Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
This is the presentation that Jonathon Richter (RL) / Wainbrave Bernal (SL) of the University of Oregon made about a new project for creating a Community of Practice to make a searchable database of Learning Objects in Second LIfe.
REPRODUCTION PROCESS IN ANIMALS AND MEN EXPLAINED COMPLETELY
CHECK FOR GOOD RESULTS
EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAMS SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION]
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION,REGENERATION AND FRAGMENTATION ARE EXPLAINED BRIEFLY.
DNA REPRODUCTION,VEGTATIVE PROPAGATION AND POLLINATION PROCESS EXPLAINED
REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEINGS EXPLAINED FULLY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
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2. Reproduction
• Reproduction is defined as a biological
process in which an organism gives rise to
young ones (offspring) similar to itself.
• The offspring grow, mature and in turn
produce new offspring. Thus, there is a cycle
of birth, growth and death.
• Reproduction enables the continuity of the
species, generation after generation.
3. Reproduction- Types
• All living organisms reproduce. Sexual
reproduction occurs when two
individuals are involved. Asexual
reproduction occurs when a single
individual is involved.
4. Difference in the reproduction in
unicellular & multicellular organisms
• In unicellular organisms, reproduction
occurs by the division of the entire cell.
The modes of reproduction in unicellular
organisms can be fission, budding, etc.
• whereas in multicellular organisms,
specialised reproductive organs are present.
Therefore, they can reproduce by complex
reproductive methods such as vegetative
propagation, spore formation, etc.
• In more complex multicellular organisms
such as human beings and plants, the mode
of reproduction is sexual reproduction.
6. Fission
It occurs in single-celled organisms,
belonging to the kingdom Protista and
Monera. It is further divided into two
types:
• 1. Binary fission
• 2. Multiple fission
7. Binary fission
• In binary fission, the single cell
divides into halves. A few
organisms that divide by binary
fission are bacteria and Amoeba.
• In Amoeba, cell division or splitting
of cells can take place in any plane.
• Binary fission can also occur in one
particular axis. For example,
Leishmania (a parasitic flagellated
protozoan), which causes kala azar
in humans, divides only
longitudinally.
• Leishmania has whip-like flagella at
one end of the cell. Cell division
occurs in relation to these flagella.
8.
9.
10. Multiple fission
• In multiple fission, a
single cell divides
into many daughter
cells simultaneously.
Examples:
• Plasmodium and
Amoeba
11. Fragmentation
• It is a form of asexual
reproduction in which an
entirely new organism is
formed from a fragment of the
parent.
• It occurs in multicellular
organisms, whose body
organization is fairly simple
such as annelids, starfish,
fungi, lichens, and some algae
such as spirogyra.
• The filaments of spirogyra,
upon maturation, break into
small pieces or fragments,
which grow into new individual.
12. Regeneration
• Simple organisms such as Hydra and Planaria are capable of
producing new individuals through the process of regeneration.
• The process of regeneration involves the formation of new organisms
from its body parts. Simple organisms can utilize this method
of reproduction as their entire body is made of similar kind of cells in
which any part of their body can be formed by growth and
development.
• However, complex organisms have organ-system level of
organization. All the organ systems of their body work together as an
interconnected unit. They can regenerate their lost body parts such as
skin, muscles, blood, etc. However, they cannot give rise to new
individuals through regeneration.
13. Regeneration
• If the tail of a house lizard is cut, the missing part develops
again from the remaining part of the tail. In some cases,
regeneration is so advanced that an entire multicellular body is
reconstructed from a small fragment of tissue. Our body
spontaneously loses cells from the surface of the skin and
replaced by newly formed cells. This is due to regeneration.
• Regeneration can be defined as the natural ability of living
organisms to replace worn out parts, repair or renew damaged
or lost parts of the body, or to reconstitute the whole body from
a small fragment during the post embryonic life of an organism.
Regeneration is thus also a developmental process that
involves growth, morphogenesis and differentiate
16. Budding
• It is seen in certain fungi and
multicellular animals. In budding, the
parent cell or body gives out a lateral
outgrowth called the bud.
• The nucleus divides and one of the
daughter nuclei passes into the
daughter cell. The bud grows in size
while being attached to the parent
body.
• It then gets separated from the parent
by the formation of a wall. It then falls
off and germinates into a new
individual.
• Thus budding results in the formation
of daughter cells of unequal sizes that
later grow to adult size. For example,
yeast, a fungus and Hydra, a
multicellular animal.
• In case of Hydra, the daughter hydra
even develops mouth and tentacles
develop around the mouth before
being detached from the parent body.
Budding in yeast
Budding in Hydra
17. Difference between regeneration &
fragmentation
• Both regeneration and fragmentation are the type of asexual
reproduction. They both stands for the same meaning i.e
growth of an organism from a part of the body. Regeneration is
mainly associated with the animals whereas fragmentation is
mainly associated with the plants.
• Regeneration is of two types, in the first type, a part of the body
that gets broken off or cut is regenerated. For example, lizards
cast off their tails to escape predators and then regenerate
them. The other type of regeneration involve the capacity to
give rise to an entire organism from a cut part. It is seen in
small invertebrates such as planaria and Hydra.
• Fragmentation is also a mode of asexual reproduction. It is the
unintentional cutting up of the body of an organism which each
grows into different organism. It is most commonly seen in
some algae.
18. Spore formation in Rhizopus
• The thread-like structures that
developed on the bread in are the
hyphae of the bread mould
(Rhizopus).
• On the other hand, the tiny blob-
on-a-stick structures are involved
in reproduction. The blobs are
sporangia, which contain cells,
or spores, that can develop into
new Rhizopus individuals
• The spores are covered by thick
walls that protect them until they
come into contact with another
moist surface and can begin to
grow.
19. Vegetative reproduction
• There are many plants in which
parts like the root, stem and leaves
develop into new plants under
appropriate conditions
20. Advantages of Vegetative
reproduction
• Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear
flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from
seeds.
• Such methods also make possible the
propagation of plants such as banana, orange,rose
and jasmine that have lost the capacity to produce
seeds.
• Another advantage of vegetative propagation is
that all plants produced are genetically similar to the
parent plant.
21. Vegetative reproduction by leaf
• Similarly buds
produced in the
notches along
the leaf margin
of Bryophyllum
fall on the soil
and develop
into new plants
22. Vegetative reproduction by stem
1. Runners are
stems that grow
horizontally
above the
ground. They
have nodes
where buds are
formed. These
buds grow into
a new plant.
23. Vegetative reproduction by roots
• New plants will
grow out of swollen,
modified roots
called tubers. Buds
develop at the base
of the stem and
then grow into new
plants
24. Stem cutting
• Cuttings: Cuttings are
part of the plant that is
cut off of the parent
plant. Shoots with
leaves attached are
usually used. New
roots and leaves will
grow from the cutting.
The shoot is cut at an
angle.
25. Layering
• In layering a
shoot of a parent
plant is bent until
it can be covered
by soil. The tip of
the shoot remains
above ground.
New roots and
eventually a new
plant will grow.
These plants can
then be
separated.
26. Grafting
• In grafting 2 plants are
used to develop a new
plant with combined
traits from the 2 parent
plants. In grafting the
scion is the above
ground part of one
plant. The scion is
attached to the stock
which is the rooted
part of the second