Food provides nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals that are essential for life. It provides energy for metabolic activities, supports growth and development, and aids tissue repair. Key food sources include cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables. Common crops include wheat, rice, maize, bajra, pigeon pea, urad, lentils, soybean, groundnut, and fruits/vegetables. Sustainable agriculture practices involve crop rotation, mixed cropping and intercropping to maintain soil fertility and prevent pest/disease outbreaks. Proper cultivation techniques including soil preparation, sowing, irrigation, fertilizing, weeding and harvesting are needed to produce crops.
2. FOOD
It is the basic requirement of life to survive.
It is made up of various kind of energy rich substances
like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals, which are known as nutrients.
3. FUNCTIONS OF FOOD
Food provide energy for various metabolic activities.
It helps in growth and development of body.
It helps in the replacement of worn out tissues, repair
of damaged cells and healing of wounds.
It provide protection against diseases.
20. AGRICULTURE
It is the branch of science which deals with the
productions of plants and raising of animals useful to
man
Involves soil cultivation, breeding and management of
crops and livestock.
21. CROP
When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at
one place on a large scales, it is called a crop.
Different types of crops require different climate
conditions.
22. TYPES OF CROP
KHARIF/RAINY SEASON
CROP
RABI / WINTER
SEASON CROP
ZAID CROP
Grown during
monsoon/rainy season
Grown during winter
season
grown during mainly
summer season
Require warm and wet
weather
Require cold and dry
weather
Require warm dry
weather
sown in june/ july and
harvested in
september/october
Sown in
october/november and
harvested in march/april
Sown in march and
harvested in june
Eg…rice, jowar, urad,
bajra, cotton, pea, moong,
groundnut
Eg…wheat, barley, gram,
mustard, potato
Seasonal fruits and
vegetables
23. AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS
NAME OF IMPLEMENT USES
KHURPA FOR WEEDING
SPADE FOR DIGGING AND BUNDS
FORMATION
WOODEN PLOUGH FOR TILLING
SOIL PLANK FOR BREAKING CRUMBS
SEED DRILL FOR SOWING
HARROW FOR WEEDING
SICKLE FOR HARVESTING
SPRAYER FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES
COMBINE FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING
26. PREPARATION OF SOIL
Includes ploughing and levelling
PLOUGHING / TILLING
process of loosening and turning of soil
done by using a plough
ploughs are made of wood or iron
allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily
soil is overturned and properly aerated by ploughing
36. APPLYING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
MANURE FERTILIZER
Organic natural substances , derived
from decomposition of biological
materials.
organic or inorganic substances.
contain organic matter in large
quantities.
organic matter not present.
contain nutrient in small quantities
& are needed in large quantities.
Contain much higher amount of
nutrients & are required in very small
quantities.
they are not nutrient specific. they are nutrient specific.
they are prepared in fields & villages. they are manufactured in factories.
manures are bulky substances. So
these are inconvenient to store, use and
transport
these are available in concentrated
form . So these are easy to store, use and
transport.
do not cause pollution cause water pollution
42. IRRIGATION
Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in
the fields by means of canal, reservoir, wells, tube
wells, etc.
Water provide essential macronutrients to crop ---
hydrogen and oxygen
43. TYPES OF IRRIGATION
SOIL BASED IRRIGATION
Eg - crop grown in sandy soil require more frequent
irrigation than crop grown in clayey soil
CROP BASED IRRIGATION
Eg – paddy crop is transplanted in standing water
requires more water supply as compared to wheat,
gram, cotton.
55. REMOVAL OF WEEDS
WEEDS :- undesirable plants with the main crop,
compete with the main crop for water, nutrients,
space, light.
WEEDING :- removal of weeds.
56. WEEDING METHODS
METHODS EXAMPLES
BIOLOGICAL METHODS Cassia plant against Parthenium weed
Herbivorous fish in paddy fields
CHEMICAL METHODS 2,4-D, Nitrofen, Atrazine
CULTURAL METHODS Crop rotation, Mixed Cropping,
Intercropping
MECHANICAL METHODS Ploughing, Flooding, Burning
58. HARVESTING
Cutting of crop after its maturation
Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester
Grains are separated from chaff by a process called
threshing
Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester +
thresher)
63. STORAGE OF GRAINS
After threshing, grains are dried in sun and then
packed.
Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic bins
Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries and
stored in godowns
At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used
65. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GRAINS LOSS
DURING STORAGE
BIOTIC (LIVING) FACTORS:- insects, rodents, birds,
mites
ABIOTIC (NON LIVING) FACTORS:- Temperature,
moisture, humidity, material of container
66. MEASURES TO PREVENT GRAIN LOSS
Drying before storage
Maintenance of hygeine
Plant product treatment
Prophylactic treatment
Improved storage structures
67. DISEASES OF CROPS
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Seed borne
diseases
Ergot of Bajra Claviceps perpuria Fungus infect
florets and
develops in ovaries,
producing sticky
liquid called honey
dew.
Leaf Spot of Rice Bipolaris oryzae Brown leaf spots
occur which are
small and circular
69. CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Soil borne diseases Tikka disease of
groundnut
Cercosporidium
personatum
Spots are reddish
brown to black on
upper surface and
light brown on the
lower surface of
leaf.
Smut of bajra Tolyposporium sp. In affected ears,
some of grain
become deep
green which
becomes black.
71. CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Water borne
disease
Bacterial blight of
rice
Xanthomonas
oryzae
Leaves of young
plant become pale
green , whole leaf
become whitish,
greyish and then
die.
73. CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE
AGENT
SYMPTOMS
Air borne disease Rust of wheat Puccinia triticana Brown pustules on
the stalk and
leaves. These
pustules burst and
release brown
powder which
consist of spores.
Blast of rice Magnaporthe
grisea
White to green
lesions with dark
border appear on
all parts of shoot.
Internodal
infection also
occur which result
in the breakdown
of stem.
75. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Agriculture practices that can continue for very long
time without damaging the natural resources
Can be done by:-
Mixed farming
Crop rotation
Mixed cropping
Intercropping
77. Mixed Cropping
Three Sisters(Bean+Squash+Corn)
The spreading, big-leafed squash shades the ground
conserving moisture, inhibiting weeds and deterring
pests.
The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the beans
contribute nitrogen to the soil for the other crops to
use. Together, beans and corn provide a complete
protein. In this photo, you can see the light green
leaves of a bean plant growing at the base of the
cornstalk.
79. GREEN REVOLUTION
Started in 1960 by Dr.
M.S. Swaminathan
(father of green
revolution)
Main aim was to increase
production of wheat by
modern agricultural
practices
High yield dwarf variety
of wheat “Sharbati
sonara” was developed in
1967.
80. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Science which deals with scientific management of
animals. It includes:-
Breeding
Feeding
Heeding
Weeding
