This document provides information about green manures. It discusses that green manuring is the practice of ploughing or burying undecomposed green plant tissues into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. It can be done in situ by growing a green manure crop in the same field or through green leaf manuring by incorporating leaves and twigs from other areas. Several leguminous crops are suitable as green manures such as dhaincha, sunnhemp, glyricidia, and leucaena due to their rapid growth and ability to fix nitrogen. The benefits of green manuring include adding organic matter, improving soil structure, providing nutrient uptake from deep layers, and fixing nitrogen for legumes. Methods
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Green Manures, Cover Crops - Garden Organic
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.12
ABSTRACT- Objective: In this experiment adult male albino rats were treated with 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia
purpurea fruits at the dose levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, to evaluate antifertility effects in
search of a reversible male contraceptive agent from medicinal plants.
Materials and Methods: Body and organs weight of all treated animals was recorded, blood and serum were analyzed for
hematological indices and clinical biochemistry. To observe effects on reproductive system of animal’s protein, fructose,
sialic acid, ascorbic acid, and glycogen contents were estimated in their testes and sex accessory organs. The treated male
rats were mated with proestrous females and sperm motility, sperm density was determined and FSH, LH and testosterone
hormones were measured to evaluate the effects on fertility. For histopathological observation testes were fixed in Bouin's
fluid, sections were cut at 6 μ and stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and eosin.
Results: Analysis of blood and serum revealed no significant effect after 60 days of the extract treatment. Body weight of
the extract treated rat had no significant alteration, whereas the weight of reproductive organs was decreased significantly
as compared to animals of control group. Protein, sialic acid, fructose contents and level of LH and testosterone hormones
was decreased significantly after treatment in extract treated rats as compared to control.
Conclusions: The fertility, sperm density and motility were declined significantly in rats treated with the ethanolic extract
of Tephrosia purpurea fruits. It is concluded that it might be due to androgen inhibition effects.
Key-words- Antifertility, Tephrosia purpurea, Rat, Testosterone
Composting presentation of Amandeep Singh Marahar, Student of MGC Fatehgarh S...AmandeepSingh1590
I'm student of Mata Gujri College Fatehgarh Sahib, Sirhind (Punjab).
My district is Sangrur (Punjab),Teh - Dhuri, Village - Ghanaur kalan.
I'm Student of Masters of Fruit Science.
Mobile no. 6284235755
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
Green manuring,Practices and Crops used in Green manuring science book
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. Green manures
Dr. P. K. Mani
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
E-mail: pabitramani@gmail.com
Website: www.bckv.edu.in
2. Green manures
Green manure refers to “a plant material
incorporated with the soil while green or
soon after maturity for improving the soil
to supply nutrients, particularly N, to a
standing crop”
(Soil Science Society of America, 1978)
Green manuring is a practice of ploughing or
burying the undecomposed green plant tissues
into the soil for improving structure and fertility
of the soil.
3. Green-manuring can be done in 2 ways depending on the
situation.
(i) Green-manuring in situ: this is the growing and
burying
of a green manure crop in the same field as
the one
to be manured.
(2) Green-leaf manuring: GLM refers to turning into the
soil green leaves and twigs collected from shrubs and
trees grown on bundhs, wastelands or nearby
forest
areas
7. Characteristics of green manure crops
Profuse leaves and rapid growth in early life
Abundance and succulent tops
Capable of making good stand on poor and
exhausted soils
Preferable legume with good nodular growth
habit
8. Advantages of Green Manuring
It add organic matter to the soil and stimulates
microbial activity
Improves soil structure
Acts as a cover crop ,facilitates penetration of rain
water, decreasing erosion and run off
Nutrient taken up from the deeper layers by green
manure crops and return the nutrient to the
top soil
Legume crop also add nitrogen
9.
10. Limitations
Rainfed condition : Green manure crops will not
decompose readily due to lack of water
GM is feasible for assured irrigation facility
Cost of growing GM crop is more than cost of Fertilizer
For higher Cropping intensity land is unavailable
for GM cultivation
Disease, insects and nematodes may come up due
to improper decomposition
11. Methods of Green Manuring in situ
Summer sown catch crop
Land Preparation: 3-4 ploughings followed by 1 laddering
Sowing : May-June , immediately after 1st monsoon rains.
Dhaincha and Sunhemp are generally sown in Aman
for green manuring.
Paddy field
Method of sowing: broadcasting
Seed Rate: Dhaincha : 40-45 kg/ha
Sunhemp : 40-50 kg/ha Moong : 25-30 kg/ha
Manuring: Superphosphate@150 kg/ha applied at last
ploughing(increases the P availability for succeeding Aman rice
Burial of GM crops: at the flowering stage; (Dhaincha 6-8
wks old, Sunhemp: 4-5 wks old). During decomposition there
must be adequate moisture in the field and allowed to decompose
for 3-4 weeks
21. Sunhemp Seed
Sunn Hemp provides as much as 20 tons per acre of green tonnage with a
maximum of 150 units of Nitrogen fixation per acre in as little as 90 days.
22. Inter row sown crop:
The seed sown between two rows; Dhaincha (paddy)
Sunhemp, cowpea (Cotton , Maize)
Green Leaf Manuring:
The suitable perennial shrubs and trees are grown on
border of paddy fields or bounds or on vacant
spaces for the purpose of utilizing their leaves and
twigs as green manure. These are incorporated in the
soil at the time of puddling of paddy field
Brown Manuring
23. Brown manuring is a technique to grow Sesbania in
standing rice crop and kill them with the help of
herbicide for manuring. After killing the color of the
sesbania residue become brown so it called brown
manuring.
