During the past decade, significant advancement has been made on various extraction technologies to develop U.S. oil shale resources in an environmentally and economically sustainable fashion. This work has been driven by the increasing demand for domestic transportation fuels and the need to improve U.S. energy security. Although conventional hydrocarbon deposits are becoming more difficult to find and limited in volume, unconventional reserves are relatively easy to locate and plentiful. Hence, development of unconventional resources, particularly shale gas, oil sands, and shale oil continues to receive tremendous attention. The present work shows ex-situ process of oil shale in a five ton/day externally heated horizontal rotary reactor, and discuss the process parameters and yield. The main focus of this article is: A) Effect of reactor bed temperature, rotation speed and feed rate on the residence time, fuel consumption and process yield B) Hazardous environmental issue related to leaching of heavy metals and metalloids from spent shale by underground and/or surface water, which prevent further commercialization of this process. In addition, an Aspen diagram of the overall oil shale process is presented as ongoing work focusing on key mechanical issues that affect online reliability and process efficiency including particle size, bed temperature and solid/gas mixing efficiency.
Larry Shultz presents TexasEOR.com Exhaust Gas Injection CO2 Enhanced Oil Rec...Larry Shultz
Why spend >$50-$60 to produce a barrel of shale/tight oil, when new portable exhaust gas injection EOR equipment has the potential to recover oil for less than $15-$25 per barrel?
Fielding the oil industry’s next-generation fleet of fully-automated, portable exhaust gas injection N2+CO2 EOR skids to bring low-cost, variable-pressure gas injection EOR capabilities on-site to EOR-worthy mature and legacy oil fields that are too far away from and cannot be economically served by CO2 pipelines.
Improving Oil Recovery In Fractured Reservoirs (Eor)Bakhtiar Mahmood
The aim of this project is to investigate the oil production in fractured reservoirs and to have an understanding of recovery mechanisms and all the methods that lead to improvement of the production in fractured reservoirs especially the EOR processes and to determine the advantages and limitations of fractures during EOR process.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
These slides were presented for the webinar CO2 EOR and the transition to carbon storage which was presented by Dr Ernie Perkins, a geologist based in Alberta, Canada, with over 20 years experience in carbon dioxide sequestration and acid gas/EOR.
Ernie currently works for both the Global CCS Institute and Alberta Innovates Technology Futures and presented an informative and educational dive into the realities and science of EOR.
The webinar can be viewed by visiting the Global CCS Institute website (http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/community/events/2011/08/17/co2-eor-and-transition-carbon-storage).
Larry Shultz presents TexasEOR.com Exhaust Gas Injection CO2 Enhanced Oil Rec...Larry Shultz
Why spend >$50-$60 to produce a barrel of shale/tight oil, when new portable exhaust gas injection EOR equipment has the potential to recover oil for less than $15-$25 per barrel?
Fielding the oil industry’s next-generation fleet of fully-automated, portable exhaust gas injection N2+CO2 EOR skids to bring low-cost, variable-pressure gas injection EOR capabilities on-site to EOR-worthy mature and legacy oil fields that are too far away from and cannot be economically served by CO2 pipelines.
Improving Oil Recovery In Fractured Reservoirs (Eor)Bakhtiar Mahmood
The aim of this project is to investigate the oil production in fractured reservoirs and to have an understanding of recovery mechanisms and all the methods that lead to improvement of the production in fractured reservoirs especially the EOR processes and to determine the advantages and limitations of fractures during EOR process.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
These slides were presented for the webinar CO2 EOR and the transition to carbon storage which was presented by Dr Ernie Perkins, a geologist based in Alberta, Canada, with over 20 years experience in carbon dioxide sequestration and acid gas/EOR.
Ernie currently works for both the Global CCS Institute and Alberta Innovates Technology Futures and presented an informative and educational dive into the realities and science of EOR.
The webinar can be viewed by visiting the Global CCS Institute website (http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/community/events/2011/08/17/co2-eor-and-transition-carbon-storage).
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
This Training include several parts of Oil & Gas Engineering:
Petroleum Geology
Process Presentation
Utilities in an Oil & Gas Field
Process Engineering
Safety Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Control & Instrumentation Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Design Engineering - 3D Model
Field Engineering
Commissioning & Startup
For more détails, please contact: Ramzi Fathallah
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramzi-fathallah-a3762b85?trk=nav_responsive_tab_profile
PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGEN BY STEAM METHANE REFORMING (SMR)Priyam Jyoti Borah
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Several studies have demonstrated its advantages from the economic viewpoint. Nowadays process development is based on technical and economic aspects, however, in the near future; the environmental impact will play a significant role in the design of such processes. In this paper, an SMR process is studied from the viewpoint of overall environmental impact, using an exergoenvironmental analysis. This analysis presents the combination of exergy analysis and life cycle assessment. Components, where chemical reactions occur, are the most important plant components from the exergoenvironmental point of view, because, in general, there is a high environmental impact associated with these components. This is mainly caused by the energy destruction within the components, and this in turn is mainly due to the chemical reactions. The obtained results show that the largest potential for reducing the overall environmental impact is associated with the combustion reactor, the steam reformer, the hydrogen separation unit and the major heat exchangers. The environmental impact in these components can mainly be reduced by improving their exergetic efficiency. A sensitivity analysis for some important exergoenvironmental variables is also presented in the paper.
Solar EOR: Myth and Reality in Solar Enhanced Oil RecoverySteven Geiger
Learn all about solar enhanced oil recovery (solar EOR) and how to achieve the lowest possible steam and thermal EOR costs using Solarlite. Debunks the major myths about solar energy, EOR, solar steam, CSP and solar process heat. Avoid carbon taxes and dramatically reduce your carbon footprint. Also avoid locking your company into uncompetitive long-term EOR costs with inefficient technology.
Steven Geiger #Solarlite #solar #solarEOR #EOR #enhancedoilrecovery #PDO_OM #KocOfficial #Saudi_Aramco #Aramco #Chevron #AeraEnergy #CaliforniaResources #AirResources #LCFS #PEMEX #ONGC_ solar EOR pdf
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
Presentazione in lingua inglese di un tema a scelta.
