This document provides an overview of carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems. It discusses the need to reduce CO2 emissions to mitigate climate change. CCS systems aim to capture over 80% of CO2 emissions from power plants and industrial facilities, transport it via pipelines or ships, and store it underground in geological formations or in the deep ocean. The document describes different capture methods including pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion. It also discusses transportation and storage options as well as some real-world CCS project sites. While CCS could significantly reduce emissions, the technology is currently very expensive and poses risks if CO2 leaks from storage locations. More research is still needed to improve C

1. CARBON CAPTURING
AND
STORAGE SYSTEM
Presented by:
Iqura Malik
(17WM60R02)
SCHOOL OF WATER RESOURCES
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR

2. Major Sources of CO2

4. Introduction
• Emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) will increase the
average global temperature by 1.1 to 6.4 oC by the end of the
21st century .
• A global warming of more than 2 oC increase in global
average temperature will lead to serious consequences.
• Global GHG emissions should be reduced by 50 to 80 percent
by 2050. [IPCC]
• CO2 level has increased more than 39%, from 280 ppm
during pre-industrial time to the record high level of 400 ppm
in May 2013 .[IPCC fourth assessment report: climate change 2007 ]
•

5. NASA (2007)

6. • To keep the temperature rise less than 2 °C relative to
preindustrial levels and that CO2 emissions should be
reduced globally by 41–72% by 2050.
• Enhanced energy efficiency and increased renewable
energy production will reduce CO2 emissions.
• It does not have the potential to reduce global CO2
emissions as much as IPCC’s target.

7. Approaches to mitigate global climate
change
• Improve energy efficiency and promote energy
conservation;
• Increase usage of low carbon fuels, including natural
gas, hydrogen or nuclear power;
• Deploy renewable energy, such as solar, wind,
hydropower and bioenergy;
• Apply geoengineering approaches, e.g. afforestation and
reforestation; and
• CO2 capture and storage (CCS).

8. Comparison of CO2 reducing strategies
Strategies Advantages Limitations
Enhance energy efficiency
and energy conservation
Saves energy 10% to 20% expensive
Increase usage of clean fuels Natural gas emits 40–50%
less CO2than coal
High fuel cost
Adopt clean coal
technologies
lower emissions of air
pollutants.
Significant investment
needed to roll out
technologies widely.
Use of renewable energy no or low greenhouse and
toxic gas emissions
most current renewable
energies are more costly
than conventional energy.
Development of nuclear
power
No air pollutant and
greenhouse gas emissions.
Usage is controversial
Afforestation and
reforestation
Simple approach to create
natural and sustainable
CO2sinks.
Restricts/prevents land use
for other applications.
Carbon capture and storage capture efficiency >80%. Very expensive technology

9. CCS Technology
• A technology that can capture up to 90% of the carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions & prevent it from entering the
atmosphere.
• The CCS chain consists of three parts:
- Capture
- Transportation
- Store

10. Capture Strategies

11. CO2 is captured
before fuel is
burned

12. Post- Combustion
• CO2 is captured from the exhaust of a combustion
process by absorbing it on a suitable solvent.
• The absorbed CO2 is liberated from the solvent and is
compressed for transportation and storage.
• Other methods for separating CO2 include high pressure
membrane filtration, adsorption/desorption .

13. CO2 is captured
after fuel has been
burned
post-
combustion

14. CO2 is captured during fuel
combustion
OXYFUEL

15. CO2 COMPRESSION
• CO2 is compressed to make it more efficient to transport.
• Denser the CO2 more easy to transport it.
• Compression of “captured CO2” performed by multi-
stage reciprocating or turbo compressors with inter-
cooling from atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) to injection
pressure of about 20 MPa because storage of CO2 is
more efficient if it is in supercritical conditions (P > 7.4
MPa and T> 300 K.)

