This study examined the bioregeneration of granular activated carbon (GAC) contaminated with hydrocarbon using Pseudomonas putida bacteria. The rate of bioregeneration was analyzed by varying the volume of bacteria from 10-40ml and the temperature from 25-45°C over 21 days. Increasing the bacteria volume and temperature both increased the rate of bioregeneration. The highest regeneration efficiency occurred with 40ml of bacteria at 40°C, as increasing temperature further to 45°C did not provide additional benefit. Characterization of the GAC before and after regeneration showed that its properties were largely preserved through the bioregeneration process.
Existing biological nitrogen removal processes and current scope of advancementSandip Magdum
In India, to achieve the stringent norms of total nitrogen less than 10 mg/l in sewage treatment plant is a big challenge for the public - private facilities and organizations. After successful implementation of this norm the pollutant burden from rivers and natural water bodies certainly reduces. The use of conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for new treatment facility development or retrofitting is also an energy and cost intensive practice. The process technologies offered by current market such as MLE, MBBR, IFAS and SBR are still in with downside of higher footprint, multi tank reactors, heavy instrumentation for IR and RAS which ultimately incur higher capital and operating cost. The current market need and lack of sustainable nitrogen removal applications, trigger to review the of all available efficient biological nitrogen removal processes. This review will gives an overall scenario of past and current biological nitrogen removal process technologies with showing possible scope and way forward towards more energy neutral nitrogen removal technologies.
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Existing biological nitrogen removal processes and current scope of advancementSandip Magdum
In India, to achieve the stringent norms of total nitrogen less than 10 mg/l in sewage treatment plant is a big challenge for the public - private facilities and organizations. After successful implementation of this norm the pollutant burden from rivers and natural water bodies certainly reduces. The use of conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for new treatment facility development or retrofitting is also an energy and cost intensive practice. The process technologies offered by current market such as MLE, MBBR, IFAS and SBR are still in with downside of higher footprint, multi tank reactors, heavy instrumentation for IR and RAS which ultimately incur higher capital and operating cost. The current market need and lack of sustainable nitrogen removal applications, trigger to review the of all available efficient biological nitrogen removal processes. This review will gives an overall scenario of past and current biological nitrogen removal process technologies with showing possible scope and way forward towards more energy neutral nitrogen removal technologies.
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
The Commonwealth Fund 2015 International Health Care Policy Survey of Primary...Odyssey Recruitment
This study looks at primary care services in industrialised countries comparing access to the various systems. Switzerland and Germany have the best results with swift access to Family Physicians.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Carbon Materials from High Ash Bio-char: A Nanostructure Similar to Activated...drboon
Problem statement: Developing high-value nanostructured carbon from bio-char, for electrical and natural gas energy storage, is critical to improving the economic viability of thermochemical bioenergy and biofuel conversion processes. Approach: Here we show that chemical activation, using potassium or sodium hydroxide as catalysts, converted the biochar of distiller’s dried grains with soluble into activated carbon with high surface area (> 1500 m2/g). Results: The development of porosity by chemical activation using alkali hydroxides depends on type and dosage of activation catalysts; activation temperature and atmosphere conditions. Activated carbon samples with high mesoporous volume ( 1 ml/g), and nanostructure similar to activated graphene were prepared at activation temperature (1050 °C) and KOH loading (0.05 or 0.075 mol/g biochar). Conclusion: This protocol offers the potential to use other protein rich feedstocks for preparing nanostructured carbon, containing nanostructure similar to activated graphene, as an advanced carbon material.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Application of Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model to Bioregeneration of Activated Car...IOSR Journals
Environmental pollution, high cost and high energy consumption associated with thermal regeneration of activated carbon polluted with hydrocarbon necessitated the search for a better way of regenerating activated carbon, bioregeneration. Spent granular activated carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The rate of bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The regeneration temperature was also varied from 25oC to ambient temperature of 27oC, 35oC and further at 40 and 45oC over a period of 21 days. The experimental results showed clear correlation when validated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The experiment at ambient temperature showed a negative correlation due to the fluctuation in the ambient temperature unlike all other experiment where temperature was controlled in an autoclave machine.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
H0425066
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 50-66
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Experimental Studies on Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon
Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
1
Ameh, C.U., 2
Jimoh, A., 3
Abdulkareem, A.S. and 4
Otaru, A.J.