Titolo: "Enhanced Oil Recovery:
Engineering ideas for getting the most out of proven oil reserves"
Nella presentazioni sono state trattate tutte le tecniche attualmente in uso nell'industria petrolifera per aumentare la produzione di petrolio
The Krylov-TPWL Method of Accelerating Reservoir Numerical Simulationinventionjournals
Because of the large number of system unknowns, reservoir simulation of realistic reservoir can be computationally demanding. Model order reduction (MOR) technique represents a promising approach for accelerating the simulations. In this work, we focus on the application of a MOR technique called Krylov trajectory piecewise-linear (Krylov-TPWL). First, the nonlinear system is represented as a weighted combined piecewise linear system using TPWL method, and then reducing order of each linear model using Krylov subspace. We apply Krylov-TPWL method for a two-phase (oil-water) reservoir model which is solved by full implicit. The example demonstrates that which can greatly reduce the dimension of reservoir model, so as to reduce the calculation time and improve the operation speed.
Antibacterial Activity of Schiff Bases Derived from OrthoDiaminocyclohexane, ...inventionjournals
Schiff bases (SBs) are known to possess many biological activities. In this paper we will be interested in nine SBs derived from ortho-diaminocyclohexane, meta-phenylenediamine, 1,6-diaminohexane and benzaldehydes variously substituted by nitro group. We had synthesized, characterized and tested these molecules for their antibacterial properties. Herein our study focuses in particular on the determination of quantum descriptors on which observed antibacterial activity depends, in order to be able to predict biological activities in analogue molecule series. Using quantum chemistry methods at B3LYP / 6-31G (d, p) level, we determined for each molecules, theoretical antibacterial potentials that we correlated to the experimental ones. Calculation results showed that, the energy of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (EHOMO), electronegativity (χ) and electronic energy (E), are the best quantum descriptors related to the antibacterial activity values of studied molecules. The correlation coefficient R 2 indicates that 92.1% of the molecular descriptors defining this model are taken into account with a standard deviation of 0.152.The model significance is reflected by Fischer coefficient F = 7.721: Correlation coefficient of cross-validation = 0.88. This model is acceptable with . The values of the pCE50theo/pCE50exp values of the validation set tend to unity
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
This Training include several parts of Oil & Gas Engineering:
Petroleum Geology
Process Presentation
Utilities in an Oil & Gas Field
Process Engineering
Safety Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Control & Instrumentation Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Design Engineering - 3D Model
Field Engineering
Commissioning & Startup
For more détails, please contact: Ramzi Fathallah
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramzi-fathallah-a3762b85?trk=nav_responsive_tab_profile
PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGEN BY STEAM METHANE REFORMING (SMR)Priyam Jyoti Borah
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Several studies have demonstrated its advantages from the economic viewpoint. Nowadays process development is based on technical and economic aspects, however, in the near future; the environmental impact will play a significant role in the design of such processes. In this paper, an SMR process is studied from the viewpoint of overall environmental impact, using an exergoenvironmental analysis. This analysis presents the combination of exergy analysis and life cycle assessment. Components, where chemical reactions occur, are the most important plant components from the exergoenvironmental point of view, because, in general, there is a high environmental impact associated with these components. This is mainly caused by the energy destruction within the components, and this in turn is mainly due to the chemical reactions. The obtained results show that the largest potential for reducing the overall environmental impact is associated with the combustion reactor, the steam reformer, the hydrogen separation unit and the major heat exchangers. The environmental impact in these components can mainly be reduced by improving their exergetic efficiency. A sensitivity analysis for some important exergoenvironmental variables is also presented in the paper.
Solar EOR: Myth and Reality in Solar Enhanced Oil RecoverySteven Geiger
Learn all about solar enhanced oil recovery (solar EOR) and how to achieve the lowest possible steam and thermal EOR costs using Solarlite. Debunks the major myths about solar energy, EOR, solar steam, CSP and solar process heat. Avoid carbon taxes and dramatically reduce your carbon footprint. Also avoid locking your company into uncompetitive long-term EOR costs with inefficient technology.
Steven Geiger #Solarlite #solar #solarEOR #EOR #enhancedoilrecovery #PDO_OM #KocOfficial #Saudi_Aramco #Aramco #Chevron #AeraEnergy #CaliforniaResources #AirResources #LCFS #PEMEX #ONGC_ solar EOR pdf
Optimizing Reactor Parameters to Achieve Higher Process Yield in Ex-Situ Oil ...IJERA Editor
Declining worldwide crude oil reserves and increasing energy needs have the attentions focused on developing existing unconventional fossil fuels including oil shale. America’s richest oil shale deposits are found in the Green River Formation of western Colorado, eastern Utah and south-western Wyoming. The current work describes process simulation of an ex-situ oil shale pyrolysis process in a pyrolytic reactor using a novel method involving external and internal heating to increase heat transfer and mixing ratio inside the reactor. Efforts to improve process yield for commercial operation relies on first developing a complete Aspen based process model of a proposed shale refining plant, identifying the key process parameters for the reactor and then optimizing the overall process. Simulation results are compared to earlier experimental data collected from a pilot scale rotary reactor operated by Combustion Resources Inc. (CR). This work identified the critical impact of bed temperature on crude production in such a way that for a bed temperature of less than 400°C, results showed less than 10% conversion in crude production and for bed temperatures between 450 and 500°C, above 90% conversion was achieved. The proposed model consists of four zones including drying, shale reactions, natural gas combustion and gas/oil recovery. Different cases were defined and studied based on various operational conditions. Optimized operational values for the key parameters including reactor temperature, reactor volume and feed rate were given as results to maximum shale oil production.
Presentazione in lingua inglese di un tema a scelta.
Titolo: "Enhanced Oil Recovery:
Engineering ideas for getting the most out of proven oil reserves"
Nella presentazioni sono state trattate tutte le tecniche attualmente in uso nell'industria petrolifera per aumentare la produzione di petrolio
The Krylov-TPWL Method of Accelerating Reservoir Numerical Simulationinventionjournals
Because of the large number of system unknowns, reservoir simulation of realistic reservoir can be computationally demanding. Model order reduction (MOR) technique represents a promising approach for accelerating the simulations. In this work, we focus on the application of a MOR technique called Krylov trajectory piecewise-linear (Krylov-TPWL). First, the nonlinear system is represented as a weighted combined piecewise linear system using TPWL method, and then reducing order of each linear model using Krylov subspace. We apply Krylov-TPWL method for a two-phase (oil-water) reservoir model which is solved by full implicit. The example demonstrates that which can greatly reduce the dimension of reservoir model, so as to reduce the calculation time and improve the operation speed.
