regarding fuels

2. DEFINITION OF FUEL
 MATERIAL USED TO PRODUCE HEAT OR
POWER BY BURNING

3. BACKGROUND
 The main purpose of fuel is to store energy, which should be in a stable form and can be easily
transported to the place of use.
 Almost all fuels are chemical fuels. The user employs this fuel to generate heat or perform
mechanical work, such as powering an engine.
 It may also be used to generate electricity, which is then used for heating, lighting, or other
purpose.

4. INTRODUCTION
 The increase in energy consumption particularly in the past
several decades has raised fears of exhausting vital natural
resources.
 Rapid industrialization and massive growth in population has
increased the dependence and use of natural fuels.
 Approximately 90% of our energy requirement are met by
fossil fuels

5. INTRODUCTION..
 Studies suggest that if exploited at the same rate, the coal reserves will
deplete in the next 200-300 years and petroleum deposits will deplete in
the next few decades.
 So, it is important for us to engage in research and development of
alternative fuels so we may not face scarcity of natural resources in the
future.

6. CONVENTIONAL V/S ALTERNATE FUELS
Conventional Fuels:
 Fossil fuels (petroleum), coal, and nuclear materials such as
uranium.
Alternate Fuels:
 Also known as non-conventional fuels
 Highly Oxidized, Sulphur Free, Environmental Friendly
 Example:- Alcohol Fuel, Vegetable Oil,Biodiesel,Natural gas

7. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
 World today is facing the pinch of rising energy consumption.
 Green house gas emissions and global warming is also in the forefront
of critical issues.
 India is ranked 6th in terms of energy demands but its domestic crude
oil production satisfies only ¼th of our current demands.
 Cost of conventional fuels.
 In some cases, alternative fuels are more environmentally friendly.
 Some alternative fuels are more energy efficient.

8. The Energy Policy Act of 1993 (EPAct) DOE currently
recognizes the following as alternative fuels:
 Mixtures containing 85% or more by volume of alcohol fuel, including
methanol and denatured ethanol
 Natural gas (compressed or liquefied)
 Liquefied petroleum gas (propane)
 Hydrogen
 Coal-derived liquid fuels

9. CONTINUED..
 Fuels derived from biological materials (Algae)
 Electricity (including electricity from solar energy)
 100% Biodiesel (B100)
 Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under
EPAct. But lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered
alternative fuels

10. BIODIESEL
 Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from
vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases.
 Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces air pollutants such as particulates, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics.
 Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may require certain engine modifications to
avoid maintenance and performance problems and may not be suitable for wintertime use.
 Need heat storage tanks in colder climates to prevent the fuel from gelling

11. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL
 Environmental friendly
 Clean burning
 Renewable fuel
 No engine modification(for blends)
 Increase in engine life
 Biodegradable and non-toxic
 Complete CO2 cycle
 Sulphur free

12. PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

13. TRANSESTERIFICATION…
 A chemical exchange takes place between the alkoxy groups of an ester
compound by an alcohol.
 Usually, methanol and ethanol are used for the purpose. The reaction
occurs by the presence of a catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or
caustic soda and potassium hydroxide (KOH), which forms fatty esters (e.g.,
methyl or ethyl esters), commonly known as biodiesel.
 It takes approximately 10% of methyl alcohol by weight of the fatty
substance to start the transesterification process.

14. BIODIESEL CYCLE

15. BLENDS
 Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of
biodiesel in any fuel mix.
 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100
 20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20
 5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5
 2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2
 Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only
minor modifications.
 Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine
modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems.

16. PRODUCT QUALITY
 Prior to use as a commercial fuel, the finished biodiesel must be analyzed using sophisticated
analytical equipment to ensure it meets any required specifications.
 The most important aspects of biodiesel production to ensure trouble free operation in diesel
engines are:
 Complete reaction
 Removal of glycerin
 Removal of catalyst
 Removal of alcohol
 Absence of fatty acids

17. ALGAE
 Algae are simple plants that range from microalgae to
large seaweeds, such as giant kelp
 Algae can be grown using sea-, and wastewater
unsuitable for cultivating agricultural crops
 Most microalgae grow through photosynthesis by
converting sunlight, CO2,and a few nutrients, including
nitrogen and phosphorous, into biomass
 Other algae can grow in the dark using sugar or starch

18. WHY ALGAE BIOFUEL
 Can be grown on marginal lands useless for ordinary crops
 High yield per acre –have a harvesting cycle of 1–10 days
 Can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources
 Can be grown using flue gas from power plants as a CO2 source
 Can convert a much higher fraction of biomass to oil than
conventional crops, e.g. 60% versus 2-3% for soybean

19. ALGAE CULTIVATION
Algal Production or Algae Cultivation methods in practice .
1. Open pond
2. Closed-loop system
3 Algal Turf Scrubber
4. Hybrid System

20. OPEN POND SYSYEM
 Algae is cultivated in ponds which are exposed to
open air.
 Mostly uses environmental carbon dioxide.
 The ponds can be in planned or unplanned, natural
or artificial.
 Most efficient and low cost method where surface
water bodies are available with plenty amount of
water.
 Open sewage-ponds also used for the cultivation.

21. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
 Closed systems (not exposed to open air) .
 Avoid the problem of contamination by other organisms
blown in by the air.
 Widespread mass-production of algae by using this method
for biofuel production.
 Highly controlled production .Allows integration facility with
other facilities like Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system.

22. ALGAL TURF SCRUBER(ATS)
Model of outdoor Algal Turf Scrubber
• Needs:
-Sunlight
-Non corrosive Turf Sheet
-Nutrients rich Water etc.

23. HYBRID SYSTEM
 Hybrid Systems are the advanced cultivation systems.
 These are basically need dependent combination of previous
algal production Technologies to overcome the demerits
 These systems are capable of maintaining higher algal densities
for maximized algal biomass production within less cultivation
area.
 These are called with different names depends on the
combination and use of technology.

24. FUTURE PREDICTIONS
From the study it can be predict that in future there will be:
 Emphasis on the use of Byproducts
 More Research & Development
 Further Private & Government Investment
 Clearer Regulatory & Statutory Guidelines for Algae
Businesses
Biofuel vehicles
Green buildings

25. COMPARISON OF OIL YEILDS
•Algae yield is multiple times higher than other biofuel crops

26. Cost comparison

28. CONCLUSION
 The basic concept of conventional fuel like petrol,coal etc is to extract carbon from earth
and releasing into atmosphere in the process of producing energy which causes global
warming.
 Where as biofuels such as biodiesel,algal fuels etc concept is to use carbon present in
atmosphere to produce fuel .
 If algae farms are cultivated near co2 rich areas such as industrial areas where normal food
crops can’t be grown we can obtain better results
 Major draw back we have to look into is we should not let these commercial crops to
overcome food crops which result in food shortage which is not a good sign.