The document summarizes an experimental study on bioregenerating activated carbon contaminated with hydrocarbons. The researchers characterized virgin and regenerated activated carbon and found the regeneration process maintained the carbon's key properties. They conducted experiments regenerating contaminated carbon using different volumes of Pseudomonas Putida bacteria and temperatures. Increasing bacteria volume and temperature both increased regeneration rates by reducing total hydrocarbon content more quickly. The optimal conditions were 30-40ml of bacteria at 35-40°C, providing effective regeneration while remaining economical.
Existing biological nitrogen removal processes and current scope of advancementSandip Magdum
In India, to achieve the stringent norms of total nitrogen less than 10 mg/l in sewage treatment plant is a big challenge for the public - private facilities and organizations. After successful implementation of this norm the pollutant burden from rivers and natural water bodies certainly reduces. The use of conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for new treatment facility development or retrofitting is also an energy and cost intensive practice. The process technologies offered by current market such as MLE, MBBR, IFAS and SBR are still in with downside of higher footprint, multi tank reactors, heavy instrumentation for IR and RAS which ultimately incur higher capital and operating cost. The current market need and lack of sustainable nitrogen removal applications, trigger to review the of all available efficient biological nitrogen removal processes. This review will gives an overall scenario of past and current biological nitrogen removal process technologies with showing possible scope and way forward towards more energy neutral nitrogen removal technologies.
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Existing biological nitrogen removal processes and current scope of advancementSandip Magdum
In India, to achieve the stringent norms of total nitrogen less than 10 mg/l in sewage treatment plant is a big challenge for the public - private facilities and organizations. After successful implementation of this norm the pollutant burden from rivers and natural water bodies certainly reduces. The use of conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes for new treatment facility development or retrofitting is also an energy and cost intensive practice. The process technologies offered by current market such as MLE, MBBR, IFAS and SBR are still in with downside of higher footprint, multi tank reactors, heavy instrumentation for IR and RAS which ultimately incur higher capital and operating cost. The current market need and lack of sustainable nitrogen removal applications, trigger to review the of all available efficient biological nitrogen removal processes. This review will gives an overall scenario of past and current biological nitrogen removal process technologies with showing possible scope and way forward towards more energy neutral nitrogen removal technologies.
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Soil quality in the vicinity of palm oil mills in Umuahia, NigeriaPremier Publishers
The study focused on the effect of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the physico-chemical parameters of agricultural soil within Umuahia. The soil samples were collected from the areas where the POME was discharged. The following parameters were analyzed: particle size, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), electrical conductivity. Digested samples were also analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the discharge of POME onto the soil causes the degradation of soil physico-chemical properties and increase heavy metal contamination.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Carbon Materials from High Ash Bio-char: A Nanostructure Similar to Activated...drboon
Problem statement: Developing high-value nanostructured carbon from bio-char, for electrical and natural gas energy storage, is critical to improving the economic viability of thermochemical bioenergy and biofuel conversion processes. Approach: Here we show that chemical activation, using potassium or sodium hydroxide as catalysts, converted the biochar of distiller’s dried grains with soluble into activated carbon with high surface area (> 1500 m2/g). Results: The development of porosity by chemical activation using alkali hydroxides depends on type and dosage of activation catalysts; activation temperature and atmosphere conditions. Activated carbon samples with high mesoporous volume ( 1 ml/g), and nanostructure similar to activated graphene were prepared at activation temperature (1050 °C) and KOH loading (0.05 or 0.075 mol/g biochar). Conclusion: This protocol offers the potential to use other protein rich feedstocks for preparing nanostructured carbon, containing nanostructure similar to activated graphene, as an advanced carbon material.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Application of Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model to Bioregeneration of Activated Car...IOSR Journals
Environmental pollution, high cost and high energy consumption associated with thermal regeneration of activated carbon polluted with hydrocarbon necessitated the search for a better way of regenerating activated carbon, bioregeneration. Spent granular activated carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The rate of bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The regeneration temperature was also varied from 25oC to ambient temperature of 27oC, 35oC and further at 40 and 45oC over a period of 21 days. The experimental results showed clear correlation when validated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The experiment at ambient temperature showed a negative correlation due to the fluctuation in the ambient temperature unlike all other experiment where temperature was controlled in an autoclave machine.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Experimental Studies on Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 50-66
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Experimental Studies on Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon
Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
1
Ameh, C.U., 2
Jimoh, A., 3
Abdulkareem, A.S. and 4
Otaru, A.J.