Antibacterial Activity of Schiff Bases Derived from OrthoDiaminocyclohexane, ...inventionjournals
Schiff bases (SBs) are known to possess many biological activities. In this paper we will be interested in nine SBs derived from ortho-diaminocyclohexane, meta-phenylenediamine, 1,6-diaminohexane and benzaldehydes variously substituted by nitro group. We had synthesized, characterized and tested these molecules for their antibacterial properties. Herein our study focuses in particular on the determination of quantum descriptors on which observed antibacterial activity depends, in order to be able to predict biological activities in analogue molecule series. Using quantum chemistry methods at B3LYP / 6-31G (d, p) level, we determined for each molecules, theoretical antibacterial potentials that we correlated to the experimental ones. Calculation results showed that, the energy of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (EHOMO), electronegativity (χ) and electronic energy (E), are the best quantum descriptors related to the antibacterial activity values of studied molecules. The correlation coefficient R 2 indicates that 92.1% of the molecular descriptors defining this model are taken into account with a standard deviation of 0.152.The model significance is reflected by Fischer coefficient F = 7.721: Correlation coefficient of cross-validation = 0.88. This model is acceptable with . The values of the pCE50theo/pCE50exp values of the validation set tend to unity
Should Astigmatism be Corrected until the Age of Three? Results of a Six-year...inventionjournals
The state of refraction in young children is important to be examined in order to prevent different eye diseases (amblyopia, strabismus, hordeolosis, blepharitis etc.). Part of these diseases may interfere with the normal development of a child, as well as they may affect the process of socialization. AIM: The aim of this study is to determine and follow-up aspheric refraction dynamics in children up to age three. Patients and Methods: The study covers 324 children (648 eyes) from Sofia city and Sofia district (Bulgaria), aged between 6 and 12 months at their first visit and refraction examination. 159 of them are girls (318 eyes) and 165- boys (330 eyes). The children are followed up in time. They are grouped in four age groups and divided by gender. The methods used are: photorefractometry with PlusoptiX S04; cycloplegia, retinoscopy and optical correction if needed; statistics. Results: Astigmatism changes with age (towards reducing); Diopters of astigmatism are most decreased in age between 12 and 18 months; There is no statistically significant difference in aspheric refraction between genders. Conclusion: PlusoptiX S04 photorefractometer is operational for children aged at least 5 months. This is a quite accurate method for determining the aspheric refraction in children without cycloplegia. It allows us to state that astigmatism reduces considerably with age
Corelation between Central Corneal Thicknes, Gender and Age in Bulgarian Chil...inventionjournals
Introduction: The rapid growth and development suggest dynamics in various biometric indicators. Knowing the laws in their changes, as well as their relationship to and impact of other factors contribute to a thorough, fast and accurate interpretation during the diagnostic and treatment process Purpose: Determination of the statistically significant link between the biometric indicator central corneal thickness, gender and age in Bulgarian children. Material and Methods: The research covers 248 patients / 496 eyes / divided into four age groups: first / 0 to 1 years old / 70 children / 140 eyes / -32 girls and 38 boys; second / 1 to 3 years old / - 57 children / 114 eyes / - 31 girls and 26 boys; third / 3 to 7 years old / - 81 children / 162 eyes / - 40 girls and 41 boys; fourth / 7 to 15 years old / - 40 children / 80 eyes / -18 girls and 22 boys. The examinations were conducted for a period of 24 months with Ultrasonic pachimetry with PacScan300AP. Results: First group - test of Mann-Whitney/U = 1543, p = 0.694> 0.05/, no statistically significant difference between the average levels of CCT between genders. Second group - test of Mann-Whitney/U = 3001.5, p = 0.35 > 0.05/, no statistically significant difference between the average levels of CCT between genders. Third group - test of Mann-Whitney/U = 1543, p = 0.694 > 0.05/, no statistically significant difference between the average levels of CCT between genders. Fourth group - Independent Samples Test /t = 0.571, p = 0.571> 0.05/, no statistically significant difference between the average levels of CCT between genders. Kruscal-Wallis test shows that there is a statistically significant increase with increasing age in bought gender: Boys /X2 = 24.02, p<0.001 /><0.001/. Discussion: In the four groups of the study was not found statistically significant link between average central corneal thickness and gender. A correlation was found between central corneal thickness and age of the patients. CCT indicator in Bulgarian children increases from the age of six months to fifteen years.
Numerical Simulation of Flow in a Solid Rocket Motor: Combustion Coupled Pres...inventionjournals
Acomputational study is performed for the simulation of reactive fluid flow in a solid rocket motor chamber with pressure dependent propellant burning surface regression. The model geometry consists of a 2D end burning lab-scale motor. Complete conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and species are solved with finite rate chemistry. The pressure dependent regressive boundary in the combustion chamber is treated by use of remeshing techniques. Hydrogen and propane combustion processes are examined. Time dependent pressure and burning rate variations are illustrated comprehensively. Temperature and species mass fraction variations are given within the flame zone. Temperature, velocity and density distributions are compared for both constant burning rate and pressure dependent burning rate simulations.
