Malone, E.L.; “Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Geologic Storage - A CORE ELEMENT OF A GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY TO ADDRESS CLIMATE
CHANGE”; A TECHNOLOGY REPORT FROM THE SECOND PHASE OF THE GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY
PROGRAM; April 2006

20. CO2 Utilization Model
Overview of CO2 utilization and Problem Statement 8)
Ref: 8) Li, Y., Markley, B., Mohan, A.R., Rodriguez-Santiago, V., Thompson, D., Van Niekerk, D.; “UTILIZATION OF CARBON
DIOXIDE FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS”; Design
Engineering of Energy and Geo-Environmental Systems Course (EGEE 580); April 27, 2006

21. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Utilization via OPEN POND RACEWAY MICRO ALGAE CULTIVATION 8)
8)

22. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Utilization via Micro Algae for Renewable Biofuels 9)
8)
Ref: 9) Pribadi, K.S.; “Development of Scaleable Algae Production System for Biological CO2 Sequestering and Production of Bio-
Fuel“; PT MEDCO DOWNSTREAM INDONESIA; January 27, 2009
Bioreactor Installation

23. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Utilization via Seaweed Farming
11)
Ref: 10) Sinha, V.R.P., Fraley, L., Chowdhry, B.S.; “Carbon Dioxide Utilization and Seaweed Production”; World Bank
Project, Bangladesh, 2001,
11) Advance Maluku Project Files, 2009
3.5 ton of Macro Algae production utilizes 1.27 tons of Carbon,
about 0.22 tons of Nitrogen and 0.03 tons of phosphorus. 10)

24. Utilization Strategy
The Carbonate System of dissolved CO2 in the Seawater
12)
Ref: 12) Kleypas, J. and Langdon. C.; “Overview of CO2-induced Changes in Seawater Chemistry “; Climate & Global Dynamics,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA; 2001
When CO2 dissolves in water it may appear as H2CO3, HCO3
-
and CO3
2-
, depending on the pH. Dissolution of CO2 in
water can be written as:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+
+ HCO3
-
2 H+ + CO3
2-
Algae use the CO2 in its HCO3
-
form and excrete OH-
ions that elevate the pH of the pond. Therefore, the pH of the pond
can be used as a monitor to evaluate the state of the pond. If the pH rises (due to OH- ions) then it indicates that optimum
growth is occurring. 8)

25. Utilization Strategy
Supply Methods of CO2 in the Seawater 8)
12)
Three methods to bubble CO2
into ponds/shallow sea
(13~20% CO2 Utilization):
• A is a sintered stone,
• B is a porous pipe with a
plastic sheet to trap CO2
bubbles, and
• C utilizes a high speed
pressure pump for aerationpressure pump for aeration
and mixing.
CO2 supply methods Comments CO2 utilization
Bubbling method Gas is supplied in the form of fine bubbles. Problematic in shallow ponds, residence
time in pond is not sufficient to allow the CO2 to be dissolved. A lot of CO2 is lost
to the atmosphere.
13 - 20%
Floating gas
exchanger
The gas exchanger consists of a plastic frame, which is covered by transparent
sheeting and immersed in the suspension. CO2 is fed into the unit and the exchanger
float on the surface. CO2 needs to be in a concentrated form.
25 - 60%
Diffusion method CO2 is let to diffuse through a porous metal or plastic pipe to form the smallest
bubbles possible (not seen on surface).
Unknown

26. Utilization Strategy
Ref: 13) SIEW-MOI, P.; “MARINE ALGAE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION”; Institute of Ocean and
Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2008
Marine seaweed that can be grown in shallow ponds. Very little agitation is needed
1. Enteromorpha clathrata 8)
•.Growth rate : 28 g/m2·day dry weight.
• Temperature : Optimum between 24 – 33 °C.
• pH : 7.5 - 8.0 – 9.0 Relative pH sensitive.
2. Eucheuma spp. & Kappaphycus alvarezzi 13)
• Growth rate : 3 ~ 46 g/m2·day dry weight.

27. Utilization Strategy
Seaweed Farming Methods 14)
Off-bottom method Raft or floating frame method
Ref: 14) Blankenhorn, S. U.; “Seaweed farming and artisanal fisheries in an Indonesian seagrass bed – Complementary or
competitive usages?”; Dissertation, University Bremen, Bremen, June 2007
With other floating material
for sufficient buoyancy
GoogleEarth View on off-bottom seaweed
farms in Nusa Lembong, Bali, Indonesia
floating long line method

28. Utilization Strategy
Floating Type Seaweed Cultivations 15)
Raft or floating frame method With additional bamboo With other floating material
Ref: 15) FOSCARINI, R. & PRAKASH, J.; “HANDBOOK ON EUCHEUMA SEAWEED CULTIVATION IN FIJI”; MINISTRY OF
PRIMARY INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES DIVISION and SOUTH PACIFIC AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Suva, Fiji, May 1990
Raft or floating frame method
Made from Mangrove woods
With additional bamboo
for sufficient buoyancy
With other floating material
for sufficient buoyancy
Simple long line method branched long line method

29. Utilization Strategy
CO2 Thermal Decomposition 16)
Ref: 16) Yun, S-H.; Kim, G-J., Park, D-W.; “Decomposition and Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Synthesis Gas Using
Thermal Plasma”; Journal of Ind. & Eng. Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 4, December 1997, p. 293-297

30. Utilization Strategy
Dissolution type Ocean Storage Concept 18)
Ref: 18) Metz, B., Davidson, O., de Coninck, H., Leo Meyer, M-L.; “IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage”;
Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005

31. Utilization Strategy
Dissolution type CO2 Fine Bubble Diffuser
Tube Membrane typeSingle Disc Membrane type
Ref: a. Botjheng Water Micro Bubble Aerators Brochure
b. Tideflex® Fine Bubble Air Diffuser Brochure