Brown manuring practice introduced where Sesbania
crop @ 20 kg/ha is broadcasted three days after rice
sowing and allowed to grow for 30 days and was dried
by spraying 2,4-D ethyle easter which supplied upto 35
kg/ha N, dry matter, control of broad leaf weeds,
higher yield by 4-5 q/ha due to addition of organic
matter in low fertile soils
24. Crops suitable for green leaf manuring
Karanja (Pongamia glabra)
Glyricidia
Glyricida ( Glyricidia maculata),
Neem (Azadiracta indica)
Karanja (Pongamia glabra)
Wild indigo (Tephrosia purpurea)
Subabool
Leucaena leucenalis
24
36. Mineralization, immobilization, and C:N ratio
High C:N ratio
material added to soil
Nitrogen
availability
Available soil N is
immobilized
C02 evolution
increases
Available N
increases
through N
mineralization
Time
Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization after material
with a high C:N ratio is added to soil.
37. General purpose decay organisms vs. nitrifiers
Residues
with high
C/N ratio
added
Residues with
low C/N ratio
remain
Nitrate depression period
38.
39.
40. The C/N ratio of organic residues added to soil will depend upon
the maturity of the plants turned under. The older the plants, the
wider will be the C/N ratio and the longer will be period of nitrate
suppression. Obviously, leguminous tissue will have a distinct
advantage over nonlegumes since the former will promote a
more rapid organic turnover in soils
44. Principles of phospho-composting
Phospho-composting is based on sound scientific
principles. During the decomposition of organic
materials, intense microbial activity occurs. As a
result a large number of organic acids and humic
substances are produced.
Some of the most commonly produced organic
acids are: citric, malic, fumaric, succinic, pyruvic,
tartaric, oxaloacetic, 2-ketogluconic, lacticoxalic,
propionic and butyric (Stevenson, 1967).
45. Phospho-compost is a compost prepared by addition
of low grade rock phosphate and phosphate
solubilizing micro-organisms with organic wastes.
Rock phosphate, as a cheaper source of P
In the process of decomposition many organic
acids are liberated.
Due to this acidic condition, P from rock
phosphate gets solubilized and compost
becomes enriched.
46. PHOSPHOCOMPOST
Ingredients:
Oragnic wastes
Raw Cow dung
Compost
Soil
Total
Rockphosphate
Pyrite
Urea
Cultures
: 80 kg (60 kg dry+20 kg green)
: 10 kg
:
5 kg
:
5 kg
: 100 kg
: 20 kg
: 10 kg
: 2.2 kg
: 0.05 kg
Dry organic wastes: Straw, husk, waste from cattle shed, stems of
mustard , sesame, etc.
Green : Waterhyacinth, legumes, weeds, vegetable clippngs, leaves,
grasses
47. Nitrogen required for Stimulating the microbial activity
Pyrites are added due to acidification of the mixture during
composting to prevent volatilization loss of N and
also to increase P solubilization
Phosphate Rocks
Cellulose decomposer: Aspergillus awamori (fungi)
(500g mycelial mat / ton of materials)
P-solubilizers:
Bacillus megatherium.
Bacillus polymyxa,
Pseudomonas striata
(50 ml/kg of materials having 108 viable cell)
48. Divide entire Organic and inorganic component in 10 equal parts
Preparation of 1st Layer
I part Phosphate Rock(2kg) and I part Pyrite(1kg)
Urea (200g) + microbial Cultures(5g) make it a slurry
9-12//
I part cowdung (1 kg) + compost (0.5 kg) + Soil
(0.5kg) make slurry in water
Covered with Polythene sheet
g
dun
cow
l+
s oi
with
d
mu
f
er o
Lay
Dry organic wastes
4th Layer
3rd Layer
2nd Layer
1st Layer
Keep it for 3 months , yielding 65-70 kg PhosphoCompost
49. Method of Phosphocompost Making
•Select a suitable upland place, sufficient sunlight, free from water stagnation
•Prepare a base with either brick floor or spread the polythene sheet on the floor
•Collect all the ingredients (organic and inorganic) as per proper ratio for the
desired pdn level.
•Divide the entire ingredients into 10 parts
•Step-1:Take one bucket and add Raw Cow dung- 1kg, Compost- 0.5 kg,
Soil -0. 5 kg and small water, stir the material and make a slurry.
•Step-2: Take 2nd bucket and add urea-200g, cultures-5g and add water small,
make another slurry
•Step-3:Spread dry wastes followed by green wastes and make it 12″ height
•Step-4:Now add slurry from 1st bucket (cow dung etc slurry), next add slurry
from 2nd bucket and spread evenly.
•Step-5: Now spread 2 kg Rock phosphate and1 kg Pyrite
•Repeat the process Step-1 to step 5 and repeat until 10 layers is formed.
• covered the top and side portion of the heap with Layer of mud (soil+
cowdung) and subsequently cover with poly thene sheet to prevent water
•1st turnings after 4 weeks and 2nd turnings after 8 weeks
• Water is added to the heap so that moisture remains between 60 to 70%.
•Add water at each turning to maintain the moisture content between 60 and 70%.
•The compost becomes ready for field application within 90-100 days period.
50. Nutrient composition of phosphocompost
Manure
Phosphocompost
Total N
(%)
Total P
(%)
S
C: N
ratio
1.2-1.4
2.00-3.50
1.5-2.0
17.018.0
Phospho-compost application increased the PUE
of greengram (12.90%) and wheat (20.48%) over
SSP
(Mishra et al. 1982).