Shigellosis and Socio-Demography of hospitalized Patients in Kano, North-West...inventionjournals
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalent of Shigellosis in relation to socio-demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients in Kano metropolis. Study design: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: One milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient with some or all clinical features of Shigellosis that sign a consent form and transfer into EDTA bottles. If daily is unavoidable blood samples were stored at 4 0C. Samples were analyzed at the both laboratories of the authors. This work was carried out between May, 2012 and March, 2014. Methodology: The blood specimens were cultured in thioglycollate broth and sub-cultured onto deoxycholate citrate agar (DCA), Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA) and brilliant Green agar (BGA) followed by confirmation of presumptive colonies using different biochemical tests and analytical profile index 20E. Serologic identification of Shigella was performed by slide agglutination test using polyvalent O and H Shigella antisera. Results: Although, the relationship between different age groups was not significantly associated (P < 0.05), patients under age bracket of 21-30 years were found to be more susceptible to Shigella infections with 13 representing 2.6% followed in that order by 11-20 years (6), , ≤10 -years (4) 31-40 years (3) and >40 years (2) age groups, representing 1.2%, 0.8%, 0.6% and 0.4% respectively. The frequency of shigellosis was highest in other patients (without occupation), patients with informal level of education, using tap water as sources of drinking water, with more than one of all clinical manifestations of Salmonella infections and patients on treatment. However, there was a significant difference between the rate of Salmonella infections and sociodemographic characteristics of patients studied (p<0.05).> 0.05) in males than the females’ patients. However, Shigella flexneri was the most common among patients followed by Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei in decreasing order. The frequency of shigellosis was highest in other patients (without occupation), patients with informal level of education, using tap water as sources of drinking water, with more than one of all clinical manifestations of Salmonella infections and patients on treatment.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
Oscillation and Convengence Properties of Second Order Nonlinear Neutral Dela...inventionjournals
In this paper, we consider the second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equations of the form We establish sufficient conditions which ensures that every solution of is either oscillatory or tends to zero as . We also gives examples to illustrate our results
A Minimum Spanning Tree Approach of Solving a Transportation Probleminventionjournals
: This work centered on the transportation problem in the shipment of cable troughs for an underground cable installation from three supply ends to four locations at a construction site where they are needed; in which case, we sought to minimize the cost of shipment. The problem was modeled into a bipartite network representation and solved using the Kruskal method of minimum spanning tree; after which the solution was confirmed with TORA Optimization software version 2.00. The result showed that the cost obtained in shipping the cable troughs under the application of the method, which was AED 2,022,000 (in the United Arab Emirate Dollar), was more effective than that obtained from mere heuristics when compared
Job Failure Analysis in Mainframes Production Supportinventionjournals
A major part of batch processing on mainframe computers consists of several thousand batch jobs which run every day. This network of jobs runs every day to update day-to-day transaction. There are frequent failures which can cause a high delay in the batch and also degrade the performance & efficiency of the application. Permanent solution can be done to frequently occurring job failures to avoid the delay in batch and to improve performance & efficiency of the application. In this paper, we have analyzed the frequently occurring batch job failure recorded in Know Error Databases (KEBD) for past one year based on different categories. Frequently failed jobs obtained are categorized based on application, failure-type, job-runs and the resolution. Different results are obtained in the weka tool based on the different categories. From the various results obtained it can be concluded that the frequent failures are occurring in MSD application. On further analysis on this frequently failed jobs showed that data and network issue are causing the major job failures in which most of the jobs were daily processing jobs. In order to fix the failure the jobs was resolved by restarting the job from the overrides or by restarting the job from the top
A one parameter Poisson-Mishra distribution has been obtained by compounding Poisson distribution with Mishra distribution of B.K.Sah(2015). The first four moments about origin have been obtained. The maximum likelihood method and the method of moments have been discussed for estimating its parameter. The distribution has been fitted to some data-sets to test its goodness of fit. It has been found that this distribution gives better fit to all the discrete data sets which are used by Sankaran (1970) and others to test goodness of fit of Poisson-Lindley distribution.
Equation of everything i.e. Quantum Fields: the Real Building Blocks of the U...inventionjournals
Mind, the inner most box of nature has not been investigated by modern physicists .Mind has not been incorporated in Standard model. Mind can only be studied by participatory science. Having searched Basic building blocks of the universe i.e. mass part of reality, we have also investigated mind part of reality and finally two fundamental particles with mind and mass realities are hypothesized . Now we discuss how to further investigate mind so as to know their structures and functions. Atomic genetics is the branch of science where we investigate about fundamental interactions of the universe i.e. atomic transcription and translations. New words have been coined to understand hidden science of mind part of reality. Mind reality have been recognized as different faces by “I” about 5000 years back to Arjuna in Mahabharata. It is just like to understand any language through Alphabets. These are (different faces) Alphabets of mind reality. One Mind reality has one face identity and the second mind reality has second face identity and so on. The facial expression represents phenomenon of intelligence and different face represents different types of properties carrying property. The open eyes means property is activated while close eye means property is inactivated. In spite of carrying properties conscious ness they also know how to conduct not only origin of universe but also how to create two different universe i.e. next creation could be different from this creation. In all, It is automatic system of the universe. The mind realities which are of good properties have devtas face identity (first five faces on both side and those mind realities which are of bad properties have demons face identity ( last four faces on both side) . These are named as code PCPs or messenger atomic genes. The central face is CCP or Thought script where all thoughts of the universe are banked. It is bank of data of all information s of the universe It is face identity of Anti mind particles as data of all information’s of the universe are stored as anti mind particles . It is the Time mind ness (biological clock) that keeps on expressing different thoughts from this thought script (CCP). There are four more faces (black bodies) shown on extreme left and right floating in fire are CPs (translating Atomic genes). That translates the messages and realizes it and reacts accordingly. Rest pictures are creation of different individuals and nature (sun, moon and snake and other pictures made on hands and body) by different thoughts of Almighty B.B.B. The entire picture has been explained in Geeta in 11/ 10 and 11.Whatever is being created in this universe is basically not by our thoughts rather it is the thought of Almighty B.B.B (Yang B.B.B or matter B.B.B. or Male B.B.B working as Highest center of the universe. ) that is dominated over creation and destruction of this cycle of the universe. Hence the World of Everyday Experience, in One Equation is Myth.