1
(Chevron Nigeria Limited, 2, Chevron Drive, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria).
2,3&4
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria)
Abstract: The search for a more cost effective, environmentally friendly and less cumbersome process of
regenerating used activated carbon in a petroleum polluted site necessitated this research work. Spent Granular
Activated Carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The
rate of Bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The
regeneration temperature was also varied from 25o
C to ambient temperature of 27o
C, 35o
C and further at 40
and 45o
C over a period of 21 days. The regeneration experiment improved as the quantity of bacteria used
increased. Increasing the temperature of regeneration also increased the rate of regeneration due to
chemisorptions action. There was no significant improvement when the temperature was increased to 45o
C
suggesting that increasing temperature beyond 40o
C would not be economical. The regenerated GAC was
characterized to determine efficiency of regeneration. Bioregeneration was impacted by variation in
temperature and bacteria volume. Bioregeneration spent Granular Activated Carbon is shown by the study to be
an effective and cost efficient way to remediate polluted soil and still reuse the adsorbent.
Keywords: Bioregeneration, Chemisorption, GAC, Hydrocarbon and Nigeria
I. Introduction
Despite the huge economic benefits of oil exploitation, there are many associated primary and secondary
problems that could impacted negatively on the habitants and the environment in Nigeria. Some of which
include contamination of streams and rivers within the exploration and processing areas, oil spillage, destruction
of forests and bio-diversity loss, gas flaring and environmental pollution (Nwankwo and Ifeadi, 1988; Bayode et
al, 2011; Eregha & Irughe, 2009). Among the outlined menaces of oil exploration and exploitation, oil spillage
has been reported as one with the most significant impact (Oghifo, 2011; Afinotan & Ojakorotu, 2009; Achebe
et al, 2012; Kadafa, 2012), thus, there is the need to improve on the processes and mechanisms that can facilitate
quick correction of identified spill cases.
The use of activated carbon (AC) has proven to be one of the best adsorbents for organic pollutants due
to its hydrophobicity, and microporous structure (Vasilyeva et al, 2006). Addition of activated carbon to the
polluted soil leads to a process of sorption and biodegradation of the pollutants. This adsorption process is
suitable for use in a lot of other processes like the remediation of soils contaminated with hydrocarbon.
Activated carbon successfully reduces the bioavailability of organic contaminants due to its strong sorption
properties (Bucheli & Gustafsson, 2000). Among the advantages of the use of activated carbon for oil spill
cleanup is the fact that it has a high sorptional capacity with a relative low viscosity for 1g of the carbon. It also
possesses a high rate of sorption and can also achieve reasonable level of cleanup at a relatively lower cost
without serious negative impact on the environment (Amer and Hussein, 2006). It is worthy of note however
that activated carbon will not remove any heavy metal from the cleanup site and it will also lose its sorptional
capacity when it becomes saturated. The use of activated carbon as a cleanup medium provides a less costly
option compared to the other available techniques (Sivakumar et al, 2011; Stenzel & Merz, 1989; Vasilyeva et
al, 2006).
Bioregeneration is widely used in solving problems of pollutant contamination of the soil and water
body. According to Coelho et al (2006), the main disadvantage inherent in the use of activated carbon to achieve
the above is the issue of contamination by the pollutant. There are various methods that can be used to remove
the pollutants from the adsorbents. The advantage of using biological regeneration over thermal as espoused by
Coelho et al (2006) include the avoidance of loss of volatile compounds as well as pyrolysis of the non-volatile
adsorbents at higher temperature.
The use of activated carbon plays a vital role in the cleanup of spill sites, the attendant secondary
pollution created by its dumping can be eliminated by regenerating the adsorbent. The process of thermal
regeneration is very expensive and energy consuming. Hazardous by-products are also produced and there is
always tendency of imposing or introducing negative effect(s) on natural properties of the product. These have
necessitated the search for a more cost effective, environmentally friendly and less cumbersome process of
2. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
regenerating used activated carbon. It is against this background that experimental studies on Bioregeneration of
activated carbon contaminated with hydrocarbon is imperative.