1
(Chevron Nigeria Limited, 2, Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria).
2,3&4
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria)
Abstract: The search for a more cost effective, environmentally friendly and less cumbersome process of
regenerating used activated carbon in a petroleum polluted site necessitated this research work. Spent Granular
Activated Carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The
rate of Bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The
regeneration temperature was also varied from 25o
C to ambient temperature of 27o
C, 35o
C and further at 40
and 45o
C over a period of 21 days. The regeneration experiment improved as the quantity of bacteria used
increased. Increasing the temperature of regeneration also increased the rate of regeneration due to
chemisorptions action. There was no significant improvement when the temperature was increased to 45o
C
suggesting that increasing temperature beyond 40o
C would not be economical. The regenerated GAC was
characterized to determine efficiency of regeneration. Bioregeneration was impacted by variation in
temperature and bacteria volume. Bioregeneration spent Granular Activated Carbon is shown by the study to be
an effective and cost efficient way to remediate polluted soil and still reuse the adsorbent.
Keywords: Bioregeneration, Chemisorption, GAC, Hydrocarbon and Nigeria
I. Introduction
Despite the huge economic benefits of oil exploitation, there are many associated primary and secondary
problems that could impacted negatively on the habitants and the environment in Nigeria. Some of which
include contamination of streams and rivers within the exploration and processing areas, oil spillage, destruction
of forests and bio-diversity loss, gas flaring and environmental pollution (Nwankwo and Ifeadi, 1988; Bayode et
al, 2011; Eregha & Irughe, 2009). Among the outlined menaces of oil exploration and exploitation, oil spillage
has been reported as one with the most significant impact (Oghifo, 2011; Afinotan & Ojakorotu, 2009; Achebe
et al, 2012; Kadafa, 2012), thus, there is the need to improve on the processes and mechanisms that can facilitate
quick correction of identified spill cases.
The use of activated carbon (AC) has proven to be one of the best adsorbents for organic pollutants due
to its hydrophobicity, and microporous structure (Vasilyeva et al, 2006). Addition of activated carbon to the
polluted soil leads to a process of sorption and biodegradation of the pollutants. This adsorption process is
suitable for use in a lot of other processes like the remediation of soils contaminated with hydrocarbon.
Activated carbon successfully reduces the bioavailability of organic contaminants due to its strong sorption
properties (Bucheli & Gustafsson, 2000). Among the advantages of the use of activated carbon for oil spill
cleanup is the fact that it has a high sorptional capacity with a relative low viscosity for 1g of the carbon. It also
possesses a high rate of sorption and can also achieve reasonable level of cleanup at a relatively lower cost
without serious negative impact on the environment (Amer and Hussein, 2006). It is worthy of note however
that activated carbon will not remove any heavy metal from the cleanup site and it will also lose its sorptional
capacity when it becomes saturated. The use of activated carbon as a cleanup medium provides a less costly
option compared to the other available techniques (Sivakumar et al, 2011; Stenzel & Merz, 1989; Vasilyeva et
al, 2006).
Bioregeneration is widely used in solving problems of pollutant contamination of the soil and water
body. According to Coelho et al (2006), the main disadvantage inherent in the use of activated carbon to achieve
the above is the issue of contamination by the pollutant. There are various methods that can be used to remove
the pollutants from the adsorbents. The advantage of using biological regeneration over thermal as espoused by
Coelho et al (2006) include the avoidance of loss of volatile compounds as well as pyrolysis of the non-volatile
adsorbents at higher temperature.
The use of activated carbon plays a vital role in the cleanup of spill sites, the attendant secondary
pollution created by its dumping can be eliminated by regenerating the adsorbent. The process of thermal
regeneration is very expensive and energy consuming. Hazardous by-products are also produced and there is
always tendency of imposing or introducing negative effect(s) on natural properties of the product. These have
necessitated the search for a more cost effective, environmentally friendly and less cumbersome process of
2. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
regenerating used activated carbon. It is against this background that experimental studies on Bioregeneration of
activated carbon contaminated with hydrocarbon is imperative.