Oscillation of Solutions to Neutral Delay and Advanced Difference Equations w...inventionjournals
In this article we give infinite-sum conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the following first order neutral delay and advanced difference equations with positive and negative coefficientsof the forms and where is a sequence of nonnegative real numbers, and are sequences of positive real numbers, and are positive integers. We derived sufficient conditions for oscillation of all solutions of and . AMS Subject Classification 2010: 39A10, 39A12
Electricity Generation from Biogas Produced in a Lab-Scale Anaerobic Digester...inventionjournals
The sludge produced during wastewater treatment should be stabilized in order to minimize the damage to the environment. This study includes the evaluation of sludge stabilization and biogas formation by anaerobic digestion in order to generate electricity using stirling motor.The study was carried out with the raw sludge form the thickener of the wastewatertreatment plant. The main aim of the study is to provide sludge stabilization resulting biogas production by reduction of organic matter and to generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion studies were carried out using a laboratory scale anaerobic reactor with a volume of 7L.Under themesophilic condition, the sludge age was maintained at 10 days during the first 20 days of operation, while the reactor was operated for 90 days until the end of the run, with a sludge age of 20 days.The results have changed in the range of 42-52% after the organic matter reduction obtained from the anaerobic digestion. Concentrations of 3735.7300 ppm, 5060.5768 ppm, and 6951.4013 ppm biogas were obtained. Biogas was turned on by mechanical energy with a Stirlingmotor and then turned to direct current and the lamps with 3V 20mA each were run for 60 minutes
A Possible Relationship between Gravitational Variations and Earthquakes in C...inventionjournals
An earthquake is not simply a sudden movement of the earth's crust, but the final product of a process that may have begun much earlier. In an area subject to tectonic stress, there can be precursory phenomena since this is where crustal deformation accumulates. A variation in gravity, measured instrumentally to the sixth decimal place, is one of the possible candidates to analyse measurable signals that precede, accompany and follow a seismic tremor. To verify the relationship between the number of earthquakes, the energy released, and the variations in gravity, the sequence in Central Italy was examined, above all that of January 2017. Data from a gravimeter located about 270 kilometres from the epicentral areas have been modelled as Standard Deviation, obtained from gravity measurements (400) carried out on the respective days. This indicator, of a statistical and mathematical nature, indicates the degree of dispersion with respect to its mean value, taken as the average value of these gravity measurements, and shows a positive correlation with the number of daily earthquakes and the energy released by the seismic sequence of January 2017.
Overview of how in situ molecular manipulation of reservoir fluids can enable improved recovery of hydrocarbons from oilfields and therefore help in improving overall total production from difficult and marginal oilfields.
Pyrolysis of Scrap Tyres and Waste Lube Oil by Using Catalytic AgentIJERA Editor
Scrape tyres and waste lube oil are the cause of great environmental issues because they are not biodegradable
and their elements cannot be recovered and they are causing great environmental pollution. Secondly, the world
needs the new sources of energy due to depletion of oil sources. In this experiment, pyrolysis of scrape tyres
alone and pyrolysis of mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil by using catalytic agent (CaCO3) is done
to see the effect of waste lube oil and catalytic agent on pyrolysis of scrape tyres. The value of products of both
samples (scrape tyres alone, mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil) has been studied and compared.
Heavy Oil Recovery: Environmental Implications and Mitigation Measures Premier Publishers
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Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 3|| March 2017 || PP. 45-53
www.ijesi.org 45 | Page
Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
Hassan Golpour, PhD1
, Joseph D. Smith, PhD2
1
(Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA)
2
(Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla,
MO, USA)
Abstract: During the past decade, significant advancement has been made on various extraction technologies
to develop U.S. oil shale resources in an environmentally and economically sustainable fashion. This work has
been driven by the increasing demand for domestic transportation fuels and the need to improve U.S. energy
security. Although conventional hydrocarbon deposits are becoming more difficult to find and limited in volume,
unconventional reserves are relatively easy to locate and plentiful. Hence, development of unconventional
resources, particularly shale gas, oil sands, and shale oil continues to receive tremendous attention.
The present work shows ex-situ process of oil shale in a five ton/day externally heated horizontal rotary reactor,
and discuss the process parameters and yield. The main focus of this article is:
A) Effect of reactor bed temperature, rotation speed and feed rate on the residence time, fuel consumption and
process yield
B) Hazardous environmental issue related to leaching of heavy metals and metalloids from spent shale by
underground and/or surface water, which prevent further commercialization of this process.
In addition, an Aspen diagram of the overall oil shale process is presented as ongoing work focusing on key
mechanical issues that affect online reliability and process efficiency including particle size, bed temperature
and solid/gas mixing efficiency.
Keywords: environmental hazards, ground water pollution, heavy metals leaching, horizontal ex-situ oil shale
processing, unconventional hydrocarbon
I. Introduction And Background
Conventional petroleum sources are typically those sources which flow freely, when accessed by
drilling, due to the pressures in the reservoirs, but Unconventional hydrocarbon sources require additional
processing steps to recover the oils including hydro-treating to upgrade the crude into useable liquid
transportation fuels. Unconventional petroleum reserves include:
Heavy oils, which can be pumped and refined just like conventional petroleum except that they are
thicker and have more sulfur and heavy metal contamination, necessitating more extensive refining. Tar
Sands, which can be recovered via surface mining or in-situ collection techniques. Again, this is more expensive
than lifting conventional petroleum but not prohibitively so. Canada's Athabasca tar sands is the best known
example of this kind of unconventional reserve. Oil Shale, which requires extensive processing and consumes
large amounts of water. Still, reserves far exceed supplies of conventional oil [1]. A comparison of world
conventional and unconventional oil reserves is shown in Fig 1 [2]. Even though heavy oils and oil sands require
extra processing which leads to higher costs of recovery, there is still great interest in recovering these resources
because of the vast quantities of unconventional oil found in the U.S. comparing to other foreign oil reserves,
shown in Figure 2[3]. This enormous amount of unconventional oil deposits, such as U.S. oil shale, Canadian tar
sands and Venezuela's extra-heavy oil, could greatly affect the world's oil inventory. Several ex-situ processes
have been developed and used to produce syn-crude from oil sands/oil shale including hot water extraction,
external hot gas, indirect heating, and internal combustion. More recently, several in-situ methods have been
explored including Shell’s in-Situ conversion Process (ICP), ExxonMobil’s electrofrac process, Petro Probe
superheated air method, and IEP Geothermal Fuel Cell (GFC).
Figure 1 – comparison of world conventional and unconventional oil reserves
2. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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The major challenge for any new ex-situ or in-situ process is transforming it from a pilot demonstration
project to a fully commercial plant. This challenge includes several environmental issues including water usage
and treatment, greenhouse gas emissions, and land reclamation. Although tremendous advances have been,
many challenges remain including energy efficiency, net water demand, CO2 generation, reclaiming the land,
resource recoverability but most importantly, the many mechanical and operational issues related to on-line
reliability. One issue related to the environmental impact of this ex-situ process is how to use the spent shale
(sands). Generally, this material is an excellent source for making road base or to be used as an additive to
concrete. However, heavy metals leaching from the de-oiled material must be further addressed to reduce
production uncertainty. Resolving this uncertainty can help further define the production profile required for
commercialization.
Back in 80’s and early 90’s lots of researches have been done regarding spent oil shale leaching
experiment. Most of them used the EPA extraction procedure [4,5,6] and ASTM D3987 [7] and two column test
methods as reference method. Also, ground water simulation and organic residual leaching were done at the
time. Another issue required for commercialization is having a comprehensive process model that describes the
full process. A fully verified tool is necessary to establish a detailed and clear business plan. This tool, based
on process testing, is necessary to establish an acceptable economic risk profile for process commercialization.