II. Research Methodology
Three samples of polluted soil of different concentration of hydrocarbon were treated with virgin
activated carbon. Characterization of the granular activated carbon was carried out by determining it surface
area, bulk density, pore volume, pH, moisture content, ash content and particle size before and after
regeneration. The optimum degradation temperature was determined from literature. The total hydrocarbon
concentration of the used activated carbon was determined and the saturated activated carbon was extracted
from the soil sample using a physical sieve of 1.7 - 2.4 mm. This is necessary because the particles size of
granular activated carbon is larger than the soil granules. Extracted used activated carbon was then treated with
pseudomonas putida bacteria culture. The treatment take place in a Bioreactor set up the laboratory. The rate of
hydrocarbon degeneration was measured at intervals of 24 hours for 21 days by collecting samples and testing
for hydrocarbon content and concentration. Evidence of activated carbon regeneration occurred by the reduction
in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the sample over the 21 days.
III. Results And Discussions
The use of Granular Activated Carbon is one of the methods in achieving site remediation. It can also be
used in the removal of organic constituents in waste water due to the important advantage of not adding
anything detrimental to the water (DeSilva, 2000). For economic reasons, recovering of GAC already saturated
with the hydrocarbon pollutant needs to be regenerated. Amongst the various methods for achieving this, the use
of bioregeneration is chosen to ensure preservation of the structure of the GAC as well as protect the
environment.
The commercially obtained Granular Activated Carbon was characterized before and after use for the
bioregeneration exercise as shown by the results on Table 1. The results obtained indicated that the surface area
of the virgin GAC was 738m2
/g. The surface area for the regenerated GAC was measured to be 730m2
/g. This
implies minimal distortion and impact on the surface area of the GAC during the remediation and
bioregeneration experiment. The surface area also falls within the acceptable standard range of 500 - 1500m2
/g
(DeSilva, 2000) or 600 - 1200m2
/g (Jabit, 2007). The bulk density measured for the virgin GAC was 386kg/m3
.
After regeneration, the bulk density was measured at 379kg/m3
indicating the recovery of the quality of the
GAC (SAJ Holdings SDN BDH, 2002). The pore volume of the virgin GAC was measured as 0.098cm3
/g. The
regenerated GAC also had a pore volume measured as 0.097cm3
/g. The pore volume determines the size of
molecules of the substance the GAC can adsorb (Jabit, 2007) and the results obtained indicates a high efficiency
of regeneration. The value is also in alignment with the standard of 1.109cm3
/g (Hameed et al, 2006). The pH of
the virgin GAC was measured as 6.0. After regeneration, the pH of the GAC was measured to be 6.4. Most of
the adsorbed hydrocarbon was removed from the GAC and this manifested in the attainment of 6.4 as the pH.
The pH of the regenerated GAC conforms to the standard of 6.0 - 7.0 (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003) or 6.8 (Ekpete
and Horsfall, 2011). The percentage moisture content was measured to be 2.72 in the virgin GAC. The
regenerated GAC however has a result of 2.71 and this falls within the acceptable moisture content limit of <5%
(SAJ Holdings SDN BDH, 2002). The ash content was measured as shown on the table to be 3.69% for the
virgin GAC and 3.58% for the regenerated GAC. This falls within the range of 2 - 10% (Jabit, 2007) and <15%
(SAJ Holdings SDN BDH, 2002). The lower the ash value, the better the GAC for use as a adsorbent (Ekpete
and Horsfall, 2011). The measured particle size for the virgin GAC and the regenerated GAC was the same with
the value of 1.8mm.
Plates I and II pictorially show the GAC sample in its virgin state and also after regeneration respectively.
3. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
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Table 1 Results on the characterization of granular activated carbon (GAC)
Plate I: Granular Activated carbon before remediation
Plate II: Granular Activated Carbon after remediation
S/No Property Before
Regeneration
Before
Regeneration
Standard Reference
1. Surface area 738 m2
/g 730 m2
/g 500 - 1500m2
/g DeSilva (2000)
2. Bulk density 386 kg/m3
379 kg/m3
> 180 kg/ m3
SAJ Holdings
SDN BDH
(2002)
3. Pore volume 0.098 cm3
/g 0.097 cm3
/g 1.109 Hameed et al.,
2006
4. pH 6.0 6.4 6.0 - 7.0 Metcalf and
Eddy (2003)
5. Moisture content 2.72% 2.71 % <5% (AWWA) SAJ Holdings
SDN BDH
(2002)
6. Ash content 3.69 % 3.58% <15% SAJ Holdings
SDN BDH
(2002)
7. Particle size 1.8 mm 1.8 mm N/A N/A
4. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
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Bioregeneration Experiment with Varying Bacteria Volume
Figure 1 is obtained from the values in Table 2. The results were obtained in the bioregeneration
experiment by varying the volume of bacteria. As shown on the graph, there was a sharp decrease in THC after
the first 24 hours of the experiment. This initial effect of the bacteria on the hydrocarbon was equally evident for
10, 20, 30 and 40ml bacteria volume experiments. There is a very fast production of CO2 during the first phase
of interaction between the bacteria and the hydrocarbon pollutant leading to the phenomenon above (Jonge et al,
1995). It also brings to the fore the fact that the volume of substrate as well as the kinetics of desorption of the
hydrocarbon decreases as the contact time between both increases (Jonge et al, 1995). However, significant
differences were noticed from day two to the twelfth day between the rate of desorption in the various samples
for the bioregeneration experiment. The decrease in THC for the 10 and 20ml bacteria volume became very
slow while the rate of decrease was very evident for the 30 and 40 ml bacteria volume. The reason for this is due
to the presence of more bacteria considering the volume used. By implication, the samples with lower volume of
bacteria had their bacteria used up earlier thereby reducing the rate of desorption over the same period of time.
After day twelve, there was noticeable decrease in THC for all bacteria volume. On the last day of the
experiment, the final THC for the 10, 20, 30 and 40ml bacteria volume was 7.308, 1.988, 0.526 and 0.339
respectively. It was evident that increasing the concentration of the micro organism would increase the
efficiency of bioregeneration within the same time duration as confirmed by Nath et al (2011). At 40ml, the rate
of decrease in THC was steady and evident through the duration of the experiment.
Table 2 Variation of bacterial volume in saturated GAC (100g)
Bact. 10ml Bact. 20ml Bact. 30ml Bact. 40ml
INITIAL 25.48 25.48 25.48 25.48
4/5/15 23.930 23.880 22.914 22.271
5/5/15 23.701 23.820 22.401 21.508
6/5/15 23.462 23.510 21.987 20.333
7/5/15 23.255 23.070 21.533 20.164
8/5/15 22.794 22.820 21.188 19.897
9/5/15 22.749 22.400 21.110 19.016
10/5/15 22.708 22.366 21.102 19.000
11/5/15 22.688 22.363 20.001 18.582
11/5/15 22.645 22.358 20.668 18.133
12/5/15 22.617 22.351 20.183 17.674
13/5/15 22.585 22.346 20.112 17.611
14/5/15 22.500 22.341 20.011 17.489
15/5/15 22.466 22.100 19.600 17.066
16/5/15 20.771 19.886 16.981 14.591
17/5/15 18.708 17.237 13.660 11.796
18/5/15 16.931 16.944 10.814 8.844
19/5/15 15.884 14.188 7.716 5.533
20/5/15 14.930 11.894 5.842 2.994
21/5/15 13.533 9.629 3.770 1.877
22/5/15 11.220 6.535 1.077 1.087
23/5/15 9.781 3.358 0.933 0.621
24/5/12 7.308 1.988 0.526 0.339
5. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
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Figure 2: Bioregeneration at various volume of bacteria
Bioregeneration at Varying Temperatures
The Figure 2 below is developed from the Table 3. The graph shows the impact of change in
temperature on the rate of bioregeneration. The initial THC was 24.349 for all the experimental temperatures. At
27o
C which was the ambient temperature, there was no significant drop in THC until the 6th day. This lag phase
is possibly due to the inhibitory effect of the phenol constituent in the hydrocarbon (Ullhyan & Ghosh, 2012).