II. Research Methodology
Three samples of polluted soil of different concentration of hydrocarbon were treated with virgin
activated carbon. Characterization of the granular activated carbon was carried out by determining it surface
area, bulk density, pore volume, pH, moisture content, ash content and particle size before and after
regeneration. The optimum degradation temperature was determined from literature. The total hydrocarbon
concentration of the used activated carbon was determined and the saturated activated carbon was extracted
from the soil sample using a physical sieve of 1.7 - 2.4 mm. This is necessary because the particles size of
granular activated carbon is larger than the soil granules. Extracted used activated carbon was then treated with
pseudomonas putida bacteria culture. The treatment take place in a Bioreactor set up the laboratory. The rate of
hydrocarbon degeneration was measured at intervals of 24 hours for 21 days by collecting samples and testing
for hydrocarbon content and concentration. Evidence of activated carbon regeneration occurred by the reduction
in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the sample over the 21 days.
III. Results And Discussions
The use of Granular Activated Carbon is one of the methods in achieving site remediation. It can also be
used in the removal of organic constituents in waste water due to the important advantage of not adding
anything detrimental to the water (DeSilva, 2000). For economic reasons, recovering of GAC already saturated
with the hydrocarbon pollutant needs to be regenerated. Amongst the various methods for achieving this, the use
of bioregeneration is chosen to ensure preservation of the structure of the GAC as well as protect the
environment.
The commercially obtained Granular Activated Carbon was characterized before and after use for the
bioregeneration exercise as shown by the results on Table 1. The results obtained indicated that the surface area
of the virgin GAC was 738m2
/g. The surface area for the regenerated GAC was measured to be 730m2
/g. This
implies minimal distortion and impact on the surface area of the GAC during the remediation and
bioregeneration experiment. The surface area also falls within the acceptable standard range of 500 - 1500m2
/g
(DeSilva, 2000) or 600 - 1200m2
/g (Jabit, 2007). The bulk density measured for the virgin GAC was 386kg/m3
.
After regeneration, the bulk density was measured at 379kg/m3
indicating the recovery of the quality of the
GAC (SAJ Holdings SDN BDH, 2002). The pore volume of the virgin GAC was measured as 0.098cm3
/g. The
regenerated GAC also had a pore volume measured as 0.097cm3
/g. The pore volume determines the size of
molecules of the substance the GAC can adsorb (Jabit, 2007) and the results obtained indicates a high efficiency
of regeneration. The value is also in alignment with the standard of 1.109cm3
/g (Hameed et al, 2006). The pH of
the virgin GAC was measured as 6.0. After regeneration, the pH of the GAC was measured to be 6.4. Most of
the adsorbed hydrocarbon was removed from the GAC and this manifested in the attainment of 6.4 as the pH.
The pH of the regenerated GAC conforms to the standard of 6.0 - 7.0 (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003) or 6.8 (Ekpete
and Horsfall, 2011). The percentage moisture content was measured to be 2.72 in the virgin GAC. The
regenerated GAC however has a result of 2.71 and this falls within the acceptable moisture content limit of <5%
(SAJ Holdings SDN BDH, 2002). The ash content was measured as shown on the table to be 3.69% for the
virgin GAC and 3.58% for the regenerated GAC. This falls within the range of 2 - 10% (Jabit, 2007) and <15%
(SAJ Holdings SDN BDH, 2002). The lower the ash value, the better the GAC for use as a adsorbent (Ekpete
and Horsfall, 2011). The measured particle size for the virgin GAC and the regenerated GAC was the same with
the value of 1.8mm.
Plates I and II pictorially show the GAC sample in its virgin state and also after regeneration respectively.
3. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Table 1 Results on the characterization of granular activated carbon (GAC)
Plate I: Granular Activated carbon before remediation
Plate II: Granular Activated Carbon after remediation
S/No Property Before
Regeneration
Before
Regeneration
Standard Reference
1. Surface area 738 m2
/g 730 m2
/g 500 - 1500m2
/g DeSilva (2000)
2. Bulk density 386 kg/m3
379 kg/m3
> 180 kg/ m3
SAJ Holdings
SDN BDH
(2002)
3. Pore volume 0.098 cm3
/g 0.097 cm3
/g 1.109 Hameed et al.,
2006
4. pH 6.0 6.4 6.0 - 7.0 Metcalf and
Eddy (2003)
5. Moisture content 2.72% 2.71 % <5% (AWWA) SAJ Holdings
SDN BDH
(2002)
6. Ash content 3.69 % 3.58% <15% SAJ Holdings
SDN BDH
(2002)
7. Particle size 1.8 mm 1.8 mm N/A N/A
4. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Bioregeneration Experiment with Varying Bacteria Volume
Figure 1 is obtained from the values in Table 2. The results were obtained in the bioregeneration
experiment by varying the volume of bacteria. As shown on the graph, there was a sharp decrease in THC after
the first 24 hours of the experiment. This initial effect of the bacteria on the hydrocarbon was equally evident for
10, 20, 30 and 40ml bacteria volume experiments. There is a very fast production of CO2 during the first phase
of interaction between the bacteria and the hydrocarbon pollutant leading to the phenomenon above (Jonge et al,
1995). It also brings to the fore the fact that the volume of substrate as well as the kinetics of desorption of the
hydrocarbon decreases as the contact time between both increases (Jonge et al, 1995). However, significant
differences were noticed from day two to the twelfth day between the rate of desorption in the various samples
for the bioregeneration experiment. The decrease in THC for the 10 and 20ml bacteria volume became very
slow while the rate of decrease was very evident for the 30 and 40 ml bacteria volume. The reason for this is due
to the presence of more bacteria considering the volume used. By implication, the samples with lower volume of
bacteria had their bacteria used up earlier thereby reducing the rate of desorption over the same period of time.
After day twelve, there was noticeable decrease in THC for all bacteria volume. On the last day of the
experiment, the final THC for the 10, 20, 30 and 40ml bacteria volume was 7.308, 1.988, 0.526 and 0.339
respectively. It was evident that increasing the concentration of the micro organism would increase the
efficiency of bioregeneration within the same time duration as confirmed by Nath et al (2011). At 40ml, the rate
of decrease in THC was steady and evident through the duration of the experiment.
Table 2 Variation of bacterial volume in saturated GAC (100g)
Bact. 10ml Bact. 20ml Bact. 30ml Bact. 40ml
INITIAL 25.48 25.48 25.48 25.48
4/5/15 23.930 23.880 22.914 22.271
5/5/15 23.701 23.820 22.401 21.508
6/5/15 23.462 23.510 21.987 20.333
7/5/15 23.255 23.070 21.533 20.164
8/5/15 22.794 22.820 21.188 19.897
9/5/15 22.749 22.400 21.110 19.016
10/5/15 22.708 22.366 21.102 19.000
11/5/15 22.688 22.363 20.001 18.582
11/5/15 22.645 22.358 20.668 18.133
12/5/15 22.617 22.351 20.183 17.674
13/5/15 22.585 22.346 20.112 17.611
14/5/15 22.500 22.341 20.011 17.489
15/5/15 22.466 22.100 19.600 17.066
16/5/15 20.771 19.886 16.981 14.591
17/5/15 18.708 17.237 13.660 11.796
18/5/15 16.931 16.944 10.814 8.844
19/5/15 15.884 14.188 7.716 5.533
20/5/15 14.930 11.894 5.842 2.994
21/5/15 13.533 9.629 3.770 1.877
22/5/15 11.220 6.535 1.077 1.087
23/5/15 9.781 3.358 0.933 0.621
24/5/12 7.308 1.988 0.526 0.339
5. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
Figure 2: Bioregeneration at various volume of bacteria
Bioregeneration at Varying Temperatures
The Figure 2 below is developed from the Table 3. The graph shows the impact of change in
temperature on the rate of bioregeneration. The initial THC was 24.349 for all the experimental temperatures. At
27o
C which was the ambient temperature, there was no significant drop in THC until the 6th day. This lag phase
is possibly due to the inhibitory effect of the phenol constituent in the hydrocarbon (Ullhyan & Ghosh, 2012).