Figure 2 – U.S. oil shale resource vs. foreign oil reserve
II. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process Unit
The “two-concentric cylinders” reactor which was used for this experiment is shown in Fig 3. The
outer cylinder of this reactor is fixed while the inner one rotates by an electric motor. This 7ft long reactor is
utilized with six natural gas burners which are located in the shell space between the two cylinders and heat up
the outside surface of the rotary inner cylinder. The first two burners are the large ones supplying lots of heat at
the feed entrance following with four lower capacity burners for midstream and downstream as oil shale
particles move through the bed. The whole reactor has 1 degree angle to the horizon in order for oil shale
particles to move as inner cylinder is rotating. This angle is adjustable from 1 to 3 degree. The rotation speed of
inner cylinder could be adjusted from 6 to 20 rpm. Based on the required residence time for specific oil shale
type and particle size, the rotation speed and slope of the reactor could be calculated and adjusted.
Figure 3 – externally heated horizontal rotary oil shale reactor
3. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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The feeding system contains a conveyer which could be fed by buckets and take the oil shale particles
20 ft above to a hopper. This process continues until hopper is filled. After the start up process and heating up
the reactor, the shale particles inside the hopper will flow by gravity through an adjustable knife valve at the
bottom of the hopper to a screw augur conveyer. The screw conveyor will take the feed into the inner cylinder of
the reactor.
There are different types of sweep gas used in this type of processes such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or
superheated steam. In our experiment, steam was used as the sweep gas to push the produced hydrocarbon gas
out of the reactor to the distillation unit. The feed rate of superheated steam in our test was 0.05 kg per 1 kg of
raw shale and its temperature ranged from 400℃ to 550℃. As one of the product coming out of distillation unit,
steam was recovered and recycled to the boiler to be sent into the reactor gain. Distillation unit in this
experiment has five stages, starting from very heavy hydrocarbon distillate to the light ones as the gas flow
through these stages. At the end, the remaining gas which could not be liquefied is sucked by a 5 hp induced
draft (ID) fan which pulls the produced HC gas all the way from the reactor through distillation unit and send it
to a storage tank. Sometimes a portion of this light gas will be mixed with natural gas to supply fuels for gas
burners and reduce natural gas consumption. Distillation unit along with ID fan and gas storage tank are shown
in Fig 4.
Figure 4 – distillation unit, induced draft fan and storage tank
2.1 Feed Specification And Operational Parameters
The oil shale used in this test was transported from white river basin in eastern Utah where they were retorted in
a horizontal kiln at a flue gas temperature of (650°C) at Combustion Resources Inc. in Provo, Utah. White river
shale (medium grade) used as feed to this kiln had a bulk density of 78.6 lb/ft3 with a mean particle size of 1.89
mm which had a gross heating value of 2831 BTU/lb. This shale had a Fischer assay efficiency of 30 gal/ton. A
comparison of heating value of raw shale to syn-crude and crude oil is shown in Table 1 [8]. Heat of pyrolysis
was reported as 524 KJ/Kg. 11.09% by weight of the wet shale turned to shale oil with 2.4% water and 1.84%
gas. 84.67% by weight were reported as spent oil shale shown in Table 2. The produced shale oil from this
pyrolysis process had heating value of 15161 BTU/lb.
Table 1 - Comparison of heating values
Type Raw Shale Syn-Crude Crude Oil (Average)
Gross Heating Value btu/lb 2831 15161 18352
4. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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The product of oil shale process contain oil, gas, water and spent shale (solid residue). A dry and wet
basis weight percentage of the composition of this type of shale are shown in Table 2. These numbers could
vary based on the type of the shale being processed.The reactor rotates at 14 rpm and a total of 360 lb of shale
was processed at an average feed rate of 6 lb/min. Based on the feed rate of raw shale, the required fuel and air
flow rate to supply natural gas burners are shown in Table 3.
Table 2 – Product wt% composition
Component Wt% (Wet) Wt% (dry) Gal/ton of raw shale
Oil 11.09 11.36 29.46
Gas 1.84 1.89
Spent Shale 84.67 86.75
Water 2.4 11.11
Table 3 – Natural gas burners’ fuel and air flow rate
Mass flow rate of raw shale (lb/min) 6.78
Fuel flow rate (lb/min) 0.16
Air flow rate (lb/min) 2.82
2.2 Results
To find out the effect of bed temperature, two tests were performed with different reactor wall
temperature. During the first run, the wall temperature started at 750℃ at the entrance of the reactor and
decreased down along the 7ft length of the reactor to 500℃ as it reached the outlet. On the second run, the
temperature was kept constant at 500℃ along the bed. The corresponding results for these two cases are shown
in Fig 5 and Fig 6, respectively. Temperature of the solid residue (spent shale) coming out of the other end of
the reactor is shown as Ts in blue while the produced HC gas temperature Tg is illustrated in yellow. The red
curve shows the reactor wall temperature. The yield of the process was considered as the fraction of raw shale
which reacted and is shown in black. Finally, the dark brown and purple line show percentage of carbon dioxide
releasedduring the process which in both cases are very low and negligible.
From the results, it is observed that a decrease in temperature at entrance would result in a dramatic
decrease in process yield from 94% to 16%. On the other hand, Table 4 shows the effect of initial wall
temperature Tw, rotation speed N and feed rate on the natural gas (NG) consumption and residence time (RT).
The composition of non-condensable oil shale gas is shown in Fig 7. This analysis was based on wt% of the
component and shows that methane and ethane are the major components of this gas. From starting point of the
process with raw feed to the final refined product are shown in Fig 8. From right to left: crushed raw shale, low
temperature solid residue, high temperature solid residue, shale oil, and refined light oil.