Noticeable drops in THC content were observed at 25 and 35o
C and this was consistent for the 21 days of the
experiment. Increasing the temperature above the ambient of 27o
C led to increase in the regeneration. This could
be attributed to chemisorption (Lashaki et al, 2012). Final THC for the 25, 27 and 35o
C were 0.785, 0.599 and
1.535 respectively. There was need to probe the impact of temperature further considering that 25o
C was below
ambient and at ambient temperature, there was an unfavourable impact on the bacteria for the first six days of
lag phase (Ullhyan & Ghosh, 2012).
Table 3 Bioregeneration at Different Temperatures
350
C 250
C 27o
C
INITIAL THC 24.349 24.349 24.349
6/4/12 20.934 20.188 24.344
7/4/12 19.880 18.835 24.338
8/4/12 19.839 18.196 24.334
9/4/12 19.274 17.886 24.214
10/4/12 19.175 17.513 24.166
11/4/12 17.800 15.159 22.616
12/4/12 15.734 12.228 18.980
13/4/12 13.990 9.741 16.841
14/4/12 13.400 9.212 15.002
15/4/12 12.656 8.884 13.629
16/4/12 11.172 7.808 12.254
17/4/12 9.534 5.791 11.060
18/4/12 7.877 4.664 8.361
19/4/12 6.690 3.990 6.574
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bact. 10mls
Bact. 20mls
Bact. 30mls
Bact. 40mls
Time (days)
TotalHydrocarbon
6. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
20/4/12 5.880 2.830 5.080
21/4/12 4.109 2.526 3.208
22/4/12 3.770 1.944 2.894
23/4/12 3.502 1.606 1.979
24/4/12 2.183 1.207 1.526
25/4/12 1.774 0.962 0.880
26/4/12 1.535 0.785 0.599
Figure 2: Bioregeneration at various temperatures
As mentioned above, there was need to further study the impact of higher temperature on the rate of
bioregeneration. The final THC at 35o
C was used as the initial THC for the extended experiment at 40 and 45o
C.
The results shown on Figure 3 shows that at 45o
C, there was initially no significant impact for about 10days
unlike the situation at 40o
C where noticeable and steady decrease in THC was observed all through the
experiment. At the end of the experiment on the 21st day, the final THC was almost equal for both temperatures.
The optimum experimental temperature for bioregeneration is suggested to be 35o
C to 45o
C (Lashaki et al,
2012). It is important to consider the energy used at 45o
C and associated cost if same regeneration efficiency can
be achieved at 40o
C.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
INITIALTHC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
35 C
25 C
27 C
Time (days)
TotalHydrocarbonContent
7. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
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Figure 3: Bioregeneration expanded to 40 and 45o
C
VI. Conclusions
Bioregeneration is very effective in recovering spent granulated activated carbon (GAC) for reuse
considering the quality of the regenerated GAC in comparison to the virgin sample. Increasing the volume of
bacteria increased the rate of Bioregeneration. Also, temperature plays an important role in Bioregeneration
efficiency and increasing the temperature improved the efficiency in as much as it is beyond the temperature
that will incapacitate the bacteria colony. Effective Bioregeneration was achieved at 40o
C as such it is
concluded that increasing the temperature of Bioregeneration to 45o
C was not cost effective.
Acknowledgments
My immense gratitude goes to my Project Supervisor, Dr. Abdulfatai Jimoh, my co-Supervisor, Dr. A.
S Abdulkareem who was always available to support this cause from the very first day. I feel delighted that your
support has brought this dream to fruition.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
GRAPHICAL AND TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA
Fig I-A: Remediation at 30o
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30o C
30 C
9. Experimental Studies On Bioregeneration Of Activated Carbon Contaminated With Hydrocarbon
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Fig I-B: Remediation @ 35o
C
Fig I-C: Remediation @ 40o
C
Fig I-D: Remediation @ 45o
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35o C
35 C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40o C
40 C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
45o C
45 C