Noticeable drops in THC content were observed at 25 and 35o
C and this was consistent for the 21 days of the
experiment. Increasing the temperature above the ambient of 27o
C led to increase in the regeneration. This could
be attributed to chemisorption (Lashaki et al, 2012). Final THC for the 25, 27 and 35o
C were 0.785, 0.599 and
1.535 respectively. There was need to probe the impact of temperature further considering that 25o
C was below
ambient and at ambient temperature, there was an unfavourable impact on the bacteria for the first six days of
lag phase (Ullhyan & Ghosh, 2012).
Table 3 Bioregeneration at Different Temperatures
350
C 250
C 27o
C
INITIAL THC 24.349 24.349 24.349
6/4/12 20.934 20.188 24.344
7/4/12 19.880 18.835 24.338
8/4/12 19.839 18.196 24.334
9/4/12 19.274 17.886 24.214
10/4/12 19.175 17.513 24.166
11/4/12 17.800 15.159 22.616
12/4/12 15.734 12.228 18.980
13/4/12 13.990 9.741 16.841
14/4/12 13.400 9.212 15.002
15/4/12 12.656 8.884 13.629
16/4/12 11.172 7.808 12.254
17/4/12 9.534 5.791 11.060
18/4/12 7.877 4.664 8.361
19/4/12 6.690 3.990 6.574
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bact. 10mls
Bact. 20mls
Bact. 30mls
Bact. 40mls
Time (days)
TotalHydrocarbon
6. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
20/4/12 5.880 2.830 5.080
21/4/12 4.109 2.526 3.208
22/4/12 3.770 1.944 2.894
23/4/12 3.502 1.606 1.979
24/4/12 2.183 1.207 1.526
25/4/12 1.774 0.962 0.880
26/4/12 1.535 0.785 0.599
Figure 2: Bioregeneration at various temperatures
As mentioned above, there was need to further study the impact of higher temperature on the rate of
bioregeneration. The final THC at 35o
C was used as the initial THC for the extended experiment at 40 and 45o
C.
The results shown on Figure 3 shows that at 45o
C, there was initially no significant impact for about 10days
unlike the situation at 40o
C where noticeable and steady decrease in THC was observed all through the
experiment. At the end of the experiment on the 21st day, the final THC was almost equal for both temperatures.
The optimum experimental temperature for bioregeneration is suggested to be 35o
C to 45o
C (Lashaki et al,
2012). It is important to consider the energy used at 45o
C and associated cost if same regeneration efficiency can
be achieved at 40o
C.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
INITIALTHC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
35 C
25 C
27 C
Time (days)
TotalHydrocarbonContent
7. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
Figure 3: Bioregeneration expanded to 40 and 45o
C
VI. Conclusions
Bioregeneration is very effective in recovering spent granulated activated carbon (GAC) for reuse
considering the quality of the regenerated GAC in comparison to the virgin sample. Increasing the volume of
bacteria increased the rate of Bioregeneration. Also, temperature plays an important role in Bioregeneration
efficiency and increasing the temperature improved the efficiency in as much as it is beyond the temperature
that will incapacitate the bacteria colony. Effective Bioregeneration was achieved at 40o
C as such it is
concluded that increasing the temperature of Bioregeneration to 45o
C was not cost effective.
Acknowledgments
My immense gratitude goes to my Project Supervisor, Dr. Abdulfatai Jimoh, my co-Supervisor, Dr. A.
S Abdulkareem who was always available to support this cause from the very first day. I feel delighted that your
support has brought this dream to fruition.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
GRAPHICAL AND TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA
Fig I-A: Remediation at 30o
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30o C
30 C
9. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Fig I-B: Remediation @ 35o
C
Fig I-C: Remediation @ 40o
C
Fig I-D: Remediation @ 45o
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35o C
35 C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40o C
40 C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
45o C
45 C