Table 4 – Sensitivity analyses
Input Output
Feed TPD Tw℃ N rpm NG lb/min RT min
3 600 6 0.09 13.8
3 600 12 0.09 6.9
3 600 18 0.09 4.6
4 600 6 0.12 13.8
4 600 12 0.12 6.9
4 600 18 0.12 4.6
5 600 6 0.15 13.8
5 600 12 0.15 6.9
5 600 18 0.15 4.6
6 600 6 0.18 13.8
6 600 12 0.18 6.9
6 600 18 0.18 4.6
3 800 6 0.09 13.8
3 800 12 0.09 6.9
3 800 18 0.09 4.6
4 800 6 0.12 13.8
4 800 12 0.12 6.9
4 800 18 0.12 4.6
5 800 6 0.15 13.8
5 800 12 0.15 6.9
5 800 18 0.15 4.6
6 800 6 0.18 13.8
6 800 12 0.18 6.9
6 800 18 0.18 4.6
5. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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Figure 5 – results for run 1
Figure 6 – results for run 2
Figure 7 – oil shale non-condensable gas composition
6. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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Figure 8 – right to left: raw oil shale, low temp spent shale, high temp spent shale, shale oil, refined oil
III. Leaching Methodology
Disposal or reuse of solid residue (spent shale) represents an environmental challenge for oil shale (oil
sands) processing. These solid residues contain various kinds and levels of heavy metals and metalloids which
could be hazardous to human and agricultural life if they enter the underground (and/or surface) water supply.
The environmental hazard for surface water is the possibility of ground water movement through retorted oil
shale produced by either Ex-situ or In-situ processing. This ground water could leach harmful minerals, heavy
metals and salts from the spent process waste (oil shale) and contaminate the potable water supply [9,10]. For
this reason, the potential impact on water pollution caused by leaching spent oil shale by ground water was
studied. Results of this work is critical and must be considered before commercial production is attempted.
3.1Total Organic Carbon Test
In this experiment, only one type of spent oil shale was used as a resource for all samples, which had an
average size of 2 mm and was mostly spherical in shape. An analysis of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the
spent oil shale sample used in the leaching investigation was performed and results are presented in Table 5. As
a standard reference, glucose carbon test was also carried out. Glucose Carbon standard values represent
weights of carbon detected in a glucose test sample (contains approximately 40% carbon). Results are shown in
Table 6 and Fig 9.
Table 5 – Total organic carbon of spent shale
Sample Spent shale (mg) Peak area TOC (µg/mg of sample) Average TOC (µg/mg of sample)
1 101.5 787.6 61.4 64.24
2 78.32 671.2 67.8
3 83.43 668.6 63.4
Spike test 81.75 (1)
1290 10.32 (2)
Conducted after testing to confirm average result
(1)
mg of sample + 5 mg carbon
(2)
Expected value is 10.21 (test result recovery is 101.03%)
Table 6 – Glucose standard carbon test
Glucose standard carbon (mg) 0 1.25 2.5 5 10 15 20
Peak area 0 158.3 300.5 615 1213 1889 2585
Figure 9 – peak area vs. carbon plot
7. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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3.2 Experimental Matrix
Test samples were selected randomly from the resource. Water was used as the leachate and a solution
of 3% nitric acid as a miscible liquid was mixed with water to approximate ground water [11,12]. Two different
pH levels were considered for ground water, pH = 4 and pH = 5, plus two different solid to liquid ratio (S/L)
values, S/L = 0.1 and S/L = 0.05 were considered. For the first case, a ratio of 0.1 for solid to liquid was used.
To achieve this S/L ratio, 10 grams of spent oil shale (solid) was mixed with 100 grams of water/acid mixture
(liquid) with a pH of 4. To get an estimate of experimental error, five replications were completed for each
combination. For the second case, the pH was held constant at the same level as in the first test but the S/L was
changed to 0.05. This was achieved by mixing 5 grams of spent oil shale with 100 grams of water/nitric acid in
the sample container. The leachate pH was then increased to 5 for the third test condition with S/L of 0.1.
Finally, a fourth condition was completed with a pH of 5 and a S/L of 0.05. The full test included twenty sample
containers which were placed in a shaker for 24 hours, operating at 180 shakes per minute.
3.3 Results
After 24 hours, samples are filtered through a special filter (non-sterile syringe filter, pore size 0.2µ)
and are placed in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry or ICP-MS, designed to detect various
element types including heavy metals and provide a quantitative measure of their concentration. ICP-MS has
many advantages including: a) detection limits for most elements equal to or better than those obtained by
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS), b) higher throughput than GFAAS, and c) the
ability to obtain isotopic information. Using ICP-MS, twomixtures of nitric acid and water were prepared as
blanks for two different pH levels used in these tests. Metal concentration in the blanks are shown in Table 7.
Also, the results of each case of our “Leaching” experiment are shown from Table 8 to Table 11.
Table 7 – Metals concentration in blanks
Sample ID Concentrations in ppb
Be Cr Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Sb Ba Pb Ti
Blank pH 5 <DL(1)
<DL 1.98 0.27 <DL <DL <DL <DL <DL 0.23 <DL <DL
Blank pH 4 <DL <DL 1.13 0.61 1.95 <DL <DL <DL <DL 0.62 0.09 <DL
Detection Limit 0.02 1.50 1.00 0.20 1.00 0.20 1.00 0.02 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.05
(1)
DL stands for Detection Limit
Table 8 – Case 1: pH = 4 and S/L = 0.1
Sample ID Concentration (ppb)
Be Cr Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Sb Ba Pb Ti
Spike 20ppb 14.87 17.34 17.38 16.32 17.77 55.04 31.68 22.01 33.80 18.32 25.24
Spike
recovery%
74.35 81.66 77.12 77.33 86.26 105.01 118.55 103.08 108.01 91.52 126.0
1-10 pH 4 A <DL <DL 2.14 0.95 <DL 32.02 9.92 1.55 13.08 118.13 <DL <DL
1-10 pH 4 B <DL <DL 1.96 0.85 <DL 34.04 7.97 1.40 12.20 114.70 <DL <DL
1-10 pH 4 C <DL <DL 1.75 0.77 <DL 29.25 9.65 1.67 12.69 126.64 0.08 0.05
1-10 pH 4 D <DL <DL 2.05 0.89 1.03 29.82 10.55 1.60 12.95 120.52 <DL <DL