16. Compression Graph

18. CO2 Transport
• Once captured, the CO2 is compressed into a liquid
state and dehydrated for transport and storage
• CO2 is preferably transported by pipeline
• …or by ships when a storage site is too far from the
CCS capture plant
18

19. CO2 SHIP TRANSPORT SYSTEM CONSIST OF
FOLLOWING COMPONENTS:
• CO2 liquification plant
• Intermediate storage tank
• Loading facilities at a port
• Ships
• Unloading facilities

20. Comparison between ship and pipeline
transportation
Source: EIA Report no PH4/30,2004

21. Carbon Sequestration
• Also known as “carbon capture”
• A geo-engineering technique for the long-term storage of
carbon dioxide (or other forms of carbon) for the mitigation
of global warming.
• Ways that carbon can be stored (sequestered):
– In plants and soil “terrestrial sequestration” (“carbon
sinks”)
– Underground “geological sequestration”
– Deep in ocean “ocean sequestration”
– As a solid material (still in development)

23. TERRESTRIAL SEQUESTRATION:
• The process through which CO2 .
from the atmosphere is absorbed
naturally through photosynthesis &
stored as carbon in biomass & soils.
• Tropical deforestation is responsible
for 20% of world’s annual CO2
emissions, though offset by uptake
of atmospheric CO2 by forests and
agriculture.

24. Ways to reduce greenhouse gases:
• Avoiding emissions by maintaining existing
carbon storage in trees and soils
• Increasing carbon storage by tree planting or
conversion
• From conventional to conservation tillage
practices on agricultural lands
(Gambolati et al. ,2005)

25. • Storing of CO2 underground in rock formations in small
pore spaces (have held oil and natural gas for millions of
years)
• CO2 injected at pressure into pore space at depths below
and isolated (sequestered) from potable water.
• Underground storage includes injecting CO2 into:
 Oil fields
 Gas fields
 Saline formations (Sleipner in North sea) i the North Sea
 Sandstone reservoirs
GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION

26. GEOLOGICAL STORAGE SYSTEM

27. BENEFITS OF GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION
 Less erosion
Increased soil fertility
Improved soil structure
Healthier ecology
Improved agricultural performance

28. Ocean Sequestration
• Ocean is a large sink of carbon dioxide
• Ocean has 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere
• 1/3 of CO2 emitted a year already enters the ocean
• There are three approaches for engineering the
storage of additional carbon in the ocean.
 Direct injection.
 Increase the alkalinity of the ocean
 Enhanced photosynthesis

30. MAJOR STORAGE SITES IN THE
WORLD
• Sleipner, Norwegian North Sea
• Altmark, Germany
• Weyburn, Canada
• In Salah, Algeria
• Miranga, Brazil
• Hontomin, Spain
• Hastings, Texas, USA

31. Negative Impacts of CCS
• Can damage environment if leaked.
• The technology used in CCS can also increase certain
aspects of air pollution.
• Technology is very expensive and largely unproven.
• Ocean sequestration can lead to ocean acidification and
thus lead to Coral bleaching.

32. Barriers......
• CCS involves high cost of infrastructure, skilled labour
etc.
• Public opposition
• Property Rights, Liability, Monitoring verification etc act
as regulatory and legal barrier.
• Risk of CCS is failure of Storage scheme in in form of
CO2 leakage.

33. Conclusion
• The overall cost of using current CCS procedures is still
high and must be substantially reduced before it can be
widely deployed.
• There is a need of more research which help in securing
the storage and other protection technique
• Success of CCS project depends on encouraging other
nation in developing and using CCS technologies
incentive mechanism and regulatory framework for
providing sufficient support for deployment of CCS
technologies.

34. References
• IPCC fourth assessment report: climate change 2007(AR4) from
IPCC website
[〈http://ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_re
ports.shtml/〉; 2007.
• Elwell LC ,Grant WS. Technology options for capturing CO2 – special
reports. Power2006;150:60–5.
• "Introduction to Carbon Capture and Storage - Carbon storage and
ocean acidification activity“. Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Global CCS
Institute. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
• G. Gambolati, M. Putti, P. Teatini, M. Camporese, S.Ferraris, G. Gas
parettoStori, et al. Peatland oxidation enhances subsidence in the
Venice watershed Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical
Union, 86 (2005), pp. 217-220

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