1-10 pH 4 E <DL <DL 1.76 0.74 <DL 29.38 9.72 1.60 12.95 130.57 <DL <DL
Table 9 – Case 2: pH = 4 and S/L = 0.05
Sample ID Concentration (ppb)
Be Cr Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Sb Ba Pb Ti
Spike 20ppb 16.64 16.19 16.34 15.42 17.65 56.14 30.15 21.12 27.61 16.45 22.05
Spike
recovery%
83.19 77.48 74.86 73.65 86.49 93.73 114.92 101.63 102.35 82.08 110.12
1-20 pH 4 A <DL <DL 1.37 0.69 <DL 37.39 7.16 0.79 7.14 96.62 <DL <DL
1-20 pH 4 B 0.03 <DL 1.11 0.66 <DL 37.20 6.68 0.86 7.57 101.07 0.10 0.05
1-20 pH 4 C <DL <DL 1.03 0.71 <DL 34.95 7.00 0.87 7.70 103.56 <DL <DL
1-20 pH 4 D <DL <DL 1.11 0.68 <DL 30.25 6.79 0.83 7.84 106.19 <DL <DL
1-20 pH 4 E <DL <DL <DL 0.61 <DL 28.10 6.44 0.74 7.79 111.02 0.06 <DL
Table 10 – Case 3: pH = 5 and S/L = 0.1
Sample ID Concentration (ppb)
Be Cr Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Sb Ba Pb Ti
Spike 20ppb 13.72 16.52 16.77 15.60 16.72 48.07 33.60 21.85 34.33 17.58 24.22
Spike
recovery%
68.56 79.22 74.82 73.98 81.82 103.63 117.20 100.58 104.19 87.74 120.90
1-10 pH 5 A 0.04 <DL 1.91 0.84 <DL 28.02 11.59 1.75 16.22 113.09 0.08 0.09
1-10 pH 5 B <DL <DL 1.81 0.80 <DL 27.35 10.16 1.73 13.49 113.61 <DL <DL
1-10 pH 5 C <DL <DL 1.68 0.88 <DL 32.93 10.76 1.48 14.48 131.60 0.07 <DL
1-10 pH 5 D <DL <DL 2.03 0.92 <DL 29.29 10.70 1.55 13.42 116.35 <DL <DL
1-10 pH 5 E <DL <DL 1.39 0.84 <DL 31.27 9.15 1.38 12.93 151.28 <DL 0.06
8. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
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Table 11 – Case 4: pH = 5 and S/L = 0.05
Sample ID Concentration (ppb)
Be Cr Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Sb Ba Pb Ti
Spike 20ppb 15.63 16.30 15.47 17.16 58.24 32.50 21.56 29.99 15.87 21.91
Spike
recovery%
78.17 76.26 74.01 84.32 110.19 125.07 103.55 106.40 79.06 109.39
1-20 pH 5 A <DL 1.04 0.66 <DL 36.21 7.48 0.85 8.71 115.82 0.05 <DL
1-20 pH 5 B <DL <DL <DL 0.51 <DL 31.25 6.56 0.89 7.86 109.53 0.08 <DL
1-20 pH 5 C <DL <DL <DL 0.52 <DL 29.91 5.69 0.77 7.15 111.42 <DL <DL
1-20 pH 5 D <DL <DL 1.12 0.61 <DL 38.01 5.68 0.83 7.54 111.22 <DL <DL
1-20 pH 5 E <DL <DL <DL 0.53 <DL 35.64 6.92 0.82 7.79 113.47 <DL <DL
Except Be, Cr and Ti other metals were detected very well. Comparison between Cases 1 and 2 shows
that increasing S/L yields greater metals concentration as also seen for both pH levels. The impact of pH on
leachability is shown by Case 1 and 3. Decreasing the leachate’s pH value impacts some of the metal’s
concentrations like Sb, Se and Ni with only a slight change to others. The same was seen in Case 2 and 4. Thus,
it was concluded that for some metals, increasing leachate pH yields smaller metals concentration but has
little/no impact on others.
IV. Ongoing Work: Aspen Model For Oil Shale Overall Process
To bring any new process to commercialization, several key questions and issues must be addressed
[13,14]: 1) develop general process description and block flow diagram, 2) gather process chemistry and
thermodynamics for each major process unit, 3) Perform pilot plant experiments to gather process data, 4)
develop a detailed process description including detailed flow diagrams with mass and energy balances for the
major process variations and feeds, and 5) provide a summary of the process with the process cost per unit of
product; energy efficiency; cost of water, electricity, and other utilities per unit of product.
The Aspen process diagram shown below represents an overall process to convert oil shale in a vertical
retort to crude oil. As shown in Fig 10, raw oil shale and hot nitrogen (inert) are fed to the dryer. To extract
moisture from the shale, the oil shale is heated to approximately 200-250°C in dryer. Next, the dried (very low
moisture) shale is fed to the pyrolysis reactor block. The temperature in pyrolysis reactor reaches approximately
500-600°C with the resulting hydrocarbon vapors (HV) extracted from shale. The required heat for pyrolysis is
provided as 800°C combustion gases from a coal combustor (combustion block) together with heat extracted
from pre-heat air from a high pressure compressor. HV and spent shale are considered as products from the
pyrolysis block with the HV fed to a sweeting unit for desulfurization and nitrogen removal. After nitrogen and
sulfur are removed, the remaining HVs are condensed and separated from non-condensable gasand collected as
Kerogen or syn-crude. A fraction of non-condensable gas is sent back to combustion chamber as a support fuel
which is mixed with natural gas to fire the process burners. The remaining gases are flared while the process
water, sulfur and nitrogen are collected a waste by-products.
Figure 10– overall oil shale vertical retort
9. Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
www.ijesi.org 53 | Page
V. Conclusion
Oil shale was processed through an externally heated rotary horizontal reactor and liquid fuel and non-
condensable gas were produced. Sensitivity analyses tests were carried out and the effects of operational
parameters such as reactor rotational speed, bed temperature and feed rate on the required natural gas, residence
time and also the yield of the process were discussed. It was found that CO2 emission was very low for this
process and recycling the superheated steam will result in more sustainability and lower water consumption.
Ultimate and proximate analysis of the raw feed and produced non-condensable gas were presented.
The leachability of heavy metals in spent oil shale was studied and it was introduced as an
environmental issue. The results of leaching test illustrated the impacts of solid to liquid ratio and pH increase
on the leachability of heavy metals and their concentration in the leachate.
Many necessary steps are needed to bring a new process to commercial operation such as developing a
detailed process description including detailed flow diagrams with mass and energy balances for the major
process variations and feeds. However, this work is only preliminary and a far more detailed and accurate
analysis will be possible once better design data can be obtained.
References
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(2012)
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